Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the ;:z7rvn9cid.c8h p7(g al k,x oa3m blperiodic table or Appendix Bxm a (ihl,b:ckd7v9.r8anp c;l7z3 og .

Name several properties of matery*,zm.j sd6 ni7pfl( cials that could be exploited to make a thermomet6 .dfnyz7pl(ic m j*s,er.

Which is larger, 1 C1 uak v3*hqvs5 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, baxw* s3;x tw3h*hel :iut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whe;:ai*x3tlxhw3sw *h at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rive n(fxkt4jowgbm- 85j.2i tly( ted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metifg w8ynj5 o( btt-lm4k (.2xjal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienoz .f5mzmlu9 0pkx+ c3t of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple th orw0(mz 3yvv p ,d0wue14zv3c5b9xa hermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differe3vuc m 0 px3e( wvhz0ryv5da1bzo4w,9nt metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at t; dx* :y s7/ldz(g0jrbj7crqlhe ends often have a section in the shape of (7blzcrq7ds:j l*g;ry/ xjd0 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo5twwd *fzjo*6i4* xwp ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu(qt v8ne * 0qyuzbx/z4ii4h:kb of water, the mercury initiallyiyzquz x k4( *te4qi8/nvh:0b descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if jqvbanwl7y1*n9u0 f if/k34m ar4u:r one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than anjf43*m7w :qrk ary0ln afb/4i vu91u djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is th+ dwth6nkqi((zj/z v*at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this giveskni (tqd*+6 hz/jw(v z rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratea2 d,47qi*amnt57 o:xhrmuqct- v( kn at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willr q/2flwlj*yd8f ;6wq cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What h w*fd;lj6wr2qf8q l/y as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by rj 1v i91f,hpfgr4uv-pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these u hvrf9r f1-4j,ig1vp changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerge+/ 2fmwy xmqct w8v(f-d in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incr/( tvmyqfwx+-28cwf meased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from x-1 aib7ajr gwe+w-*ekinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and jaba1e+rigw* 7-wx e-the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine:(e q-po ,uhmotic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s mz+vlh34 +i tc 2mohg:h8:bcratmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earthd,+rfk qj 0n(h refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity j+drqf0k(n,h for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rof;d7nt-md ;q64nn*vwp3wkl rom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propqkp7d* f; l;rt3w4 wd-6 nnvnmerties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daukmc+ w cfv2vu ,bc*: cx ,jsy;+6rs.my is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tm+.cmjvvc;,,k2:xs csrf *wuy c6 +ubemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room te /gcy,68 mrtxo(- f0mwutnhd) mperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity g st;q ,9n/+gv; b/raulcx,gy is differengr gnvyax /lgc, ,9qu;t+b ;s/t. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerou dv9 q-vmpma6j o21+ews to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engjap2e qdv61-vwo m+9 mine.

Why does exhaled air-ie.gn.qnph:9tj a zp 4*:m wn appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there i nh4f1p) (4dtha :rgncn a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a/o(h iwamrwp9bi 3+)w silver ring of w3/ rmb9iw+whioa () pthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?3t2 zagxl7 -wm t zm73a-g2lwx   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recora 3okhv)g0 s.av f8xd5ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol col/ .u8vw 8jdbjzumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0wv8j8.u bj z/d $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ( / /um1d)bgxsg20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of w5p9w0.lefhyap 0vea:k3 sp9e 9gfm-r rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Ja k-:50gepp03eph.slvweafmr9 99faynuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivdn 89+qxd,0f) bt dukkets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled0d9) q+8,kbukfntdxd (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at e sej02qx0bi*x /vrt24 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametuu-;y:qfl ab2e-c 8 ,qfh/p vder. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from l-,qb2;udv /fa c:heyf q-8pu30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat khy uabjq,1r)-;gu55y*stpt er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watfaxece -2ve spm*e 1,,er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atase,a * 2mw79ujysntqi0ev )mk/8q6z 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel5 x ,dvk+81)vgydm bc7 no;nik so it can expand in essentially one direction only, shvcd)+ 1 d8y;k5gnimn7 ,o kbvxow that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the /y zkw/x (:brq3heswxbr 9h0 i-,-ay ddensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plac.qb;-irltl7xc w+q8-*r.rdcsp 2 g ete of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expans27r +*qrrclb t.x cp8sw;-. l ceqg-idion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidkgq8islx ;1bdd4 -h -p, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandf8. zzu2ke 3imc /tt su27m.bkbather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17mk2 2z 8ms73uu e i/bc..ttkbz $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercj.4h moin;oju;e30ezpd-2 udo+ f mx9ury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.jnz9.342 x+; h o dm o0fi-ueepumdjo;255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4it.fh30tl .cdxie5l8z-w f- l1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocchd0lfixlle-wz85 -tf t .. 3iity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when awl6i. 4,vwrl (jqaa5d.zbt 9zjwq 1p.t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturerwl1q6pwq w.z9 it jdv54.,lzba(ja . increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area qpfliedxg ;,myg; ei 14;k/ u/k-e s9e0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm +p1q.h ,lt-gixf m-jyg o2a4;xsa/8e3lc l dlat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on:rxh+y 5 sayckm ,mz;( the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahre)wjnr m36ax/k nheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thdvlmzhou7 w;w v:2lg b /w3.k(e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiy qa/+ 2y:mw-er odk4ton engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboa2ky4/y + t-mdeqo rw:ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea8ct +4mvn pe5rl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitvu;v(ktztv5l-. gw * ep dqz03rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai+ +nvbya (dpgsc p mu64z,0i.f v:g*pcns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gjf0 i23k jk8txgy9 lpyvgp;3 6as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a28kuh-jd2k6m.zkm pfs8oj)r 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3. kjrfo 682 dphkksjm82mzu -)85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kdgd) 8s/ hbu u9li7i9hg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating v;6ouzil+ +:sg gn e+.t7aeizthe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose tesnov+gz+gl + i:a7e;tuz 6i. he volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ad r8b-4nohz2eir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 +pfy28hb(b9cb z--f f.2mp8tb ep wnn$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escap;3z,g afrtt 9t-ozoa; es a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o md11 ue1 *tr.edqo(1: qhftiff molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? 222-vguzn3 uy2oiippghebtknsk, ,zc28 z -(How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mclkvv-q kvv q,b p/l7:4 ot7 a-+pw2nkoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume v)f-1vawt4a 7ybm3 4t7 iobkq5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.9 +/o jwo5a- )wwyv9ppxhs9gm 0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10+wp5sw)9 jo /o9 hpx9ym-agvw km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ofbth ur5 orl-(3 an oxygen molecule at STP? l(tubrr3oh 5-   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nearvw )*6i idve.ok++be x the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofv*diek o.wv)+ ix+6be about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the l-6vi vg/xijua k8d 2y/ 3o4rwtemperature is increased frou6l/yo2gj8d 3iv x/- vkr iaw4m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in 8lf9vjtf dsjj9t 4*dx 9h 3ye,units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcula*9jt84s j, t9 dxfj3fldey vh9te the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecug )u,.vud, n- snmrgft ;kmj**les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum xzit2kj 7*z31m4ymkfe is held constant, by what factor doeki4x mz7k1z3t m2* yfjs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givrnr247pd x-quen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio x4*e wd2 xh)lkio5uuf /l g0f3of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots f5*hodil )fex4/ klx 2uw03guof their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained 8bp+;5nq/qxcd jxkjv+aqq1 v r2a;4e in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyg 1)ad4bps: 1a vob/m--hbiwlrg/ a)nren molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculesteu+agr*k4-m kpb02w at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in agagq4:2jmeaant-wl813 ct 8i living cell at ig8:we n2qat ct384aga1mlj- 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P a /1zyy 0lwzc,vpt+h ,of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranp ezi( k.ubdak2;9h; lium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuxxa/ojqm-5p6y2b-ngx- ax : fre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atxwt *vf9/rq;r:v y (czm and the temperature is (a) ( fr9/rx;yzt:*vwqc v 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 505gfzi,o ;oyl/l b;kg+ / rp.az% on a day when the temperature i r llf5po yz/+;gkag. o/z,bi;s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where gqes1d ,3cu+gmha ov20md)z 8water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouimgml pf90f-.:hi15tlywc l3ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wh3 cfi5fgml-l.m1lh 9 :yp 0witich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 7fyso -3 7lh7b 9titub530 Pa and the relative humidityyl-3otfb7ib h7s 97tu is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when b5, n6 /qutyxa ewc 6zq8*p8duthe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bj c*-jn.r-q,t/flt raoiling at a te/cnrj-t - rf tla.q,j*mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomg6mzx7 a +psv- of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 z25;q rt; nrv11gn(km*m yhmj$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecul sqeo.92;pam ce (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanceec m.9;p2oasq of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects togytz eg9mu0h:8hg) w- the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cro- zw:y8tg)9hhmegu g0ss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedl/gs m* m8l1sof*(ub cff2n) lir ;l*o at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has0vpac mt c52m+ been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was a p*+hcr7trvxg(,p f8h it16rcalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL ( x,pt r8t6h fciga*+p1v r7hrof cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure ik d8(gyab41jl*i i3dmn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyg(k i y1i8 4l3dm*jabdlinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,txmpcr;2 ; hk; width 3.1 m, and heighxmp2c;rt ; h;kt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per3qeyoe42. cct $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avaisp7ljr9d du+ a l)-yyk7e u3v6lable vacuum techniques is aboutr7sk d)3l6l+ -y 7u e9vjpyaud $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s7kr:whxybq hob:: 44 /ks 1kwz w/auedwz7w/.urface, to what volume would his lungs expand :zrsu bek:xww:47kwa 17hqyo/d hbw4.z //k w if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E d:6:hctoc d13c.5iewace7eh arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assce itwo: 31: e6eha.c7cdch5d ume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idea ghp5ayqv06fhlb inz3l) a: 36l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume i**htc rkw f+ wmxu id1,jv-(5of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, +8u eou ud;fn,estimate the total number of air molecules in the , ef8+ouu u;dnEarth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed +vgh *6 v.nfdyof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20 dh(4 m.hl rmfdtv.4a400 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, isdv4hl . a(44m fdr.thm constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me0hfn(d k:pm9u rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at8)8 v66zuqkj0e j9nwcuols5u 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to3.8b2,ww5ploltyq /x m5 jfl,e8uj xy fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g0agr z 8jq/1pxlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ar3 wc;e,nqy3 gm2j19 c/ autdidopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch.h7xp ,u:-,xqnijwq hmg 0p q)arged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i pb u1 hcjk43;4tbq*/d,lsxq fs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can l*.fi 1,b2(ey2fyqfz 6ch:rh z beq,mo id is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennisy bybhi f*z2(ff1:q6 qee,hc2mz.r,o balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamjvc5; 5bo yx2heter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the ai 2jhy5 xbvo;5cr behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor sca/d gv8b5kgei0l08pressure in the air on the following two days: 8 b5eag0c lg 0kisv8d/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffbe /v :pfil5-lerence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart- bf e:lv5ipl/h where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, foa) ri7zpj s g; swb gxn8sf.d+(jb /9v2bd*sg1r an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is.pds iggwsbz)x *jr+ vad( /8ss7;12jb 9fgnb equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.