Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iiuaksv kl ,9r282nah8 ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apphi9ka2 ksv,ar u2l8 8nendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tfg+dk(n y1pc(r:0m dv o make a thermometmcn 0r(dpf1( +dvgy:k er.

Which is larger, 1 C4wm2amd wdv4h3n *my:pw ab/ : $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eac*ulkh2( o4v(z z.y, gxdfj) quilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the(uyzojgl)4zh 2av. fxk (cd ,* temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivet5duy0 ky t+.z3 jp.vuqed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Whtz0. yp 5kdv+3yuq.juy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient o/ /binstsfv;,f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simc:/kkh; r-da zh f65mqple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electr/ :zm-h5;kqdhkafrc6 icity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofte7shv 3l fkq;p,n have a section in the shape of a Ulqk;, spf3v h7. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats ypqi90 yf )y*g :v61,lmcmgrjin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot h+ivt +1mw9z -yr*:qw(noxh q pl o9y9tub of water, the mercury initially descendsp1 +oyq lqiv-romh9 *w+9t:n(xwy h9z a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra2 ew(n 43h 2bue,ayynxpidly than adjxeny 2ea,3 why4ub2(nacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie1edkwuq7 * je;8aa:aent of linear expansion is much smaller thaa; k1dj:ea u 8e*eqw7an that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat-nkgv6j 7*eb6 h,gpf me at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can d/iu fs7ep w/4 .trb:0atuo4zwill not stand upuofbdzp w:a i 4.4ues07/rtt /. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidlyp3j1 g1dvgn+o w2b l fvdpt2-, compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in vdfj2 w1o+pn-3b1vd g2lp , gttemperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged ij-v*1bj 07gf ,jrx9.xxidr- ,kiqh tcn water increase or decrease if tgqj109bxrt-*ik ji, ,xv. jd fr -chx7he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lam9ryb 7 gxg6mav7g0(/ohw adx 0y5a+v w follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averaagvmd/a0o0x9 h 5a7r yg76( +gvmyxwbge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how2ho -z5 hul5 gv+j6bdc Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea6-r)kgixj a)p 0g*syj .m1ysnrth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe:ri) sfyk8zb zdhjf24tg /o 6a +05tbhed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why th t0hbgf a z84bfd ijs/k6)h 2t+y:5roze Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more mp 02r5 i4hcyuquickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proper0hi c4mupy5r2 ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry daytivur 180:dfb at the same temperature.r1i80 v d:tfub

Is it possible to boil water (k+pwjl vea*y5ds b jpm.. 92 y/siee-at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempw:ha-x- t6ddm erature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid tmd:6dw--a x hair at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhe7es( xd f-nh3d1 j09tsbztlv)ated automobile 1 s t39bld)tjz7-dsvfeh(xn 0engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fxx/*by tmrtnh-p4(x; h8kax8ix . / euig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in as:u/82mrl vug9fw(lil 1rn n 1 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the rt)c b syv8l5ci;yt;j,ty7y / number in a silver ring of the same mass?yryi/;8v 7c;s tc,ty)yb5j lt$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whathj9/8oo vb-p68eun bt is this on the Celsius scale?ne/ht68-9b8 jou p vbo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures :7e* - z)/ign qbw mqwnyjs1:arecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomeg0 ; ibd: -vcg1lbw:ghter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 :hg ;d1g0vlw:b-igcb $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ppys+fm-9c6 cof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig ; 2fhe7b/jeeg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimathgf e7/2;eb jee how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oft n e.pgj85imt -c0 mva-uaa./ a2ssl-e hmn47aen used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hol.- l ia4.- au es -tsmmg2en8jvam cap5h0na7/e. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water5ceg0rdpvic u uat. 1h7(nh0dxh (n54 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumem/wmc6h tu u/sb 909cs if it is heatedw9m/umsht9c u sb 06c/ from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi*a u ,cqo y0ov-i/lh.v+zug2klled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55 00uhldz0f-0 c3m yf( xhpm,ik.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madeb8e c36ghhdntrsjrzz3hc/ 2(v 50mf+ of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in es poe5w 6xmbt;,sentially one direction only, show that the effective coefftmp;wx,o 6eb5 icient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in z q *g7gvgmta-.1*j r wa ck2pa)n:,mfthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width ((-;m qjafqw:xxf :lop 6 -qgtw has coefficient of linear expansio-pxxlfqq:(qw 6:gj -tafm (o; n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrr q .7va/ :h)z5lhcojzopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tifegbz5q r le,0 )a5drh5f:lh .me at 17 gl)reql hb5, frad5f:h50 ze.$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer2l4 cp-oeq) +(d *ddk ahm-dpncury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0och-ddkdd4-ppqe *ml )( +n2a.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating .-,t :ztmqe v:+fellm about its axle on mm+l: : fvqt.,l-tezefrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is re/hx:xp19k (4 xgftqwmquired to keep it at this length if the temx kgp/4 thm:(1wf9xqxperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0qm 2xqv;l6*fw::s 7fczzl.k,gqt8 a a41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.. *cm ;wg)4eb4zp bcby122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sebu*g8 llob v.3vso5dt/) v 7qcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit(f8d)g g/ hcsu scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of lpxvn*7x:/cg the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion 4vd,svd ir(sp-tx7d 8engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature od4vd r(dt-8 v7si,xspf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oyp8cjmuk8. 8k2x-u n mf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.61hrqt v)m/sn+lxp- -(+hca hm kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 8.k oe-j66 ekh7krteltsb0nc7 t:h/xkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.8 tpubgxy4/e5oufz9- 0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kgwe9qmt x5sg9yzn9+z;( r/ lns of argon gas at 38 rzw9stz/9+e nsy9qg;(xn5m l5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o.-rtcp c6dinq0 dyn- 7f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hevslw sy85 1ha;ating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ofw;8l5y hsav 1s a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ag7qmzfez6(0tm5(c i2,yvyiq( zh s 7mt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen kwjbi 8d3:l ;mat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balli a6futk*z(it o;ib:(71 b/cunbyd86d g aqg5oon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberza 2t(nyae)12 smn 9mx of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therea7nh9qi m w02e/9jqhw in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,tew. hc xxrf)4,ge.on1q8y9h n l7:uy    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 z5ux1d;/hldu +a7.pmk x9bkz.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ea6ek2 363 b;8 g8rfqleepsqvfj ch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 kmle;pe3e ks6f2fq83r b6j g 8vq high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationax* w ;so9s rn-vtzs5/tl kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?x /n -*tst9rs 5vos;wz    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atom mi5)p2h2/,mlb wxr tfs near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abhxi5l)/wm, t bp2m f2rout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rx7 2c*g-2 mi:mr ,rnohrtu9 wfms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased ,9r7oc iu:ntw2-f xrmg rm 2*hfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6 rwj b)my j::,23fwlsi, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, abmsw)::3i j,wlfj2 yrnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gabgxv,fiqbh,ey pg/ 8yd x *-02s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is2fgrf9 5 msqeqp.6 ) sjgdfvhh*s)1: t held constant, by what factfv.hdmrj:9g fs 26h qpf)ts51s)g* q eor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in .*p eud9d,jd-*ymkc wju(c 9o a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thx mchk 5lt9+tp-oxfo4 y62 hj.b4metjeo7s(1e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular max-pk4 ooh5 7 eh t6bx mtote f(21j4+9.jlymcssses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrc eo/ax 1eii*u3klo x+4q2 lzft1 1m7vogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyg3chdg *grhv )4en molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molb 37*p9 -vyrqo :uu3zijfawr; ,xbw/ :edru m;ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an s3 l/fowuw.iw3 h0fr ,iczwe4cz0 vb rv ;/+7xamino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37rw l0zfb 7/ivr3wwcz 3v/.ucei0;, wfo x4 sh+ $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P: uc.9 -f,v,y/y8c mpjfixhor,lp*v r = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of eq0t:mwxx4-:aluf7 my 8ddo,h8ut256i vkl guranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pht8v ow;- ,cfqxc( a8i8u d t8twmvjh+e /vom1,ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase //o6lseylt+g qd s qz45l+ y.cwhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 oqyl4ql+/yes+ 5c.s g z 6dtl/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hums: 8osg8 :xdo- irtiv:idity is 50% on a day when the tempet:s ox :s iigo8:d-r8vrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure k mx2 h)5s.bqxk:l (muat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouk t rn)zr*7ta-ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which *tr zrt7a -)nkwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa8i: ysi93shxnww g*b; and the re*sw;b ns x8:iyi wg39hlative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temv,x)rfy:frmz + k i* vxg57+qnhnm;v.perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p.4 jw:h +tov--i:fwema vxm;sressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at aesh--4t; xw:w.v+m: afo jimv temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo,upm3q- n3 gdlm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 9gwzht:ou4j ;aqt/ v4$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecu8/5 vky:vg-de j6yho rle (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 8j -gdyhye :/vkv5 o6rof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thkn6. abdggojgf b)tsx 58xhwk131x 65rough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area og 38f6xgt5.1bo nk5hw dsax1xg6kb)j f $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated w8 +5gu8fvge,zp kl.h; muj g+at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratek6itwo8o8/kr :nmw,rl+ )jlfd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempefif kffmbi+45tqiw3;;p;p(o xjf .hyv87f-t rature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ; wifp;3yvhfq+ffk f75ft-oxmpbi.j i8t4( ;if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure iclpo nrg-lu5h 7i16y7 n a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the or y5og crl7i61hu pln-7iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthph zp )xb-7pm+q tg1(;g mp /9ikq1sii 3.1 m, and +i /pmp 1s9) x7(t;izmbi1gphgqp- q kheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one .go 3dshs-oe b6le/+ catom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure aw6 y ;9;6bdjhsw w7xozttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou9 wy6 zhwo7wj6xd;b s;t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills xx;z(v3 )/ mhf9ugp+;nbuqb vhis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surzv9pfxn ;h( bquuv3+x) /m;bgface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthtk6 kdi()5ato’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze up d)kt6 5otaki(on reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is i )h2 ji2all+c ktt+p,encreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o6.xh 1twulitnkd+ w/)mh 75fsvd v4y( f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressxga ,a9r,x4xj ure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphjx,9rx4a,ax g ere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conts2 bvbqy6hw*sxc r--: ained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital ha 1;rvw 1ys+xwv0- kuwjs gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How w+yv0k ;1rx-us1w vjwlong will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a ):ms(;a h1 uxzjg0qnl bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ate uy;w5myt ;w +7xacc( 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl/ex*nkb efx1 ve 2nj0 xj5(s27dze2tdy around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar asmkoyrp,m) w- db :.xdwp: g*5t 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopa1e mrrxjg/bn ,w,7(nted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a.r f dt82zij:r pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thw* bed m f7j2tzk4m-5o l3zv;me Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grzxz ve4ec*8 d1avity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, ascx4ze vz* d18esuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter)s ju5lxh+h/ m (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturlsm)+hj/ 5h uxe is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on t. b axw33d9vejl.he;;xm1y y whe following two days: 3xm ewhax3e ;lv ywdj9;y.b.1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in theiwb. 9wi.s og)r:depl (mn7q9ku;2 gk density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperi9qisb ko(7ed 9: wr)mgk.gl. w;u2npature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at p(2;h5y1-hkqg q d 0 fke:qkdhkcl/2nconstant pressure, the coefficient of volq:k 0g1 k p;kfc 5h2 ynqkhl/(hq2de-dume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify 88*c+kkvb gf utheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house8ug8kfc+ *kbv (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg