Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi2 mg.+f.koc vsc table or Append+mo s2..kfc gvix B.

Name several propertiesdx.sty,8bi uf+: md i. of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.d.+ix8 d: ,f tmsuyb.i

Which is larger, 1 C:n rql8 hrcyuq(4.5mor s ;b3m $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B2n xrc-vtw wzj:o /d*8 .znl.kzf2g5u is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abo8r z t:nzw.uncw dzf-j.lo g*v2 /x2k5ut the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a dhvp0yxc: c)wef)1/i strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the o)xpvc fwe:h1di)/cy 0utside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li .yw xozw)*s(w 9 dgp.j5lom:vnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di9/ mmmyr v*0yuagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is arm9m0/ ym*uvy glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tt i2pait0y azuz7n s./o9)7j ghe ends often have a section in the shape of anai)jatp 2ugz.7zs 9/ 0ytio7 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at jx v) lxp/m*z 5gh2n)y0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometa 0ooi: vohh57bc-mv:m arc85er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallma:icho bcmo8vo7h-0a 5 :5 vry descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one parw: t ,k/(9wk8ydujifin: kr+ut of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than :nwtfr,yik+:i8u9 u jkk (dw /adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expanim73u /v6c80jtxbhsi/bkh0 h sion is much sma70hv csbbji/ikh6h3 8ux/ tm0ller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, g:m heo/070*w: bkv.2 tfutckvgyz)vaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the canwns+ * :mk:36x,ebqto13syk wi ,xdas will not stand up. Wh1se+wkb6w3s msa,, o: xqi3dy *tk :xnat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly ds p29,y1v1 ,du -l5rinrwikh*/q p u e)2zpgpcompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against /u 1q l- y,5*i)skp 9n rviepphp2 wd1u,r2dzga piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged0e ; kebug7lhi1s *c*s in water increase or decrease if the temperag e0k*eus* l cs7;1hibture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic iul9i5yn/dka9 kd+x9 theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the u9n+a5dkiiy/9ld 9xk absolute temperature.

Explain in words how yhq5./aoz44 zxjn,r cz (- pc:zy rt8dGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of :)uojq jy9ou*$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mi :zv 7ryqoju;;nimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Eavzo;;y u: jq7rrth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thact nqwju m)+dch00m-/ n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of cwh d0mn/-c+t)m0u qjone relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is h3-fyu:hyl )2p:s ozo far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatureo-z 3s)yyoph:u hlf2: .

Is it possible to boil water at re3p 7p6w(pm(e3of jqnoom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidi avfkbht1zr76l y8b8 9ty is different. Which is more dense, the dryr868bv9 ayzlb1 k7hft air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap o;n+vtbou9: u**r skp7.);e lwhs lq omf an overheated automobile envh*pe:o;otlmwbr7u;n.q u k9s s)l+ *gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig*zqfxr,o)cx 5vb oy m bs(q2:-vdk/u 2vz9qm 9. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in gm+gck,8,d1)l ken k4 ut khnt r):0osi1sq3u a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number0x1 n(c9hrgh x g*jyn8 in a silver ring of the same mass?r8xhng910* g (jxynhc $N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°92zoit*rwj p/ F. What is this on the Celsius scale? tw29rizp*o/j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded gc5++. vj n-p cjn02jysyhhj0are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0eu5v:vtoz 1 vynv (1k 3xccf)o6oh)k8.v)yc36k 8:(v 5t)1co xkzofvveh1uon0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lzgm7 b3()zdr iong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ironp *ntpo y)m(*f+35-qy usjhdj approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature-)j5o3y(hqj t f *mys+*pnpud of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar/uuog5zt vfofrb9di4g.j -olxj7 (qxy14 v12 e larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivd/9j gt5urxqg.j 14zl4foxu1 bv 2-(yoo7fivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a/wm- /batis9ljsp 7b) xj 4c1wt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whp.t fnk3,05g lyhqy2vat will be its change in volume if it is heated frot0 fv2ny5yqhl3 , .kgpm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t sw9q)prbp12qa 3;b- +au olinhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5ilhp 0 d;a5als+g 43py5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be ie./op gn6-ewplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand )m-pk*f jzvu6in essentially one direction only, show that the efffzj)* p u-6mkvective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density ,6nmoc besb(l .b et- i;v:5*gpcj*z t$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular m57*dpdiu2z pplate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiium p*zd5d 27pon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr/ndi( q1hd3e copic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mavk khf;o9j9hp .dk(2jde of brass and keeps perfect time at 17k k9f9(jhp k;.j od2vh $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury therm 3m uuwh.n 5-qbezlswm,t(2d; ometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a 2l;u ,hmudte35sw -(wzbn m.qvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w4b;g cd8yvrz)7 w)lsfh ye12 qheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionles slh8 cd7zgbq14fry e2v)y;)ws bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required:,awaq nhr w sbb(+o2(;hd) pb to keep it at this lenhsb;w,o(n )aa pb (:+qb2hdrwgth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stesq,a3ab w 3 vwm6dfm6f2-fum/el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13,u 3d4p 634bxps+zwftel2ypj4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperag5f6n7sxg: zf +h /hratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what *:yv 6 fk6ycteh7c:b ic /3x7yk aooo9temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior5ilojdp jkm ;x gdg-8h04j+5 k of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper u338d kjd48a+ecrsrbature of about 24ub8sdd err8c 3 ka+3j0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg00foq tj p0-ijrtb d2-uj.:/o2 mjguyxx,x2j en at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o*.rqimkt5 es:f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of 1pc6bh5c-up11:e dj cin)mrfnitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gmzju8:lt mf2u1q 7l w3as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inu ni)ndwnc+hj 0;5as: side a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385n 0w :iun5d js+)nc;ah K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgyf7x bog .fhwken+973e:nfr+ of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ach8 f ,j2pjh1syzieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sup1, yjhjszf28p pose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 *5a9 rtc)11udp x nlwj$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1x p,leip3y9 lz joew. +,n5xkoid 5:x-8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at aci xxsrf)j mw08w ehq 7o0(3.sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofb;ko 3rd vf4y,9+, z4y :b;coyijkfg l molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1. hjno-kt)9)i h000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of6mfki:omk-n 4dup y4, (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1v1i00viu6-48hgbx m. n0 wosgblgbo/ $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that pkwt+fh9kj wm-*)zfkh6 3 :khwere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km highk- w+ kf 3)mw:hhktpk9fj6z *h and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molof; oxug:we162ra g6zecule at STP62og6we1ru : xg ofza;?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface80)b; upv 3ztrxhyoc8 of the Sun at a temperature of about 60;)rvo8puxtz yb ch0 8300 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase5b qfutqt: d b; l, mngxx1t8 )02ls*bnitf,)y if the temperature is increasq);:tim)t u2d01 ynxlgtn*b lqf btfx8 b 5,,sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given 6; rul2tynvu. tk;/e5yywsb:in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1s;5y/ ywuvb k2ut6;.y:tnelr, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas gs 1+yrc ;3mmk0f(dxbat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume/n1:hgao: g1r jho7ax is held constant, by what factor does/ h:r1 g7n1 haoog:jax $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speepfh+zgtd 3:1 t4guyc goe(38rd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases z/-lu2r *z*rg-elvle at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecul v2rrul-g* e/zlzl-*e ar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.0s4e2lvxr.-ffn4/ tg: 0 zkyp vzz,mc 5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of gzrr4( / vw/ lb2wi+hi)p7hk qan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul;j3jups5 dk /ces at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8 vljk(6;psv6ygqha 6r(r d9u 99 u in a living j y;sdlk9r p6q6ugrhva ( (96vcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressureoh s ir/o5scpn ey.:a(da((h: P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uref4l pq/7vg dhci1r7 1anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canwvo )38el2w hx3/eerq $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas hc*7)o0v9/q hbvnnu rg3sc0oe when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9/bnco unh 73*hcvrsq0gov 0)90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5dykpo pnp)z (tz)*f840% on a day when the tempf d8np*t opy)4(k)zp zerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils1husf3k9hj*-o* 5hj rag6fy,: i cwbe at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimat+-vtzg zmthqmq(v7 2ar x3znao245 d 9e the temperature at which water boils. 2+rvxt5gzv z-dnao9zq3ma7 mh4 q(t2 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pacr;vu-5*t tg1tj ) yulrtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relt;tgyru 1j) ltuc5- v*ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressureiyvm(.os-qn v2rc pj o:0 .n5ak)6lfb of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate predli3*4k .xuyb-bauq / ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling qbak l.u*3/4dby u-xiat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680+e* t-wz5zsw3 t rk+qni dvof.m1n* g:$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew (2p (zqlz)az4felzu 1 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see T -z0vn0 so3tuaable 13–4) to diffuse a distance ooz0t -v 3nas0uf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thrblb; a5 ldjr08ough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm l;ljlr 50b8 adbong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib7 maet27+ knnhrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrarp; *k e2+j3 bjnsd*elted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te ivk,ql *s5re6mperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling fos*kvlr e5q ,6ir 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder juk9 prbcq 1lue 0(1e9is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of theeu9l e1rqjpk09 (ub1 c original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m(5l db:j-m1iq r ti4nw, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem :q(mwjbr tn5-i4idl1perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofrg9m5q pj;ksv/ +9t m2**v tca qj6hit matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable uv4k ;gvswdmz0 /s2l8nsing the best available vacuum techniques is abou 0/;sz2vn8l wsgk4mvd t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bqxw 2t:5sz-uw elow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the s2u:wqsx-t w5 zurface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’sg b:i(/ty(liew o4jh7 atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of theiwj b/l7g 4o(: yiht(is high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromr n 2,v :gnpd ,doc0jb5gi4cb3 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7708nfed rh.5 t7tm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph6outy k +(fx*ueric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbxt6(yfuu+ *ok er of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spee6b;t-u7 xkwi8e3-rf y4 4cwivyjt0c r d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a h4gr(6/a/(nbd oigs31td 1nxn t8vu fnospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 Lg1i(dns/(tox 4 bn ar/g1f 3ndntu6v8/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercu-x afdcue0 7*ury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline s j g).d5.wd.7zy 27esxhgzjq at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea g .f8se/z(izxtwv5nxl/s.k + rth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl3bni 37 mr.h) r,lvqjcla6d(dm3 n0zly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted c2vr:7 r0w j3jktvrate u+v/ -in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when f 4*l,hi9gysb tully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earw67dz p c)/hplth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verttdqmj ih0g b9o36f37gically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, hb 3gjoid0m t7qg3f69assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble)baw p)hygnherd fd9wen.). 3;f *z1g of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, an3h h.d )eg) ;*fa1yr bngf.n)de9pzwwd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in xzuntr b7z 6c*n2 axv/-(z-5zwngkd(the air on the following two days: v(7*/cgz zza25bnxnd( r xkzu- t6-wn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whenov2a3e3 ,oon u.r32omp hk, *pwpyc e9qzvc(; it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturz pnc,uq,3m 3k.2w caoov yoo(ve*3pp ;2rhe9e is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sho4yua, z.x3zs c*mp )blw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is z)sxbz 3c ay,lu4m.p* equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people .a spy ahrq4io;)7y x3yv7j(bconstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milde4ixjb.yr)3 y; yv haasq7p( 7ow. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg