Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table )8ur (zn 1kvkwor Appendix B1(kr8vz)nk uw.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a th/z*r40to.fcbd af. ea. u2mbu.k;rvn ermometeu ;zob e.rkrca fnmt*0uv2 4d/a..fb .r.

Which is larger, 1 C z+pqln. -qmuh/b)k:b $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumtz*3is ad/u0ja1f7vk with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about thitvzf0* j137u ak a/sde temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist4hyt-g l)8xbdm+w.po s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin domyt .bpl8)+x4hg-wt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineagtnci pi9q9.f,-p d pph ,tjg 1sg:f38r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace ;c rf*(8gsct 0yz n6hj efr6b5(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic ec6r t0rs5zfhnb;y(*c 6g8 jfstrip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thftoonx,c 2.ak7,w v;ye shape of a U. yt,vn x2f,w ;a.ckoo7 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merck 97j.im,4hw oghuu1aury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,f7qiy4xpsr) 2 d ii9en1e 4,ea9nlv- j the mercury ejqxd 927nis eanr-fe44i,19)yp lviinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly w(nnzzk. zodgbfk.hq,( u ) 2-than adjacent parts. Exp z,du2nkowgkz q f.z(-bh.n)(lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient w0kfd84 . nkriymwb :,t.b4ciof linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gcd rf4 . iw,k mw0t4b.iyn:8bkives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur laxe 2 w0gg1f0wfti-;ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botsp;-:smcs, o mtom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?s:o m-cs s,pm;

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistonklfa.84g6h b,ju cw3x s;0lyo ), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chan, lwb3fh0.ckg8sjul oa6y4 x;ges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged(ab ucz 49my ny .qdk6k*;ni1e in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frokn. yy b1;qca kud6m4nze*i(9m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlz/gsv aqan573 t,,wg wes’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kiq5/sz,gw a nvwt3a7g, netic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorqcedgt:/ otzkf bl/3f8 -ed. :y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati o4*m+k kerqu(o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thb0sn ,agh+g *cyja0*he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no ag+abjhc *n,0y0g sh*a tmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whfxj sg269wh fl31(h gpat can you infer abou jwf2g9gh3(fs l1hp6 xt the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than q a5)ad/t dln.pqy54wa hot dry day at the same temwt 5.nq a/p45)d aqdylperature.

Is it possible to boil water :l har5*tlt lin,sh( rn52j;7ica8 tkad5y)jat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same butrqt -;nk.v67, jao e.jw y-rnt the humidity is different. Which is more dense, k tn t;6ry w.j,a.7-qr-veojnthe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous t u(-klvxk7g 8yo open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eng l7(u-vy kk8xgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as 2*u:s j.wekbv e-: 5 kinl3zjja little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gv9te6 u.i3irkme:6c s v)xirx8 +*)w (jypr qmram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the cds)tha5z* un, )dw k+number in a silver ring of the same masu*zcan5hd+)) wt ds ,ks?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is )6mda;, wnzug often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?;ag,du n)wmz6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded aretk buru sp)bkum),, 3:o9vwv 0a9;bme 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomet iryjfrl(s9xs j0lmhm,,k 0ui5) fm(8er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ,i0f5ilu m8kxr s()j,sjml 0hf(r my9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2 cpmk uzj2nts. +.k0q,0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irokr* d.rw4 :buwn approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muwubr*:. dk4 rwch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedgfvl/5eq; * g:9(am lr;bxyvh and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) fh:qg;gaxmy evrl9 (v/5 b;l* before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aa : (ar/)0cojr4k0r kggbe p2mt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dino5wx)h 1u i-iameter. What will be its change in volume if it 1-inohiw )5ux is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim withjeejvs70qk6+ zs x+ x* 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at hku1*shvxn-8n p +lh -o+geo,20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pla.9adfj v7e f,aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nah9 7pamzr km b31wc ;8u1iu2rvrrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to t1wmv 97 u1k3baz;mir 82ucr phhe coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changefb:: uxv1ys965afcf o in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate,lo nk. 94i)xpr(zu.v1qip c o of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp4u 9 ln.o,iz(1.)rpiqk cpxovansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoyobj4,i(k o- ttropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather ce:av+qn 5cc: e2kvie* lock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 +aqvec5:n2k c:ei *ve $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer*oe( m hjlu-5r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.u mo lehr(*-5j255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel ofo u50g1/o gper radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fricg /5 1gre0ouoptionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress i r4v/ f7r*tat;e0 msmfs required to keep it at this length if the temperatu fa et7r4/*r tfm;ms0vre increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beampj eb;h8y su;, of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm ag2dm 3,+p9dolglt9eubx . 3 fut 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on t3,fh-nxujz.efjj c .u cu,n* 2he Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhe (pbs oi/ 1 ul;z(cwr/cz.ry;mit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ad3b 39dkl+(do u9qigabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustioyta5dml; e i.(n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abl (5.tme; aydiout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ipn fwyz* :8,lcdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogg 8)5rivlboo 7u( cb-men ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgaup2z4,x ql4 pxdvjf 4 et8k30 of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0buzc0/0dybl zjn6q8ku,3 bo8$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 b(m d0hgj * k(ek4;q+zb.g apskg of argon gas at 3e bmszd4(*0gj kb;qhg(a +.kp85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 l:m).mnj6tpw kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidet:fvqyf yx* /2n ;oje-7et7q7x70zy-dp kbnx the balloon, which makes it less dense thqt kevde27 y 7*qxtyz-yxp f0/jb7 x7nf:n;o-an the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a+x *qaz+ 6ynd1ustq7nu33u zpv b g8mbyln-02ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 uq1,3r7xsu8if(:+m.+fywi ojzsh bl$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seda vkyi wq +/ mwz7*w5zi p2g*)-a .sydlz(+vxa level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o c-u+g; h.vg(eazvr( xf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th*ud 1ofwt(2v cere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number otz lijer+p3a )ec*+b gv px 4r930o*g0 -kmdixf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume/jg7(jo bja*ut so 2:f 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are q2n8ckihv4aem j: 6-rin each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last c-m a:n 2irqjhv8k64ebreath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average *xs icty0f4zqo60ib2 translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST0* txqbo6i0yfic4 z2sP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at nx3.wl9l4 9m0cuwumm a temperan0mcmlw wmxu 3 u49.9lture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules inu2d tnq;. mk v3*mm2orcrease if the temperature is increased froqom 322kur;.nvdtm *m m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given t48ph a.zj+0qmskjc+ in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calpst8qc4jj h.k0+ mz +aculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iqh 7lbafb x6q2:s5at) n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas isnm n9,rtq*epm r9(n,ij3j+fw doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact9nnntm+,w p(j,mef q3r9irj *or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeslr20k. pn :v uj((zshm in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempecu+q r0j4inz, p9m: es* vdkg,rature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equj + kg,z mrqn4cu9:i*sdevp,0 al to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogaa-i-x)c41 u,hgmq1fj*wk er en molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at jo ++hp8 xgz6(xc xiz*0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average yx;f8o 7kle.n s1go2ndistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a0fk- to ds9gc 5adb3p870w xgqn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livq5dg3 a c gx0o0wbt798k-s dfping cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writs ;y/w(fra 2hch+ z8vrten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu8a +ki pbf..ehm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressum(rqtsva3:7do7n6 fr k fjt /rd ))dm(re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is yw7h:v:1 pgqe*p9bb9 j 6mrr0wx2 pdc(a) p*e1 79bp::bpyjxgr h26wq 0w crvd9m 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thrhz5 k :(q-kzabh6b ,lc/9pdpe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is / h -czqd5hpbb(9rkz,pk : l6a25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherefia2,6qth yt( water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaindol b97f6 rz(cs is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatudb f(9lcz6 7rore at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parterrus,9 6x s9vwn:fk5ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatiru v9 :x 9wn5fesk6s,rve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pm*4evb,qztl( .chyd8 ressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximaw6ng9i p6va x c8z2s;fte pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a t;zs26afxw6n8pgv c i9emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volun *e(9nwn xysa;k,er) me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew zsfx1qhp9s:y0o -ri : point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a di7 8uf maa7reh6stance ram7f67eh8 a uof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to /i )0 t 9 qo;sy8do;xsbgdp;7 xjmx2ltthe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.8d;s otx79xl/ gd;jy0 i2mo xsqbpt); An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure e5k .yxft0; gbhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure* gi89olmy t7y has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temmzh* .x dnd45 b*,yvz1n *devxperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callind4x z1ddxv*zeny*h5b*vm.n,g for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallym r b7rlpi/l+efxr6, v zv;4i, 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder? +i,b/r vl rxmz7vli r,ef6p; 4  

  Estimate the number of air moledb hy 3r3w:p0pcules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe33y :pr pwhbd0rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom +n)yfj, rx8m e: ahrw6per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abaezh5t9v *mg*f0cqp 3z( x( mkou0*tgq (m h(fxz zvcek35p* m9at $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulk ,ly)c3n-* i;nxdbr x1;xngll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volunnl; l1c)-b, *rdixy x3;kxngme would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed orn()b3hn,a xsf :u/q, yck*nk- ynkw0hb 8)kuf about 40,00hh8b wsnn)c)krx,nub aq (/ ,kn k0:uykf-y*30 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas468)vegn*njlze q ltf ok+(e, is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumea th 1n2nf /6cp6o/rwu of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the dzrcme qtp.2+ n:i,v-zpk5 j;Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea ,c-r:5;n 2zkp vpjdqmi z.e+trth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7x7gw jut/iw+/ 3)vy9n +efima .6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital qpj. 3zt *x2)no/ip:q ddr.ho has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How loz:j n*.. d2ido3xqp pht o/qr)ng will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury om; wu* fu4p1uat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at xhv.z27w2wi t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuxu5b5dz am 4iwk- r9.q*b 6tjugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh 20e,h b;jjdx4x/fs7 t ohhc0otly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the g43-geiz /zb,s e zzg)18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1d5p)zdrq; kp+95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E--nudk946wrxnn ee3 rv s.,ajarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lsv- oem1,qnwq3kb3u 56d (oazid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a ma obu1ws5ke6(3vz3 moq,qn da-ss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depekm3j:,zo ( o/x)a g6g,illmnth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfectz,6lmk jgm3xn:g, e l o/ao)(i gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prec 9z akskr6nf c2qb 4g751lup3ssure in the air on the following two days: 6an4r qs9b5fl73p2ck1uz gck
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in th 86*l 4pdu:alq; gamkme density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the l 4g;6m8pl: umq*kaad Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pt wcpiu7-0a7lf uk:-oressure, the coeffio- a:-pcf l 0iutw77ukcient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantlyqx8 aup(v d;dig+ 48z5ljv8kme,b1d z dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and miq8d;vkd 5uzmilz8b8 p,4 j(vg+e 1dx aldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg