Which has more atoms: 1u:1 e.ovl+gapl)rc,/9 fo)lg hwk*dc kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append+)uho )1,:a*kcl grfo le9 cpl/vgw.dix B.

Name several properties of materials thaqti1 0 f5)qcwjt could be exploited to make a thermometjqq)i 1cf tw50er.

Which is larger, 1 C i8.e4lm6 us tjhu kr3+$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal vh 8 gy ef90d1zb1o(ubj:z9cjequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperagb 1j 1dzec :v9uhf0z oj8by(9tures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alv-od2f 9fh-t suminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint:-df9f-toh2 v s See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear excf8:5cx3-7hy ,vwjwi e pu8gupansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrams 87da7 z7 7a54 qtkjrdoh7abj of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity7d774qj8ba rsajh z k5atod7 7 when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often *o6bjl 2q s)huhave a section in the shape of ab6slouhq)* j2 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindo-z:ma( y k8ql6w p,vt 6iv7t5fpwgbh a+.v*j er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed irxx-; mi :wu97qek ut.n a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.ki9; :.-x7 tuxuewrqm

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatesu 9:+; 6m8+r(y8d .nxyhgtu nvoumzpd or cooled more rapidly than adjacent r+muv8. +t8dmu:x on(6g ;ypu z9hsny parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is t9gjc bp4w)6tf-sv 5sh:vn zdy: j)8iehat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heyc 5)i:njvvf egb9w zs4)-pjt h8:s6d at resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accucs i+25ghk.slx c3v c7h se8*yrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thxkhlw.o6c6nk6o/ 1qn e can will n nc wk6l6/q6hk.1no xoot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,f4tkf2wq3 :ps by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperaturek4:3f wtpf2qs using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in watelejvc9xn; m (ls*1n z1r increase or decrease if the temperat*nscl nx jzm1;(v1l9 eure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the ru38b4:pu elu:cy)efmelation between average kinetic energy and the abso :u48cf pbelm)3e:y uulute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kiev5 lsp/hl (thu ur)0:netic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’o an-77;glj4 o7wi7kwyx0ntn s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers *l:86zq-h oqdrs4 og gto the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and neveh:o ggq8 zq-do*l6 s4rr return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roo5f m,2q;kr hlom temperature. What can you infer a,h2fr lq om5;kbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry vl.nfiqoe.o.o17pb 5h i2m h(day at the samei.q5h7im(vob2ohf .1 pen . lo temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 m ehcaav8au-mt76; (k $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa4x9dpjvh17, 8s xsqloqjy 42fme but the humidity is different. Which is7149f4 spqh ,8o2qxyvslj x dj more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedl6cu+m,l st 8 upuiy5ape:l50z: sgdg717 nks automobile eng+u17p:pcdzy: 5lsunmls86 tsga g0ie 5 ,7lukine.

Why does exhaled air appear .e4o-2qknhl e n0fl0has a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-9bryr a0 khdl+16cogjp2b, h.gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomo/fs ib3uyi2 -qh5+mf s in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvefi5b mquys/hi -o+3 2fr ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the fsthp j+*c; k.Celsius scale?*;+ fcptkh .js   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera-lq+ smvolfrvd;; 723p nxw :gtures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass z8z1drn9wq4zthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0z 4dz8r1qn9zw $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is dgszxgl k 0:;8ky uo5+built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrouyx;x1j;l h8 taght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height change;txxyh;a81l j s between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivp5z o/iyx1swr9vlh 4p(q 8qc1 ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm q41h8p sxyi z/( wovr519lcqp in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 /;zrvtyd0ybz 7ua.,5 zvsyq,$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will ec.x z:-2k*:qunnr4 zy pw0xi2 jo*flbe its change in volume if it iock2 jn*liup0 zzxe:rx: n 24.wfy-*q s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ofg3 -kvoz izvw96g,rur(:s-7r 9yj h bv water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55 ta 73p7zn2zvgm5/5ct)n/lyj tgok) c.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 0s. ,c x5mlaivj+ xyyly h77k/20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ijimli.cn(7 6xmu (-fqn essentially one direction only, show if6m.-nl( 7ujiq( x mcthat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th *in;obgc7 -n f)*walce density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l an2:x 6cpga8bt+di aj0qd width w has coefficient of linear exp +0xp68i2gt cb:a ajqdansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop+-u+ rsn:i+y,nho e wwym,u6lic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfa0gl mq(q4 wk4rther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 174k0 (lqwg 4rqm $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Then 2fryne 02zqxxr357c bulb has a vo2 r3q7x20xfczr5nn ey lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m d 6y)t7;skqf7j rn4v r8ki;yiis rotating about its axle on friction7vq)i6y;st4 kfkj;nyd7r ir 8less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengt+pfc do+6v0 3b fczi df9ott i4i/l.b)h when at 15°C. How much stress is required to kee6l4oiio+f0it/. +d)3cpvd 9 zbc b tffp it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arexikf-j;4,lpg a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at om3 zpcby(kh2 ;7i:fm20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Keqdsgjeb6 l+:zxd*f 3/ lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temper5bw;ez t,m;rjature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anp(p8 wh /b-ja 9mh3dqbd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphy)x.uq/i .1 odt 2zdxperic pressure and a temperature o).z /1tdix2 qdx.p uoyf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densityubt0k8e+ sps 6ovn( wue-2;pv of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitkzy* :4y7ih.p.cj0 ha /ybmnu rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitvmt /bhy3w 6wq5g)s/arogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at kw2u(qbdl3)r2s-syn 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kgl;ors:v k0ujmp; z 99y*kth.k of argon gas at olk rk9z jpv;:u0y*ts.9mhk; 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of :: lu . 27q;p0aonzpsu (ndmqq$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bu-gh4y pdvn p qw7*9tm ,1u k.5reu yv73l2dhzwoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outl, z pq netm wrhuv5kg3y1- 2h77 .dpd*4uy9wvside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ,3 st n 2zger ikpn(k.kk(ti;)air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ;hiue.2l2w sl at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon es1avvvl261 y vi9nbvn7 capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculam7 crzw f;-ts8srv,*es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in tz(3k- pejc o51.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesflfn6d0ffpp (8es12l v be -5d,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumfob/vb 2mq f2les:q fc33j . yyu;::dde 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inha t-jn rat/bue.c .hr(nc+dq87le that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmorc/ tqnd8t -ua(rb..nhj+7ecsphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran5 f9zpcelgd03x o7zec/cs .xq; hc-q2slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 7;x ec 2gse-pz3 0lcdc/o5 cx qqf9.hz   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near0u pz(6 xvo jb5byzbkop,5(g) the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.j)oo65b xk v0ub( z ypb,p(gz5    m/s

  By what factor will the rmlu 1b8 as,;7 tvys7gkss speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is v,8 ks7tsau1y7sgbl;increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, h8.b) deo m+l)vgxr v50, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate r)+gb)8x d hov.5m levthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in v iymxh7o()s6u h:heev e8 :r:a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, tb7nvus4ac zm-ilb,d ve6c.ty6w8o*;y4 o j/ by what factor do ,w6vt-; ccnbya4szoe7ld 6v t*/yuj4i.o8mb es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu 8)pn4i ggcj8xy-r/9pffq+ikles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of :eyxk rg;4, al.o+n5 v zow.nftwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mae,z y 4r fwv+n.ao:lo; x5gn.ksses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo/+.kag;i ,tr z-cex2vyn/ 4ez; uzxv ,, coaaplecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of answ7*( a0-1av0yxvof(9juug erd(o vb oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwem y 0zmf;8jc ,sak36qwen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ach 1 c5 hgw ijxy6 ;oik(;))cltyjp9kn0id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liviwh h6 j )ycytj(kog;5x ;n kic01)9pling cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writte /9;ol sur;tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of aqp5qe4j;e n4t6howi/a-qd3 )d9ap-bbr: oruranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasejs*ggd p4 rx)n,d/qr ;s can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 yx ox8j(9*sur1m(o ,wo)y0wd+fyx r latm and the temperature is (a) m( xo y lj0d ux+y)sow y8w,9oxr1(*fr90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately)sos3 : nfbnwxt+ieh.v;d83p( if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 e3ni+8hbs:x s3fv(.to ;npwd $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 0av ehsx6z 1i)$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mourr 3k)lg ;7wfontains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturr; ko3f7l)w gre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa / qz61 r+n0 gxz 6fdqh6gjs0ldand the relative humin6 dhxqdfr0gl0s6g qz+1jz6 / dity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempetl6tfg+b/b-8d6am ph ch3 q/erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilnhr6fyrrj42vp k6 u2g)n l0h oo+hj/ 1ing at a temperature of 120 p2fy6g /02 j u1nnor6r voh+hj r)hk4l$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680 us-ntzd,q8yk/ 9vec ($m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinus4 5erw +bo-p ;0e)p;eudw het of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time need02.a ynsuu( s c9ha/eved for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disscs(v y2u .un0a/ah9etance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the suv 4sis9c6/r v3 zylq/trface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea /3vlsivt4 /zrq6csy9is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated wt02 ,qn.hxw.gk e- 3el2zzjy u4zeq,at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at g zw6wlbs4c.pu-ba 2i+k7 s*nigh8o -20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cu,:*i nivowo /qcp -q1ap was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be madqipo o icv-,qaw*:/n 1e in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in atls/o1qj+e t-e w)dg* helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atmstd-/)e e1tqg wo+l j*. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room or9(svi,mj( c qf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is(9cir,m qv( sj 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denxxpsl-6x:a++gw 2j dnmo snln/5mg/, sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques m:z8u k(2rwtyttex4( is about 28 wte4:r z( uymx(tkt$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lun )al;/yvnamq3k5 xo,3hzqb/i gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungsz3k/lxaoqv,) 3nq;b ah/ ym5i expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed89j- irx0l8 mb x6dpku of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is se8u 8k6j xm09p-brxliden as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrq94ruao-u g/5wnbh;a c8 . dhjeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume uyl0it pg52u4of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pre9qcal9py*6bt ;.wfqblo- kj2fug (k4 ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate tj9q.c*yl kt f -kob;l4fqaup29b6 wg(he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nf.db- jb10zh nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen useda339yhg4 dkz eset23 r in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the e3dzrs2e agt 933 4khycylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a8xpl*yhwcy/5 f mu/e xc ul7)*t 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline )vxi;xwl; +h gat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’sr-x*d*odzzr n+pooe lb i5 3vh5u*: ,a equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gla8akp;,mqj y ( x/p3b fjtu4-zrss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the . ) x cpxkael-uyt7c+.18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm gdi-m c(g cy5v u.hf1*at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 1k0fpwr .fpmtya/u/:$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grava-5ajh6quvt/kukyxe ldo(7y /7 o / c/ity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg an5/ /aukydyavoq hjle/o/x-(u7 7t6kc d are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericalmp omem7w kr0s,pn056) bubble of air from a depth of0n p mmwk7r,ose56 mp0 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wateo5sa*sds+v+dp 2t 5ol m69fbhr vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: s* 2p+ lf ho659va5tdm dssb+o
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i1ri f8q5hc/y3m ne8 rfs a solid1nry5 qi3cer8 /8 mffh deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas kaoc06 x61l erat constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exa60cre1olk x6pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constanti+jy m3f6sinnsz*, 8rly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If+i ,sy6*n3rnfm8iz j s the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg