Which has more atoms: 1 zpgk, 2r5 lj*zkg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ak*jz ,g52zpr lppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet6y8eu 0633s 6vl mn9rk sepai/ vtv1ymcq4gf4eens4 rev4k6mslm90/ 13f8uq 6ti v3pyva y6gcr.

Which is larger, 1 C i)pg u4w6iyk*$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal z k ngysr/ou8c kuq e8*n5 cy4,777*xqprev5vequilibrium with system C, what can you say abn7, *7*8qp /z 8 egyqx ronuuk5r4y5v se7ccvkout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whes j5e;fnr)r a/n heated, the st5)rsfr/ aen;j rip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefy0apr lrqaab;qa4f9 lah*:c.; 1++qkd9 au iyficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat useqpb 7lt7ib) d :s9muc/d to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessepcs7b7b mq9 ud) l/i:tl containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the :u)y(vheqkm-j/oj i 7 ends often have a section in the shape of aq(-h7ojm/ j:uiky e)v U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fso6 mzu38w -/g e5ygzlloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fwi7y unbb0 g5fcftmqv +y+i4 l8f v277irst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and th7+bbgt5y 7mi 0lfn8+ vi2u7cf4q vfwyen rises. Explain.

A glass container may brea0eic9u1 x0ekbk if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.e u9b ik0e0cx1 Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expah )p r97:et xls5j0h3hyjy 4pwnsion is yeh)4j x jw5rhp7s 0p39t yhl:much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a.j nfq)ym mruo0,eqp1xi o+30uo+4 o yt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causeg f 1hoswsq.)a1/ 3iff its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand u f1ws1a f/h)fs i3oqg.p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), oq 0j)gvn 2i+dits temperature increases. When a gas expands against )v2di+nj0q goa piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrkbgdf ,b-yi bkr 2kqb0 5*(v8vease if the temperature is incy5 bbv k2b,(kid-0 brvg8qf*k reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followsp,/opl.hp d7q from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic h olpd7pq,./p energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki* 5oti*. 9bvcwxwcix5netic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphvrgerlw.+np:pu:5px. r2ovd8t u 5+r ere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obj ,vmv0hd1 y9ko 6w*lvss9u5n tect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smd, wv l6to1s9yvmn*09 ksuhv5 aller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklb.ir ibnwglm79x01g, kuc;k 4+y7hi zy than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the niggcy,x bl 4.1h9bkikwu7zi 0 + 7rm;molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than z/(dv. 7npg (qf tpi lg0m+j8ga hot dry day at the same tempgflv+ gjmqt( ng(p0iz87./ dperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperai.mz flt q7gchl b130,ture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper3 ve *fefkhh).8p do.uature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thep8)efv3uf h. .eokdh* same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ogzb(/9g 4ooeq pen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi 4o9gqegzb o/(ne.

Why does exhaled air appejr+b; e1y2itatzzk. 3ar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peiy: 6kffx jh3+z (vg6enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in ahl6w ke-f6dc,ei( w*p 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver r(wp6eki hc,*lfw -d e6ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on 6w 2ko3*nnkqpthe Celsius scale?*p2k w6qnn k3o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu yixeu g5(z4q/moy+yqv sqsw:3w/b2 +res recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm epr(/ax .p4l k.:qnhk at 0.plk ( .e/x.anrhk:4 qp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs tcwo g1/3l5ndrg +c)f 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat o 9si,cp/k:6pes t2gwzaxk80ely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature z:kp2sxs 0 ia ce9p/k6g8t,woof 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets th8jzr(7;at 1fn zp.8zmfcqsd + at are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in di(j.m zr7p8 dtzaqf+8 sfcn1;z ameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atlo9cr pp1(i )h 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ciin:iaft1*s p f:z, k9hxz1v4rlf-9upd/g:h hange in volume if it is ipa: zh9/ :14isfdp*x,nituvgkr:l1 9f f-zhheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bybcb, +gulx q.3nv:wqi 6; zc3rim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2g3ykrc 5 rba4x6oecqz48*an20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of g056 to atku;vj me0u(iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can xgfk 7z41r0ip ) s0gnw9v9wta) p,utwexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to th ivwagutz s9p tr1px)n94w0f0g)k ,7w e coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chhl*m-wez(: tb ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient +)+i j /jpbzitof linear exp)+pbjzt + /jiiansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidybw1kve vh 3jmu 5f,uj1 3 kg3.bwnd,), $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand)w5tj;b l wno4father clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 jwt4wb o)l5;n $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside /4wx7+,l8ij o ndtcujj) 8rq udiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumc nr+i7/wut 4jodu8jx8)j, ql e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41/0n6 g;pc*ncyko rgj:ouez1 5 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearine y:cg* 0o;5gnkj/znupc 1r6ogs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lt/ 4yi6f1fw kbength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 w/kf4ift1y 6 b$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04)kg 1v). nn:oi*mi vdn1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm alkn ohd3 q/ pmd*:hz9hv48w3vt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temn+oyz8 j9 4ilwiz;e n/peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrw sras 3 *s/qxul+5eh0enheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofw hu)ls2ym y8:szh4 lgjg)..w the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a te g39 + jqzcn7dtib fc9hrkn:+5mperature of aboutbc7j di+kt+ hz:cngf5rqn99 3 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gu 98vq(guxaow6vw8jyp4/z4 vas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains ;fgkbovr*n9s-m(aoe 8 ch7x2el 9g4l 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains c*hx. b5bwpgy7/ld 1l18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium sjfdpo1p :yd 4*xpz+c/6+xe 9ib7 tlxdqd6b-gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ghx(vt06i j2im as at vhm(0 jit6 xi2385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k /mjba- 7ddj7aax:da* g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air 53 9uv xiud/ominside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ou/u9xo v5d3m iutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 150;3qn:9qhyyvysoal 78 bt3m w $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 13*ly n g-zgi6b8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leo fszr4dg;i b qs4(;doe/hwknm/h3kmr. v 15/vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules:wxn-g:5gbfjj5 2lym 0bc n- u / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculeo ripyr(+3)iq s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole qsgp8vz0b0j /e aqe4)s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume bct8wh1gvkk/. /s6vq k sf6:w5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a1l0bmv,hbrr4+h o r) cre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km highmrb 0hrl+h ,r)v1o4bc and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic eno 81m 9jy. gtpa.utb(cergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? u mot(1 j 89a.gpytc.b   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium4snfk 1/j9raa atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatura4j/knaf s 91re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mt*bglf c/xd7(olecules increase if the temperature is incbfc (xlg* d7t/reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds,v*llemm 8g-sq2.,r:bf)qh j : u3k qef given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8mfef8es* 3 2qbm,::l)gvquq - jkhr .l, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2lh0tvv kwg/3)0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubl7h yefdd:ce 0s)+ y, .ttolek3ed while its volume is held constant, by what factor does de eh7. l)y+tsk:ye, fo30cdt$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in x :mf89adkgweqn;r 6.a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rati-+,o*wrzp -m fh2oa hco of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratiowhcom-ph2 -afo +*r, z of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecux*zpwf qf pitoq yl* hyo66f6 /+(l0o(les contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 fsm;a-g.cz5) ya m;ip $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at1q80yqz 1ywjz STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lik. rud kq jq,ao06mp5(ving cell amo(r d0k. 6u5,kpq jaqt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can beuy+f*)amh(n)w z+ kqg written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, g8e u/d)yu/be b826 h2xjlsqx $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurgl q3 dtgxcooy4+2-k5e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pr)nq4 v 2il5snqessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 92)n n4ls q5ivq0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximi(ouu1js;o/ 1zy5k7,k0 4 qk/a+zm nirehyoz ately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature; /0zk7 + oz1rmk q5j,y(iui/shkuo a 4ozy1ne is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where w1hyk-. .r 6qww ilj+bbw+yro4ater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in thegka988o9 t q, ,dgywpk mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa98,9 dag,q okg8 tpwykter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the vqit a-nyj( et); x0/epartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is )n-0 /iat jq( yxeev;t40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waterutolok:l82k ,/e4xwk on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a presmf+6bvp/i5 ng sure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturmbp 5gif+/6 nve of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a q +4ocp7cwo9flxyw qv5mw) a )e+.y+kroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew dqbw yafe3r;..c-p* z point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see b+k+ j6gkkz9ket8 iit5. wso7Table 13–4) to diffuse a di96ij o78 siz+kkwb gk5+ket.tstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects t:ybi k*:x(th b xj9dpry3aput,9y k/6o the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae dxxt utkaj/r ykpp::y9 *96bi,hy (3b. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr .+fh1gpcnym 9 7bmg4)o*h2 dut ;cuynated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bey59skr am 9c/xen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How //1wz dghb:a za 6i4nmmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL ofd zz :hia/an1m4w6bg / cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindw qc+ykx0/x0zikhml2 m347 hder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylin wh 3yi/k0klx7 2zmmdh+xqc04der?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a r3f5 s*bw49mpglr hc;poom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature i glf ;s 5*3mb9hpw4rpcs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density kw,nq+)j gts7e s0)iy of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquek cw6b 62 hdrcrf5(xed(3va)xs is aboah3)e(d6 ck c6x d bw2v(xrfr5ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills dhj-+/-vuc8wpj(sqo his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thi-/+jdvho8w u-p c(jqss advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnini eql(g+i4ij:o y 4z2dg from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, pai qoy4gi2 je(+z:4il drt of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ix l m58j:c-dnbdeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o 5su(2-lrzve: danoy;f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of -puvr+wns9( 0 j3cei .n3yrmdthe Earth, estimat-n+nsi(j90ew3 p mr3cr.yv due the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroguy.; s* bcdmjm9sd sl(n i1*nd za28/ren molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 pswzg- t2zy q2 q6w2/empi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is 2 twm6eqzywq pz 2/g-2constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me8 jcba s/)6tp glt:p *:6oqjmfrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at +i3grw8sb )fk 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator 0s,z5mk,cicmkn l v,3 at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly oqa4, c0xh1x k8vyl t2onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tm ,h1l(.2ymhqcw1ekv he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 x d (9y7skc*y 0+pfrbtatm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thz wy)c)wl my2dv 3klm 2i 9qk:07ox.lne Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bph-0iyttnbb- +o -jj 5alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebip-bt j+h0 y n5o-tb-jound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of py9 0olgqi)+q air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assuo)yl9 qpq+g 0ime the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure ib:t) t;7l p 9hr+p;znkxz)i rcn the air on the following two days: bnl z irc)r 7+tp9:x ;pkh)tz;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ed/3ibw7mwh 6*jbmku s0ez82iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempk8 2hewd wzbu6 *immj7s/e0b 3erature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressuroixe+y3:( 2kp gets+oe, the coefficient of volume oyxgt3(+pke: +ios 2e expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify / -a-7xn;roy7td4 l vop z)tkqtheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the celqn;7/ dorx v )-t-yl pa7tokz4lar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg