Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi1+ (cz/mxr bmz;e.d3y; jpxrp c table or Appendd;;.mz(j+c 1pepb zm/r3y rxxix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomebrdzo13lw)hy + ek )f(terb3oz e+ dhrwykl)(f1).

Which is larger, 1 Cc)q d9*7swq:) uqrp6 veu0jwi $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therm. ,ly a0.1 )zv wuyskfajmj).mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what ca)ywf 1. sljkm.uya.v, jma)0z n you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted tosu6z;h.kgks,jv b6- d a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of theb u6.kv;kdhj 6 sz,-sg curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansj 9r(i9rg6o k,fys l0sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermos *su*3 i e/./(m)go ubwpzgiixtat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. Thieuxp3iiw. (* umg z/osg*)/b e electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often b2/2fs7wn r )vyp/d cdv *+crahave a section in the shape of a U. Why?snrf2 /)rv2/*b dyc wa7+ cpdv

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats int)8s b 2zgd8qw y 6q7(ksvb)ex mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a )b4:gfga dz4pf7i7 v:bz4dit hot tub of water, the mercury zig4 pbvf4azfb:7 t 4i7d:)gdinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pa38j9at vdz8. wfuyz ;art of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adj aa;9tu. z8jy3 8wfzdvacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue o+pb +z2cfceb.f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this givf2e z+c.bc bp+es rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 0al7 aght1 t-oaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlyog6u(i1-k: aa8lxrd d the can will not stand up. What oliadk axd:u -8 (g61rhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pussnd (o )jnlhw , n8u.qqoq+55whing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum on. 55o quqwws+8)nd hl, o(jqnf molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged i2to;6 1b*nph9mk0wy1 ksvqez.rm u5p n water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fro; *h v0 mku5b9k 1rtsz mewqy2.6npp1om 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatimj9z*f pk p*)l8 iph+v) o .*wbxaujj1on between average kinetic energy and the absolute t1 v*8w aujzjph*xl )f)jo*i9 mbp +.kpemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineticlw uc6c(u ut5: wdl*zes1o 7u+ theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ram9wf,ke/t 0mrtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mlcicz cwjgt*,b z.7vm5d.,*,kux3n rinimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why th.uz *i,5 3 wzx.cn,7k*cjd l tcm,vbgre Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wha650rfo5ph;r y tpkyj:n18f pat can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the rp:8ohfarf;50kj 5ypyp16 t n other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dlech:3 xrv v81ay at the same tervclx e1:3 hv8mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( k:li; v3mx dxqrv6f3/20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sasd.uzp0 8,l s4za6mt,ar)c h 0ogr;jpme but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? 0zo;d4)gt8rl,msujr0azah, ps6. p c Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated auemo5.8bffo) p tomobile eopb5o.m8e ff )ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as 83 b-u98dxfq sk82vbtyk9a 6w w9 r,fnke0tpka little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny8f6s)/x +v8azdcf8r3pfugoe ?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in asaj q6u y tt5 :m/a3s7abkqz6; 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thqa t:m6tbj73 /ay ku szsaq56;e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whj*h;1gbbf f0h at is this on the Celsius scale? 1f g*;h0hbfjb   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te (2fske9 hnek m.jr2gdb,:z wxq*e8 6kmperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hx3mvmgetai+ 06 /c8igas length 11.82 cm at 0.mvg0ati+ g/e83i6xcm 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built *9aqa4 xwhk;c of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1z3f -jfcp6 s/r3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturerj z6 3pfsc-/f of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha1ylp 94wf+8 alcrf td 9ka5n h2de9nffl/34uft are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a ho tu4np ffnf5y+c a1ef9fad w29l4rh8k/l93 l dle 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterq3h x9zt:, f;vi p3ex8y b5yrt at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wib zukej3( zs48ll be its change in volume if it is heated fz8sb3k u(4zj erom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watee2mx -d(+htyiws(aw;r at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5k9f(zjppl1j7 59um jr :rh1ix5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pmxjqw ;oc*nb+. 9irst))dd3vlaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, tky +riu:wx0*invb *j j4.4dx narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansi4y:dx*x4vwijr i+.kt nb0u* j on is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density4dbz k.;/f fnt x1ie9dk;s,v s $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has c+d 3qd3.. ymns0l (km1t dfovwoefficient of linear expansimn(.kt vfdld+w.3q1 yodms 03on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol 8 woz86)hhfino)x1nyid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand vi66kr,t-o /y en xir/uy2v+sfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1k eii/ 6 ,v/osxry+uvy-nr6t27 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di)-rl9qemv ;xk;y- zua4qte1indh * w: ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume; ) euxd-h qwt qy:nv- izelk;a*m914r of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical ws) pd pjzl)fk3 tbnr44h19mp .heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionles n3s 41t4 bd9hrpl.p) zfkmp)js bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiy pz h2affgx;kf, 5c((red length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the c5(hpg2 z x,ff(;ykaf temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seck+b3unkm * kreoy3:b0d pn9a2tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1 m/nuqtk 29lnc0xcu;434.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te,+y uy7ybu+ damperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tw 9kwa9j4uybgr.y8*+ h vr;d aemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a)q4v 4ls ;sh;tdhgdpkb,9m 4zre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatuoxry0u f + hk0wn)29rkre of about 0) 0rh ku+wfyx2 krno920$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densityn,hx ++;mooh2 fwvoc dvz8io4gxb. 7* of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2+*-curv s3z+shizf4tawr a:8w6 o ; wy1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 +7ke8m bdlms4 .hs 6chkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is f37 l79dciu;vu f0eijat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insiue s/8kdoin o6if(4c- 3du :wvde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 o48on3k( dcu/ fvwi6: desui-K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ouogwh. 7t n;o8f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift byq19:9 )e hplb9+2ydbh c oey)xzm5fay heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outfa:mybche x 9b1)y)eo+ pq 5hy2l9dz9 side. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a66,zuwd h0nge ut i,*i/q(upb:en9 lv ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 8y3ddomcixdy 51v n*) $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2h jbx2 ,3custnd ,-.u lz.xfp(0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of ixvb3 rla+bfd663yr*wmkx0lic(( y,molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there 0 wj3n/znfm5-4 tshts in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) b zvj:2w ct- p()9kqi8fvqv0cmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.q0v d35:pkc( (0twde)f glzcb1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breat*97akui7/z5s qik p5nm hq8 zsh you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is aboup9nkz zm7s*aku75shiiq/q 58 t 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translg7v:o 1mq tx1ids -ytok)6lp6ational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP yod1g 7p)61:tt -k sm6vxloqi?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tem)r 8d;0iihlbx u 3qbm8perature of about 6000i d;b3h8bqu l0 )8xmir K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gasb16r/qzbno u/,vt;o;xj cn t6 molecules increase if the temperature ij;o z6utt 1 , o/;xnbrb/6vnqcs increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules hav .t)en bjm-z(re the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, b mje.z(n)rt-4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in aff -re+ 4dn*xo gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a 00ujrz he1v:tgas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does v0 0hzr: u1etj$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedcd7 w;sy/ :xlv m914qoynvs 1v of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesj/ytp v5 +r1dc at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square p ytv5+j 1r/cdroots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an +lcf.mfo-7i n3 at3ke 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyh7 n26m xjlr8 c-lgf0y32i lpcx jp(8tgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?;j801kk deipc    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 8o9pq3ovzo) i u in a living cell at io38v9pzooq ) 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =w(i1eq1 k8hdb so7-z t $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, n- polpf/3g8q $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure. 7ap8xap r(vx lbp(8e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase + rx+i 3vgv5m+p/evtnwhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90ev rvipng +/v+xm t35+ $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) b,/x e;dbkoz) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature,b)kobed z ;/x is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a :gqk;:so/4enkm bt/c place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placeee ftw 3qgjj)/5:.o8 mgiy9 qz in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera.: jezi8 of/)t3mgy ejg 9qwq5ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa ae8a u+:t;ptr a88n 4v:bxs zvq50xypc nd the relative hzpvne:804+c s:a85xapb t8;tqyux vrumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 22uup:gg 1ap +q5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookerz v*, 3zksh12 /cbxtub if the water is boiling at a te/bt2u,zsx *3b kchz 1vmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a a)ap, 0 fexb4froom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofbk (a0r cs2cf8 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m tz7 wgumg6vfk)k**k 1olecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancvkm 7 tf6k1gwgu**zk)e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi(;ox;iso/ak yy9b)m k or through tiny tubes called trach;y)boxm(ky s 9ik /;aoeae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calow q0 338oph2fxy8g jmibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib qsu)5-sf 0l* 9 rlhtssn6c4ssrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cal xc8mh(j-iv f9osmc5tpzf5+ ,lf4 ;k x+c5lbdibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a vs+f5ltpd5+;(zmkc 8 jlhoxb cx-f cf59m ,i4 recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inkb, 2 3d-7a7sde fzktxitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure h3f2 t,7s adkk-d7zeb xas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wibtwdm hdk ;:ks.7x 93kdth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempetdxdkkhm3.7;s: kb9 wrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onex* y(yr9v cg;w atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabxw1(wdrx0ca oje0-1 +9s lpgzle using the best available vacuum techniques is abouw0pz+da0c(1j o rx-1slgwxe 9t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5+37b 3wzedme f.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is mf73ed+w3 e zbthis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returningoxcn xw 9:yh6( from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be m yh n(9xx6o:wcade of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is : spzp8004tfpi+gsfl increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m11 ;x: q9k 8: e7qw oup(hy+alf6ksuqs: mjdpu$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of 0.r0ghg f p6 -xl+aekpatmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total n -6kl0fph eggrpxa.+0umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in o a)q wj8*k35fv etgp,a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a rn,w2ec f35v*cr *of; 8eflr1 xpss6qhospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259r ;*el 3qw61s,o r8effvn5s2 rcf cxp*K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq7bc0d tjp;c0qnv qp4;kmp38 z uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at mfhx/q 5* -vtj0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuglwebl4t5s f.ohzi j+093tb /ely around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ata2z t(zzr kh87 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th1q6 t++s+u w busmevl c21 qza(p:m7oie 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 206 hg9om30kyc:vm ;moa$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from m eytos/7),nf the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ixpu/ m9n: 6ft0 i)cso8upc3 dis suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and u oidc9p :nxc/086)m tsufp3i are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble *lc75yx ))zbtkhg6hwf n,l- bof air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature ingcll5f7xt )h) *-wk b,zbyh6s constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin6u5x c yj/84v97 d mkel+33mfovignttg two days: m9+ nk4t lm3u f5xgyejt7vi c6/ dov38
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iir .rst;fg5 c*;93zxe khtc4z ron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperafczti rrxg; 4etz k*.593;shcture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressu( j,:/ctin0drxrt5wqh 9a a2 7s*ovddre, the coefficient of volume expansioqasrnc5xdv rdt *:at / o7,9i(jdh0 2wn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidif-i8beje 2 dk-u:r8pvv+x r4i;w7oi rty their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the o:d4;w- 2it +pr7rriu-ve8 ibve8 jxkcellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg