Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron ss5 0hkbe.8j zfh:/p4 injep(mt7vl;or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A4shk7ph/n.5jevjep b 0t mz8s;(:if lppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tok*r/x.h rpit) u:3qju make a thermometer.:. )uxthqij/u 3 rkrp*

Which is larger, 1 C s1yq gvbw b)4,su,)cz4s+aqn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium o15ws +,vpd v(nab ee1with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the e+bdaswo p1v5v1( ,netemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stri 1bst0suqtky,r( -3 dlp consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why q sty(0rl-u ,sdbt31k?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exjhrpt.do.05jn d gmz -hg8w3:pansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrpicd 67v v k4m; pdqbfoq1n2 2ljp+,1dam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. E mq,d d7l1qvkd jp o2f1 n2;46p+pvcibxplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tts41yveki4p0 lqt+t* he ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why k+ tvsile1tt40*4pqy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floaxq)z-g dk+ w5e7y5 hair3,srck 8yd5its in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer i+psf c): o2kcus first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Eoc fpuc+)k2s: xplain.

A glass container may break 5vqa 5-f,zojqif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts5j-vfq5oaq ,z . Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffhv, m+ ;p/grca5rzx m/icient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incchr+p mgvz ar,/ ;x5/mreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,5 /c s6rewn*pb accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus*u. zwr(4jvqass27yd e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not sy 7 sr*q2 (uaw.s4vdzjtand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidl-ae9 (c6evk fn xsh:)ny compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature ienxvc sh9f:a 6)e(-nkncreases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminume41xvrklr*o rvp7/hxb5 x n20 sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from nh5pv4xvrb or le*k0x/x 27r120 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetz-l g i.y7kqvw e/-)hiic theory and the relation between average kiyilhgzk-- i/.)7 w veqnetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follow h y,n,+sl*wgms from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t)7r: z *vwtcsohe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed as lutedqzr (: v01g2 eq68jo4ecnmes.a09/ yj n object must have to leav qo ms dags40cee 0elr6(nj1/etuq982 y:. vzje the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you j/yx+6 t5y08cs tldyai4hx8oinfer about the molecular properyoxt /lcsdj86txhi08 y+ ay54ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than -6dig5upwp7z) f(zce9ouj. h a hot dry day at the same temperaturewu7zdhf-j9 g.z)6 (pi5 uocpe.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatr-x -kv kbbb;i08yplu( svr- (ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thea/q /ey dn6-a1i6;fnbx,n waq same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samed n ; 16n/ 6ayn/awfq,eba-ixq T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap os;-y1ik x 4cwf)d7odw6viao8 f an overheated automobile ei v1 -kwd y8x7s) f;6owaoicd4ngine.

Why does exhaled air ahhxu2*37oc o appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe6q.qo.kaxm;n m *xy4 fnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to t;85.5ych rwzicos ulht:i,u6he number in a silver ring of the sameis ty ;ol:z5.,cchr wi6h uu58 mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celyzr*i 4v3l8 q-lq+pbpsius scale?8i+q rzp* q4-p3bly lv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and la0,i-a-h9lchu am ; nlk 44ldiowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu.. ww6fym 9hwxmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .6ywx. wwfhm 9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil3fc3zmr(z.z(utuo oqn i 88fb;qc ;l;t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wfg v.d0z j3aw,rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (ave,fgz03 aj.wvd rage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are3 1y gf-:lig5qd tqmv+ larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hol m3q ydq1f-itv+g5: gle 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ay85sf vo,dw+b6b kz xv,bl/4 gt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumnnz g )k)uxn ;5e2:,8dotdjdhe if it is heated from 30 ;)n5gu8 jzxn dnh dd:)teo ,2k$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled otx356t xb:y ,bzh :suto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofld4sq63-b z sq water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ( -yjzej;+ smexu *q becqxe lw25h35:iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesse8uc fh/r2pe hgmy)/ +e1mf*v xl so it can expand in essentially o1e)8/f+h p ecx /mr *fyvghmu2ne direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de,( uo 7y4w ctzjlsblp (+ft;-onsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate 9ox02ejpl s qy0oj;bax)iy 20of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan9qi2p0yb0s j) ayox0x;ol2ejsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ll cgbu- + k) fjzuf7*6on;wj(solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grano bnw/tk1ng4 : v6,icwh1-jxu dfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 g 6nc uibjn1-hx k1,:4w ow/tv$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametct:7 v,( :cde.fxqpg(n esr 7n(gw -weer of 0.140 mm. The bulb has aw(deg w:pnnc rs e.(- tfv(7e7xc qg:, volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isjh)nc,i aj 07jj+mts u8op0+c rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulajp hucjn)c sm7t+j,+ 8ao0ij 0r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired ctd kz,; 0w4sllength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep 0, d;cws4ztlkit at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.) qz8l;mp;rm v041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12-+gtv:) rj en)w)oc p7leul3d i2hw1x 2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper:lely(q ; 3fm(biwbj/atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the heg*pi069 ebn,bw- v iFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interip8tc 5rbt. qfj4m vh4,vc(5c)cc2uzwgljc 67or of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustid 3jef:k,-u u-eux a-yon engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about u:-,a -kdey 3jexfuu -20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen a0cw1 wm(xszo7z 0h:ift STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaia hp(x) (dier5ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 0 v duph,jc p89wuvjs5mmo6**kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas in/ei4b +pxq6vs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas )klm pp.iq9v*;kzxcn2 /5kxl at 38)kzp2x*5xv.l/;nq kmp9 k c li5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of dpvm(. 7mx4y khf7ink5+ k4gv $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati.v x:chs0234bu rgv 6 iww3wiwng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense tiwucww2g360v hv ibw :.xs34r han the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 w9/ oxht j) epe2;uc+fcis8ex(:v3re5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a ky.k.g5w eawe rmx8aqdclf3 .0x9/z 7t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes at6vbymk; j.m 0 child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberqud;lwxb w.n8u*) k 6w of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00b3 dbwn*;1gm, hzrpdo;j+ro nr kh:m/8h b e::0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of vbuaz( oq*n, 2(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumfo-;sjfin l1s b6q ,0ye 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale u/bz*n t0qul :that were also in the last breath Galilezu:0u * nlq/bto took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STv -o;u 1zvr6hwPh-o urvzv 6;w1?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heluuv q:6.uor0m( dp(1 ic93 b1urpfoar ium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600o9qr3 :ivob(um1 6upd1.ur(u f 0 rpca0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperg y gnduu23)/xature is y2ug d)x ug/3nincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, hf+gn ))zd ;eou; t7t+lijfw70, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate toh ujg+)t)7 ztde n7+;;lwif fhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole0wac dt0 4xhg0cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held coado66yrx grmw* 1:l da ,t8:lbnstant, by what factor doesdxl:8 ,rot*6mradyw6agl: b 1 $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed oz p,(:gn;zk;tmze9 no kexj7 .f molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same gt7r 8*.)ehieey)qb itemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inver)r eyh87 b*.get)qieise ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con ftu2* f ofu627fdth pa mp/w137ok2tctained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at t p92w54*lnvsls3 chl0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecu aye.u 5b,/ubgles at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularx e)anl4eyz4* mass is 89 u in a living cell *zaexnel) 4y4 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ 7*e:bg4w.ru lmfdhi/ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran: 3wex02 pi9rt 2cz txq8 nwrna+ra4/ln9 k:kwium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can i. aq5jax/u2d)g)ng h$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressuk3sk- mptlh*6u q:i903smqdef fy,;q re is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90p93s:q -*i luf s0dkfe3mqhy;6qm,t k $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is hnwbd, oya ;9p,al(i,50% on a day when the temperath9yb,;p ol wn(,aa, idure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p.;jm(fbk 3s zflace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parti hvhnkn s(9t0-2 fbrt+cular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the te 9 tk-0sh2btrnfh(v+ nmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial prea3x1afi*;h zsu bu ;b-ssure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidityh za b*;x13sua;f-u ib is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressu-z o*9sk khi0kre of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure col;fqns9 f9hw( 0b:(gnu ;ttd zoker if the water is boiling at a temperature of ftz; l; ng99db 0h:n((qusftw120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo3 6 tfykg;lfvd5m)n1 ylume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oqwvz :*o)bt.gf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gly5* dosnz;uflg(m cj 37cine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancec(os5u* zml;7ng dfj 3 of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tij+li:5 gc qlv;,hl-azny tubes called tracheae. An avera;zlc-a:,ql j iv gl+5hge trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has1q7nn :y 9mp+ id qbm2gr1p2ic been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra9mm y d319tgufted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Ho:7j j jfkzp-w-1 lz4epw much error will be made in k-w jpzplj- z 7f4e:j1a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is rj*p2aisich uzae9) p9s g:b q*4 5v5linitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pre:5gbl v i jh)zs5aq4p9prc *u*is9ae2ssure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3al; (km- 8unca.1 m, and n-ml;u 8c( akaheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a5yarft9slp86 tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques3g. 7amei m nmu;v4ok( is about e3 nmum4a7v gk(;.imo$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacitywb3rg2dtwug g f 1pefvf5 70x3f8*5ma of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand ifffw ga80evr3* f53pxu bd5g1gf7mtw2 he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returni37p73stwxsa urav3fn9 6qlx8om *v+wng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it doevu 7xnp*oxf3 qtr9+367maw ssa 3l8 vws vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga5;eiy(4*n a x+ hlazxus is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77yflyv,e/ f6k-u :. qbg0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuphf f1u1s.szzivx er804j a:(re at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in . zvs:j8fza1herip0x1 (us4 f the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ahkxnz uy)6q3e0bcn:a4 r :oi 8 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge uuk74x6i7wgiv *rlz/pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will7k 6uxv7gw*uizr l /4i the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats dyh-h 4 q ;t-*gcp4*g8 flgq/hcp9xsyin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinet emj-yi7 cl.9 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugr2qj)-jg 7x:kojbn +nly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly:c3+m qyl6l eiv2iw j9 onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado7g(clgg /zbub1 fb -md+r+0 qspted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fusnahyo(b z5 /,lly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea6l o,gdzsf8zej *bu .+:gmqss6- *z txrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendeu l* jw-,g6dbod against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fr ,bw ugj*od-l6om the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diapk 5(fbktr:i (8zwe-igtp, a:meter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assukat5:r:fpiizwgk , 8eb t-((pme the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watz2xh t6fn2 dz,er vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: z6n,2fdh2x tz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densu)h1 ad yw5mexo12 /grity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in ther1m1) ow5uy a2xe /dhg Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pre8h os:qryjf, p sm)mc 98a6g(kssure, the coefficient of v:sjpfa6 ) mho scg(,qy9k88rm olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preventhrhp7 /tkx0m64 ka c)p;igul 6 rot and mildew. If the cellar in ula h6 krg0tm4hip7k/ c); 6xpa house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg