Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron orqch+ ntyf64e(v7i4g z(:du pq 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append p:6+ f4y4zq cqvdu((thgn7eiix B.

Name several properties of matem evzm5o4llm j:p2 94( hox.eiakb-k1rials that could be exploited to make a thermometeoe .bmel2mh4 9ko 5kpxl4vizma : j-1(r.

Which is larger, 1 C t0s5m efue s 12g0pn8j$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system Bc idk6ti5 34phpjiq7 2ss ku3;, but B is not in thermal equilibrium withq734ip6 s d i ji2sptkh35k;uc system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistrh+5qdat6),zkrbq/kd1 w2i4 nu (lpz s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? z2rqud,z+4ka)d(t 6nbkqhil 1r/w 5p [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expdadvj. u /if*4ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (2sctf c(d -zi,ec7rw. or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conds,d-f7c .tr ze2c icw(ucts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secpm-on5ta ( )wption in the shape of a U. Wn w5opp-)(mathy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at o9/ tovvt xyljobb4)2b7l*u 10 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot rl 4o56gt,scmvag w8 3tub of water, the mercury initially desmv gtlw,gas5463 o8r ccends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moreart qcv6u3e7 ; rapidly t3rv6cut ;a q7ehan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coq-skg0 td:e u6efficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heatqt e:dsg-ku 06 resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 ;5 ykvxrp*4pm$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can *pvv)qa-*v-uaa:r po will not stand up. Wha:vqoap uva )-*p-v*art has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper3t:9 xro jz7ywature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kine:37 x ro9zywjttic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumg4o0i+9o z3bz2c* cq k: iuvus sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incroo4svu0+z 3z2cki :gu q c*9ibeased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follow n shs7(tj;l.ls from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tesshn(;l l 7.jtmperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luije 3xqg (p*e(6b;jc yssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earwv upw p09lg1,th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objepo,v2/ ; kym ro7a*hmdxho01 bct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocmoaxdy,ok7h/v b2p *r ; mo01hity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water n):ht8av,f9nhvo+ f t at room temperature. What can you infer about the a+8hnf)ov9 fh :vttn,molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thamb;0u zvd:f cqu)0f)f n a hot dry day at the u f z0v:0)cfu q;fdmb)same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatw73oz1o kon6z ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humide06m+ltfu3e/ /rfet z0vza1c0t ) kslity is differ+ fvae 6 c0zk1st 0lz0mle/ )t3truef/ent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dang+6+vmeg35i6k g cnzse s bi,e*erous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobiles v6n*kiese,zig+3m6e+5b gc engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi b /ig*e;w:()zh8c lno*zzy2i.uf yhc te cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ybi98:htotq. in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grst n*bown 0-bjpd)8 k*am gold ring compare to the number in a silvkswnbtnbd* )8j 0-p*o er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sn8 5c7r(p9 jae9azo2qz.efy ln b2r6p+gc -escale?lr. -jp9ez pfb8(e2og rnq+ac2 zsc ne69a75y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lofix 5xhclzh2( 6r, b+jwest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has len 6-;tncc)c upc: vp- .swrdn3ggth 11.82 cm at 0.0 3d ):c-gpuctn cc 6- v.pwrsn;$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is )+g*;w ,m*uc pafymb pbuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irocbpf 6wyq c9xcoo*u-/ pn3.wn /:cu 0e-g4ck fn approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of c/ccx9enuw f.* w uo-6 0-fgqy3p/pbo:c4knc2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tvccknp4k 0 s f45i rq02g+8jnl*pyvp+he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be +kf45+i0048 ylc cnk*p g2njp v vqrspplaced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterevc4 sx,te bt.,5 6,n*bwbn nq at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm )+y,1her4sgxj( )qbnet l .rm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatjrb,em1se+ x. h)y4)(l nqrgted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water m r0.nl6h4d a21yt:vhqnh )hp at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterz b,3bj5o1n+ i-weubd at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plal hnba/*k ,)2zym :ftoced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in ep c qukl5fk,jh8i k;*:ssentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffi:k fuikq h;8,pcjk*l5 cient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changyv:2 pjb/y,q*.ia9wy4pxbm be in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffihlo d/m ( .nb5mnq81 vra0md.gcient of linear expansion 0a/ .5ddh1mnq8lbm rg.vn(mo $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli64.:is ;bswke ydfv8jd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time6ra8/ bb) mllt at 17/b mr6balt8)l $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomete5.drt2bb vom3h4q0sf r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255fqt4or m35hb 2 b.v0ds $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindric4)ulc ),ev rdf q+: z-jr2,oan3gzur wal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings f+)-w,oz j v e4rd 2ulc,:u qz)r3garnwith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress 0 wi4,bo;ok3c bhu sp2is required to keep it at this length if tpwoh ,b4u3 o;bs2 ki0che temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 00 17 f/gp 2f3 p zdi+wbh8cxrkc-mlmw9.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm/ tubbewk91v a:*rp) g at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures onb2nj7k4q s ;17m pzoeq the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature lr 9orl5, acpc4um8mnn0((o) iq7h nx on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and S*uu6o2 jfay/85ubrl bun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphjh*)bwv n7 4leeric pressure and a temperature of about elb7)jhn*vw4 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idev9 ,gb/ 4 mxfla;2x0xfmekg:z7cx3 cval gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen8zgjw7v: *xagj0h 9c yiyy8 s6 ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nizn5 k2f 8qxhlf-v+ft8trogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1f 8 (oi81:dmvd/rg8 mcdnp9s j0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0- k3cq p79sqq eadw6t::d g3ai8L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3ca833wsqaq79k:die g d qpt: 685 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kj:o.45dvojjs0r pjffp-l +9 b g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ach ry4- bxyha4wyjvo8 wv;p;z 1+ieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thzv ;jhxo4y8avyp+; b-w1wry4 e volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at o,/judc8fq46d 9wwe- ssc dl ,15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atu2 /lfi 7wa :cke:iw(k 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand a d 8sia+cw,ia(t sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofr,oknlp1(o1i . nuy- f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ma q+-c6hdjif1l ny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molestr u :yq.q;+)97 gbkrq/q vuiw,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum4wat4hs ncl26ak-ya 9e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b+z;d(6ho l g; dkmxg;lreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and lo z h;x;6 lg;mdgkd+(of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy o/u1li,i)t- rre ydy5of an oxygen molecule at STP )lo, yr5/1-u ireiytd?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spgql1f)z v(i+f8 ip2bw1cj5yb eed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatugi+)b18 (y fjvpwf5bi1lcz 2qre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed-d :)i*eefiv/ n:jf uo of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 iu:o eidj:)-f*fvne/ $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 42 z:p4)*fdhbw zn -qzd, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tz -4:dn2fhzdz*qb) wphe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules dvuxr5 f,6 m,nw0chkcc5v 9-yin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hehj xcv6:p51t eld constant, by what f1 ph5:v6cejxtactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedptvj +wj;7b ztcst)q/w /.2c1ib1pwj of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th3m;c;js s i*jje ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ;jcsjjs3i;m* roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculftqk, b,8.-vwgddk 0d es contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moler-a:jf wu l87.qruzhk+7sr3m 7inw*tu y; zl-cule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nipbsg5 crzgs8 .pm*o9s-rrqu8w r5.h. trogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amw- r3t3g 4yoskino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell s3w -o3y4kt rgat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurix 9o f*ka*hti,6la2i e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urrysq0lx q w61ms7)zv (k 74; j:simzszanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p;r;hy52pa-7o1jbg3bq m: p mf:xmlwj -udyl4ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 auom) bfmn9 4h9tm and the temperature is (a)nu m4m9f9bh) o 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidp).u l5yxams.c;g :fvity is 50% on a day when the tem.5fpv.):ulsm;a xcy g perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils slcvg /h4 t4))ni+yv. ezl1cnat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pv(/en . 0 zrzhgf*4n;xn dwgq2lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatuxh. /wg4er(vgnfzn nqz0 2 *;dre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thpwf32ygr-i jfdp b m/l1xqtrie 6(8)3 e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relj1b(fe 3ppw2d6ii fltr y-r)qg/ mx83ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wher yvuh9..se a4ub-,wxf01 y.dkw) hukn the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prfowfb6;hb :xj3g6,s d xkr/ (mt i- 1i)uz6hjsessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature iu6zi jh3)fx66k-x gsw;fhj/:md ,bt 1sr o(bof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in af.o3 kg,4habu room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oa 6r/pm,1 qmsvf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tm0uyvennjc 2.tmsk /lz.et/g:* 6 4ppo diffuse a distas0/cj6 4.nu*pznv/g l m.tt eye2:mkpnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interyi/.g;jd)*cm edsj wk 3(q+cnior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea c*3dyedsqc gkij(m) /.jwn;+ is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measupp; x8gh8 ;rzgdsk6z( pvpk87re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur/t:2m 1rw:uijr:l tvy8j +yoq e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo dz;z7+a, x*nltma a sf)t6vy.ig: d+ym temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe yvng;x,+ada +:)t*z.y 7fmilt6a sdz calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afte lt.dtlf5a x/w/h;6txr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm;tf/5h xx/ltd lt6a.w. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt0 :gmf)d; yemuq4z.u th 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume th4 ).qud0mfm gut:z;y ee temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofipcyss lnhjr,8tjx 0 6 9qt;4*bdss)2 matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bes fs/duaf.rbs ,o,:rn (t available vacuum techniques is about/r ,:f s,uf.dbnar(s o $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hisei/y70uab i l; lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfac7be;/i0y laui e? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersne8j z13nuq*k Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temp3e nn1k*8 qzujerature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasenrie.0 1r cv42k2iqbwd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77j7 -wjkee0 i;w0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sv9zn/35sq s5ergcq /cx2p.u furface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. .crv/xnuqpqz cf s/3sg2e95 5   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained1vkus7 f4gch:rhno bv+d f423 in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hx1/1w ptl gcvu;1t20/ vs2k8/j n/j csnnihxcas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cocsiu/h xklp201ntn8/n1/ wv /jx12v tgj cs;cnstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid1.t73 hml7uazioz5ow ul3o+ g mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline po6hlf) a4k o/at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sn(wbdb0z2zaqw9jlpn f j ,oj7 c-e9,4d ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto q3nwf5dhl xo jd1y/8,a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in lq9(*n tgv4te1np9w1a nr i7i3fb4wnthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pres.b n5 :titebuxy9s9n9sure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from theh;s7-: rb mehba5*wwn Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gmfnxf1 cd /;6mci jg7)ravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming thiff6n;j7 c xdmmg)c1/ey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter 3y 6b qr:)u bpc1xikk2)an4y e(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. urk1cn)6):2by qkpe xb4ia3 yAssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air o.w1se:gk ldj; 30sden7euy a. n the following two days: 0a se.k:dg1en y3 ; d.sw7ejlu
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, andbqpf6i fp6;1 z when it is a solid dei;6zq6p 1fbf pep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gau j de7q5g9 ;c1d-qgzms law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volmeg q-9jugq1dd5 c7z;ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thej1embr:+ 7rg qro5e/e ir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at7 bqrrg5/j+mr:o 1eee 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg