Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ozj;sx+x6fr x -r Appendix B.j x;sx 6-+zxrf

Name several properties of materials that could be explo3/12t8g)3lcp h b y ap+k 4xdotq0mhgpited to make a thermometlh21p hbg 40ttpxy 8kma3dp3q o/g+c) er.

Which is larger, 1 Cim9 gdo6dn8ta2s 7s9y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ p,)f des8xo8gilibri8sdge )xp8fo,um with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum i. nt*i75i7 o9fl4vlsu2)nj)g+hy uhwl6gftinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wh7 gt)yo6hgufn)97vl*+ ih5i2ulfn j.i lts 4w ich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineat,qd8d k+6 cdur expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contr5p5 onzc qej3.ol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be see zc p.nj5qo35t at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are y xms n1a1/ubq9s,w8p fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whym/xs1s19 ubyw,np8 qa?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at k +l+g,ni8l4 -vy wxys0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotb) /6pidp+bpy tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit api6+b/pyp )b dnd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled dk x bf 35-l33a-r.9wmpfia dpmore rapidly than adjaclw-3 fkb - fm.p3xpa3ri5ad9 dent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear e ouwm qe,).q4e;n1i krv)4bewxpansion is.,4k) wqq)wm1eiv4ne breo ; u much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2gax9 c.ncpk mody /4.*0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom af(7 :l3v ekykp q26p *tqaj8pcnd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What haf:ela6*qvq2 pkk p j3typ(c87s happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistfg81so; mg, h2c-6ltwodq h,bon), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting 6cb mh8ohl21w,f -osq ;tg gd,what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on anq92fft4 zv5m6h z 0 l7ezgrrm1 aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20z7mvh f4 9tz1q fr25gem6lrz0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cht5 ziyjqlz2pm-s o;7s7+,t hh arles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and they;i ,2q5z tm oh7lpj7h-+zts s absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lazjb)z pl4g34t * c3ximw8ymr(sqh3p: w follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of7oi ;qasc1z vg0 el /u(.lp(rl $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for qx7 5 ,x7yu2fu;nqqbbthe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about oun;q 52ubxx q7yfb 7q,ne-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates morew0qg:eog( r3r u(do b0 41jazj quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molr 314odq aoj0wj(z gug rb(e:0ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thedmy6ax 0mf74e same temperaf 0x67y4made mture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temper k9s wum2/17s;)yt msuos:moxature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whu xb cl;-l( bkr-4gfhpu6vh fx:,b.p6en the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid hrb4l xu .lcfk- g6;xv6b:(p-,fhbup air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobr+cqyv 1ezvs18e/ s wl f092hzile ene1c+rzvsq/2wh98z l v0f e1 ysgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter)8cdu6q4l i,y7b rr+l. ydg0a5i hah p (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copd5fx4o ls 3e)rper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number jc9/c43gv-u m tvma ;bin a silverta;-jm 4g /mbuc3cv 9v ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isod 9o 84 /8 tq5hhdgin1o5jhdn often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?tdod591hho8i /4 gjh85 dqo nn   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recz (fg.pc3kw.a ek;(ay orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alco25aaz(rug63+fx g9 qy* hvgm fhol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.a3gh*yu +5 (g 29mq6vzafrfxg0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20yb;r-,i-zypte gg z4wn 6xfjt86/7xd $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–s45s ed+zppk4s f6- yqu:yths06)boi 29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heighesyh5f4046ksqbp-s zs) d+6ioutp: yt changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thandd z65hs6 av1s the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dra6s615 vdzdshy ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 pf8b;2 2u qd+n :traaa$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its h 1zius1+ zs-kchange in volume if it is heates-kh 1zz+u1si d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wi)vkpbqa;sumh 9x3t: : th 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wau w w2mcxs34*c(q j/mxter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed insa(l 6 pjobk;-riq .5gx 1ruy; a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essls6icwstnztad 6+48l24l .yv() nn wtentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expan)cd(yt6v t na4l64+8zl2wtswli snn.sion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i rip09ptux3w9 n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefmj9.67livm)sn ) e btificient of linear expansie) 6 )mvl7tnj9mi.isbon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soyf5ei u :)e +s;mac2xulid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and s /oav91sn4w/ n zxh1tkeeps perfect time at 1o /w 1x1h/snv snz9t4a7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.ky5u1itz5y :z 140 mm. The bulb has a volumeut zy zky15:5i of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alum m,a3g6pmmwq ewj 1+v(inum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu, a vg+mw(16wq3ejmpmlar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whhn *lzi8:7ngf en at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature :*8 zhl fin7gnincreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areavp4wwl/* m d2m 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20 jmh y f58))quod06ghssz.d:i $^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi+ tq. ub-csooug;3 uh3n scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal;dm5gy kt(:m le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arvlf++e 5h3 u 1kt2gwyue about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and 8qxz n0e wuqotw,obs2185 /psoy**be a temperature of abouo*e */8beo8wq qxpo2nt, 0sw1byzu s 5t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the wrzj .,pgq 28fideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6z+c9bfbyfew*x jw 7 6(te th52 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg f6p64uqd7qdk of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isxlr,h ye,6nlix*3 p4g at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding (xgyx)( ft bp0lbr v(v j74w:k105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 lt7f v()jkxvb0yrx:( pwbg( 4 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0.cs s 0tmn*2tb kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatisnm8bu u7(3 fyng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose mu8u(sf7b n3y the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ail2i6o 2b5z5tg pa vo6ur at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ;gjx9t. cn oyrelw8/29 lnqjokel/1 4at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapghhvvmg2/jlg3pp 78uwa 7w--es a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molez dz;;b81hann (m o:xdcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waterpxjq; z xbafd+1hc.; z87+hns are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of75ad(nsla2. dfrahh / (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume e;l .w 7bxv-oq;pcem , 2dgj.l5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar *n-ggij4 an kg,r1fae34it7re in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km i,1g-43a f7j4rr *k ienagtnghigh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energj7c.iv ;nkw6 jc)1ktey of an oxygen molecule at STP? vci6j. wet k7;nckj1)   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speedflp i/ ,7l-ddi of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000l/lfi-p di, d7 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase hgre9e xuv8oa(zb )93if the temperature is increasedgxr) 89ebzeuhv oa(93 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2.6vda71qus 0fcrxut1iq:y ndc3z4c ), 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, 7 itr61q1na3 c.qyxc 4 uszc):fudd0v and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule.*;cuy7q+q4crl nk e*z; n ucus in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wha(9 ru9p7kra95pznozdi 1: n aat factor doesoa5u:19nz pkr9( 7 niaapr 9zd $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas: 5zi:u4 kzgbd is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gatwq:)znfvcx+0c1lrc,1 2 iuvses at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square r0qz21ivlutcrcn:v )1+ fw cx ,oots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an djz t/9g,nni(,0p wan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a8 wsmmw,d2f/.fha g(u n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrbjco bnl,9-mu-qk4rpp1 .m,lf uyz+/ogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acn3- tde2xp*lof wh*vn mo, :i0id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinm,xp0*fvo htw- 3ni *:eondl2 g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas.aps,9u6bu22ys2( ; e nqbmsfcw kq2e can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani)8 x1xuwnpn9zrgn 9r 8/hbz*pi2l8bj um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whats/rf1moa wb bwr,v:85 phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature ispfk:q;7qy 6 xf (a)7 x6p yq:kq;ff 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th2n0.wbtxo tv,*,mf 8(jsa/ qqik2lape humidity is 50% on a day when the temkq.(iqt n f,s/t*2 j8aapx20v,lmb woperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whq 3936 je 2xvq bqzly7j69flcdere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place ing0 28y9kbh3jezew 7sn qlgu3 ( the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem y z7ul8kj se(n3b3wg2e0hqg 9perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofdl lh y9k1e ov3.b4j,c water is 530 Pa and the relative humidityjy1 .eclo b l4vdk93h, is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i7/ fy9xxxcwgx: 0d z +8fkhj6ds 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressq kv. d58p lt4)zpz x9hcfpd(.ure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature xdqtd zvhc(plfz.58 9.4ppk)of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of:+ md l/t5a4t+buqgek volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinr+uf+ m lrl.gin30sh9t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculrkjb: ,28rt l.x bmlu;e (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 8tb:x; 2mrb.r jk ll,u15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from tni/wqlrb7y+ly rq/5 j 0,/xxihe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averagel/y5lw+ry/ 7xnb/jxr0i,q qi trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape+p8/* 8v phxhmey u*vd measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra-ek:rf45nk nea yv0 xbg+z/bq9 1tq2ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normabw7hi1j5d 2g cl room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling f27bgiw51j cdh or 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bafu9qhuej- .*xb1esg 8lloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originalgjs 9*he .euqxf18bu- gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of axfi ku,x l+73mr7.bu sir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is bx3,rs7f+ xkm7liuu .22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atp ..rkxvmz2 d e.2)qh9txh*ehom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availablp /ri1m1.otz pxxc,g, 47bjk ve vacuum techniques is abouttmx.,,ik p1bpzv rox4 1 gj/c7 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulsxt aoh;d+b( ej+gcu -9cjha(9ptq+v 6v+b9o l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?xaao vb vjoth ++eph6u+((9j9sqctbd9-+ gc ; Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Edogh .mg 6o( x.iwld/3arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becaugo mx.3hdwil(dg.6/ o se of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in.s c-r vfx4*.zhzotx/creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumehjxf qn9zk:6q3 5o5 jt of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface m6ybm j d:a x8g):ubv6of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moled 8 6:: 6ubbavmj)gmyxcules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr:a 1fy9 -wzt vy2m2ync kk)c3kogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20r:dnt9v k7btnh; , vw8d/+qxcf90jfr 00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atvvk cndj nrf09b7d:r/f;q9t+ , thw8 xmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqao3 (ni5ofw f)ouk 9u(uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline . j//wojcka z5g xt *m08dda;jat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit 6xozf-7bsg in9co 713a7 loeksnugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig9:nv* gxfoca3wwx )opp6 3qa 6htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the m/rb00s kom,k8yh hf 418$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20eqx ft+n/bmf nkjy*s mq7ci09 /(s) .l$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is -.c:x - xrhm zvv(vlw3$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravit8f+sekld-s v)y by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must)sdk lef +8vs- rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spheriy t;*l 8ri9czacal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reatac* 98l;z yriches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total w +j 98iehyzjse y8nan2j;ka d2c 9//naater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: j8he n j9ea/ k y 8i2syc/2n9;zad+anj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in theme l zevv6uw.8(,yg k :v7img- density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200m-vg(zl68emge7 vvky,w. iu : 0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant k h:wnx-7l6i h. zuk69n gd4vhpressure, the coefficient of volume ex. 6zuv h-9h:xni 7g4k6whlnkd pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars tu9kzin +7m * 1mc.2m icltuju9o prevent rot and milde 92 ii.zn kt*mcjum c1l7+9uumw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg