Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kgm;wxk:q5n4;wf-efe th j9a/ b of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append ek5f/f4 ae9njb:mqtw-x hw;;ix B.

Name several properties of materials that coulgya a5,n z(3y,yw k6/ axjvoi1d be exploited to make a thermometerw1,v3a(akz yaigx6,jo yny / 5.

Which is larger, 1 C n+l9c -px fu41ozc7ya$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, butp2lkfmhnjx x wn8 ,oufnzs2+59l;.6e B is not in thermal equilibrium with nw9jf.+m5p86h;slzx2 x,n2lno ke uf system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip9lcnahr;r- n 5 of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tanc 5lhn 9r;ar-ble 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin1dhil.5rub0 b tpwr*/3sfbl65-lrg cear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple t w/z xr93j3nx1l6)w-gpe k geahermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at differenjkw3 6x3/9e-r1)exwlgg p a znt temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a 8mn9c5oust;ksection in the shape of a U. Why?9cmns; o5kt 8u

A flat, uniform cylind* v:zvq-1zsctm+ov oxj9en *8 er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer i2/gl.0r7 4de)g nhorjfy eer -s first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially deseg0).ehr/lren2gr7-yd o 4fjcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if ofjjpz bww9n: 01hx36x ne part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E:w9zwx 0jbpn 16 jfhx3xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient*os7p z04 l4dpzhcl/i of linear expansion is much s sc740 z4/ohi pzpd*llmaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,49+kn7r upcc x accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly 8tkzu3hn(0xx u8kbsvu h- 7-jthe can will not standsx83 kn78vh-0x u -tzu (khubj up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly cf,4(j kf-49sr ejv aogompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, itf4 je(k-o,grv f9as4j cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subm,8+60:bhghlku/5 0yyy e b guxhomrh/erged in water increase or decrease if the temperature r0hg k/y+ hmux/bg 6h,8ob05yey h:ulis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatg5yq-(bgy:)hzg-4( v tk sstwion bet( g(w-sykyqvt:4ztg-s hg)b5ween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folxbh *pt)./7u s +mi2gpmpof7 alows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiixsy 7k1..msojn:l) ho of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the 6w-5c5 bedn tsminimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon t6 d5-bwcn5es is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklzxgj t;9:jc/k; 3zyyu i s7;iry than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one r3iy7:y9;/c;s jzk;ur j gztixelative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th7aw s/y7hpu6amv/( lb e same temperatuu7p /h7ms/ya bvlw6a(re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temyv4 .v 7 bzu anl1qji5i3)wex5n37bfn perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the i v120i su;caaair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid a s;2ia1cavi0uir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automoq1x*cz xztva kbs:41 i)pj b:-bile eni: 1kjxz z:xv*b p41atcb q-)sgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlexs e2*+ v.eryf white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gr:cz 5v vbl7t6mn9k*bq y0k/n ham copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rinyy) 2 3w 3fx,kv-fu,rge,gdw ug compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mafkdw,v2xeu yw,3yf-u ,gg3)r ss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F4 hae43bfk8 czd2s+qm. What is this on the Celsius scale? 23sz8eq+4hmdaf k4 bc   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowni-xhu8c6y);yi gf-g hse8 v0est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluvh add71usf-w085ma u n2ch5g wp*yy7 mn has length 11.82 cm at 0.851mf-0ncha d wgwyp hvsd 5727uyua*0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 nhp2-1xqr 4lq $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatekzgf-f+ g28pqly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chanzggq82 pkf+- fges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a smvoye;jp/mcd- 4e.z 3( 0qtnre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameteyt0(4z -q /3e .;emdosnmvjpcr is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aq );csinmz5 u7*-vqas sll6jf/+.cdd t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will bemp m,m9l 7psw7 its change in volume if it issm7p ,7 mplwm9 heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b q;;,*qhudovx zx;(lk rim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 *fh/ttpu*4bsgm :e : n$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p 6rk zgt:y(kv+laced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lonhrex;wz8z 92nxy: 1img, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficientnx9rhw2 1y; mz 8z:exi of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density q6mqkr / 5- e(bcbdbi3yvm;3wph6od )$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l aun: gj 86f- 5fdu6mdsbgfia +5nd width w has coefficient of linear expaduj+ f5d8 gfma5 -:sgb6f6i unnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrommiw nm-au o7ltg-; .x0mkmc -),6nvmpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect )n4vfu ( hvsmn/e,jk 0time at 1v,k/v jm4sn f0eh)nu (7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Twd4:; 8;3cp0h efe0yiiulg bihe bulb has a vl; bwe8ichigp 0yf304;e di u:olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiusf0 b-o j5w.9z3pfx tsl 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless .fzt9sf0lx3b- 5pwjobearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the )cebu/+kt;kz 4 c0eaidesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3cz4kk 0; tai+e cueb/)5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionaqim/cn) /a gv+d:1ab el area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at8 h +qw pw4ejy3(d9ade4 orid; 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur4n1 d.afcwi l53b9iii es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit*ijm15bg5ds datdqm8 2 3wv0m: dpa(e scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ar9wdc(5d a 9b fs/cof:xe about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temmp, g37*yncqd perature of aboutc3m q ,py*gnd7 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densiti bkl*bd*) ri65o cfk.y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro +91l( hh5ixpj ;sohwcgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co4 ,3u, dhueald)mfqq /(l6cru ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a4l /7d-xopn( fc7q :m;15jo q gudwkezt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonlxa*dhd: ( ou+ gas at 385 K?od* xu: a(d+hl   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of p1cktgd mb))2c ,*n:pjg2scm-q9 jqt$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the aib p.ysr*vj0a5d,a-j y r inside the balloon, which makes it less dens.jb s djv0yp *r5y-aa,e than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at x p04jx y32omy-vb; tt15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ,b,2x du6 ovs48 yigrl18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seav1/2tn- s6(wyu2t df zufhnd* level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofo0h+-4x7g ljokd8jn c molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water wl vf8l/*n1r fare there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number *lpukc1s1(42 f: xhiqhkuo+,vc1h ljof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume fled1 9 zie1co8;tz0n 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer3ggjggr*d6jqr cm45)e )6gjd jcrggrq4*53m galso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an(ugy b4*lyfhgx;e rgzy(:,u . oxygen molecule at STPuug,(egrhx.gl(f*y : y;4 zyb?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a ul*v fl5w ki..7x z8oitemperature z.l.u wlo *fi8k5iv7x of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of65r*zoxxf ;sq4 u i2rn gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from2s5nr* ;4ixrfx zq 6uo 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following0: fbzeek,4* kql6 krd speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rm* ,l q4dk:fezrk kbe06s speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0:x 5af v3cbs1)l kdp l-pi3,iy $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vod -u0roe,w sagvs9)6ry m.f/m lume is held constant, by what factor rgusvma-9,) wd 0syro /e 6f.mdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculezm,a) ogt a+5ka/ ym1ns in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rati2gsnai0x8 ob b569 zqhqak/o-o of their rms speeds is equ9b-noah bzx6 qki5/a2ogs 80qal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed otcyj/*kr2 q1g f nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mole bvh*h:.swt:sf 3 tjeqrp4 ).bcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STf e;e).e lr9kqP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 4hv evafmyw5l 1/zyqm5.+ w0fu in a living cell at 3vf 4q5. fh/ yve0m w1wz+lam5y7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas caj j)wavm ux/ji u*2.c.,lm hd+k.o0py n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumlg d6ngol,2 uqa -d)s;, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, xf9431) rqfbxsp*h e-hd1 t aiin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pwzk)xa1, xomy p1 c7y/ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90)ya/oz7 wp1kc ,x yx1m $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dayzt r;pn8npd(o+m dj68 +l2dgh when the temperature is 25++dgtpnr;omz( ln2 8dd6 8h jp $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wh kvq kwpl)m4e+os8c-s(lr 6e. ere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains m+oz c,,8oaj u 74zcmtis 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which ,z4m ,cau om8 t7ocj+zwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa iua5ss+ 3po(on.o,au :rlk/ xand the relative humidity is o (s :un3aoup/xlr+,. asi ok540%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when* oy+mt0.plsz the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water iswg z2:us *mnz73nf juq5 jl/)ve8,pvo boiling at5 pv3qns v :u8/*n) el,o jz7mjfuzw2g a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r9 f6z )fqglww,oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poigm)q0z*5adbvwlj v7pa 9:o+n nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)3lqhwb.g0 g7 d to diffuse a disd g3h07.qgw lbtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to uj:ok/9 eb.lzthe interior through tiny tubes called e.:l9/zb uko jtracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal( b(ycz;,jesi /yqae:ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at r wkj-a 8sm.h;i dz(4z20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper+h(j/( s/a guw7jc-g doj tf;qature. How much error will be made in a ru w- a(jtg(+ fohj;qc/7/sgd jecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b4f1t6ov,jjqz 5 dr wv5wt5*lzalloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased j fz*6 v zq4otw,w5djr55 v1ltto 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width:l4/ .dkeqkplv fag .- 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is -q /lg4. l:ekafkpv.d 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pec..t ngvk s0k3r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ageico 0xh:y**o b7+)h1voe ewbouhig*10e+ )ooo7vy*h ewc exb: t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the o 4ks8+ixbjz2surface, to what volume would his lungs expa2xi zjo+4b8sknd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a utg)0ah.i+/ i+pd1u al vr;zu speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vgrd/lui p1 iu t ++vua.0h;a)zehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaseogq. w3h,mfyxa;fu ;4 d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of dqy1jdg2j/7 l g th6spdv 2u.8770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of ewj69. zhdq99 a+mkwd the Earth, estimate adjm.z6d9eq w9wk+9hthe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of whx.vor +)k0knitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure b,g/h z kn1l6v0wq/hr, th(e s= 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will tz/gn(e r0/t vhqwh,l6bh1 k s,he cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in amhu5y*vvsl k63 usc,i7hqy27 bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineyv gitoc5hik 4lt:9:w y7b(-l,k wn7t at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snupxj.q yawd6. :gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on.fb -t 5ww8r7d2km kdteb(,xlto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardo))d 4cdv9i5 ghtvd7u, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195.f u5td o)iy/ejfb6)f atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthhw fnt s8fld))n,3z)n is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throkl*gcy6x 6a8 .k 3 cbd8lk8 :th+rutafwn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060kk6c6 .hrl c:8+l8gbtuf8*xd ay 3kta kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of as7 njnyllc *yk .9840;fximh 6s i/stgir from a depth 8s.cl6f4j n7yl0t/s9 gsii kym*;nh x of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two0t. (l dvoh2hvzq-xr* days: xotvh-2h v.r(*zlqd0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenc195dng c ;f6n5+kgzetooay7 he in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000 z;nokghce5 td 7n+6f5y1ga 9o$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gasrf;3 ,dwsdqv2umlm (,,,m qy p law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is u3 dyd,lrq;m, 2w,m qmvspf, (equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehu8n/5t r -uuxm4neg/nrmidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew-x 5 /tunen/rm4 8ngur. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg