Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 ko4rp1i ,zb-p 7fnimf--jit.r g of aluminum? See the periodic table or pibp .r-r7z -ojff-m,i1 ti4nAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tr ke,lb.fkj1l y334(gm9oj o vd75wejo make a thermometerel7ey( jo,j jmbv3gf.r39dk5 o4 k1w l.

Which is larger, 1 Ceaud 5s p hqhynel., :(2nv/h: $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal)q:y q9cyjk*e equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the eyy *kq)cq 9:jtemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetev/w ewwos2:bvfj; ck ugo,9d)i*.-+umjma: gd to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of ta;k+, o mdmwe 2vjsju: *i/uovf)wgc:.bwg-9he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp4yo9e1rdx nz. xe*w: bansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a ssxa8spt, wcw -q8,xt 3imple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel cxt aqxsw-8c,8 ,st3p wontaining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at theg aw,i*g ps9zyf-2t-l ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyf- 9 * -,tpga2lgswziy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atg;: i6j/oemz9uy 9bnl 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first place u,w/uht;iply-iy 2jcmg01z1d in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ru0 w y pg1i-m/c;,2ty i1hluzjises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coou ( jx/b7d:1talg1 ajeled more rapidly than adjaaju/:dxte b 7aj11(lg cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thlf:yk:j 2 z-qr.fimb/ at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resisfli/q fr 2::z-kb mj.ytance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur;l/ h-/jbtnu ;bf lsr(ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and sw-48sv shtm(top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has tw s(4-ssv m8hhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper eyz,. 4qsrw3s)e4zxwature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to4.ywsqw ez4ze) sx3r, the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr*vqcu t c 2: 9xwpy697:sqwfduease if the temperature is increased from wu9 cq 7t9s*xuw:vf:2c p6yqd20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theo.jjo)) 9uyaw ory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tema)o y9w.ujj) operature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine)xk6dds7 sl;a q9ef;m.jj r;qtic theory.

As you go higher in the Earhd1oevm6 5 j0fth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed a5ri4o 0ncjw yt g(t/y)pp67sxt4y2 b xn object must have to lew4n) x yip7 y65jcb(y tt4xs orp0/gt2ave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempeer4 bl d3rhto/ilx0+(rature. What can you infer3 b/dl(exohrtr4 0 i+l about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabcsbg, y e)c02 w7w+ke ,td;3wkrdj) iile than a hot dry day at the sa+)tcd,cw j,k i)w2bk yed0e3grw;si7 me temperature.

Is it possible to boil watenu-gxm/q 1i9xr at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the (v.nt:hyr- 3d/xegvs same but the humidity is different. Which is more dens e dvtv:g3r.xhy/- n(se, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilen 3yxat+0dv9q enginedt3y+v nx a0q9.

Why does exhaled air appxj+ct g*8cq5volp +o, ear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pejph 6usz6 6s3hmex;:b-;u j eqnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the ,ajdli+ a(: u4ax/ien (4lkta number in a silver ring of the same mas i4j +neu ((kaa tdaxi,a4l:l/s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiukkui0ofsqn -) 9 s-.wurmd) b.s scale?b w) ko.r u0mn.-sdsu9)fiqk-   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rech ;6aqyn jok*vc s)s7.orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengt,q j6.blte2p ah 11.82 cm at 0.,t 6jp.eab2q l0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 46k;cy) ozqof12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximate;w zyznztaj11 ;h8 ax 2ck(fy6p7jthy0;z0 qvly 300 m tall. Estimate how much itsjth(; jh1 0qyp2 kf0ty zz1ny7v8aw; c; 6zazx height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole atk8i:u xla1mo bo3fwc n8/65fre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm w8/ o36l8nmak ixft5cfb u:o 1in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water pt1 t *w k)v6n.ehzl3xat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be2*e(acds8.m abeto dip()m ./ m0ihiq its change in volume if it ae(i tc* b0eddsh.2/ io q m8ma()i.pmis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of waoa;a:xrxc kg;0 wj: q9ter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that */jxo+0e *yfd e x,fir55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. 0l9we3a :yz qmAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sj *u);s2whrt umapm4. o it can expand in essentially one da. hp*;w2um4jrs m t)uirection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch)lb + elv85mk(uo4xpgbxb1c2ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate b nitkuo5 uc8vu,m73 :of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expa ocu37km u8u,5tb: vninsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solinii2*7hf bk1qd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time a22r;kua(v n c xn-yc g)o2qp6qt 17 2(pac- gnn 6kqu2) 2voyq rcx;$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Theu3 u:7b5zqsp -dex 2yp bulb has a volume 3s2xpp:y5zb-qu ued 7of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.u3bh2io9xhs6)wz p d(41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vei 3ohs(b9)2x dwu6zhplocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desir*u e:cdjjx9 5n;qid:ied length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to :xn;9 ue dd:jiij 5c*q35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cro(,epdb pwde2a7jue8q6x/3 r vss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cxcro uw2hb:d5 c 6.x))fthdy.m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thfp ;7dv 3o0 vm5el5xetgopj1*e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha: p3ut7op+ o*r6q -/sdtz rgfqt temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth zo(lr3twwidp+ji pd 6+ j9:*sand Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion en0*kud*5 rvdn sgine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about0d* 5 vu*drksn 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tha7mi.dz9ms(fu(v k:b2 uq4cmutv 3hw 53ty i 9e ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenl(+qup c:deb4jsc7 cpn -. +bakqi 4 4uhfa0b, ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr. a,0,w0 jc v7xe 5v7jc2uwp y,yqdeayogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas mzwc2 v r66u,ve .sf b)e:z78eow5qgnis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure q -2,3 jsn*t7g 4s8 *izhguaqmb bfas)inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K*mafb -j 4qnus)ssihq 8ta *gz7,g2b3 ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg odtz87 6uua s fuko( ,((jvdnj pfzf1/8f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift b8 ymg9/g wahy+y heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less de/m8h g a9ywy+gnse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airua nnw/./yz)w4r(c w5 dz)lll at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 +tb6fc 4hq)c/fzj )kq12aymi8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20t: wq-+2+cn /txxpmd5cr dcz3.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number;h y u s4 gzsq/pdjn-617;ceqb of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are the -+pz(4jg a5vwtvxh p f68k7vyc*7o qnre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) md;wp, j8n,wrr* pbo;uoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1yev) bv h--5dh$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhal1z8f3rook ty t4+ ts8ke that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of coyt t os84+3f18o zrkktnstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygency +m qg;xps(h/m-;*d( t xtin molecule at STP?n-sxm;dp;t hm g(+q/( tiy c*x    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomsolys7 1nn6.cgz7 p1dsm 2xwdqnf1 e. uf:--xg near the surface of the Sun at a temperasufp.7o lcm 1fy g.qxg-dnz7:d16s1enn-wx2 ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatur0bxyu 1,m fb(8c .ia5gxn,qffy ) (ctwe imx.t c) ba5fnf(8c u,0y,(xfwqybi g1s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, ;5xan z8bu;ahz vl:bq47* rc z6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rbqhbza8 un;;x4zr*a : c7v5l zms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul4/k/dt 6chywrd) m nkm95avr,es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while u:yt2x)ax (.5vdbrn/-si j jl its volume is held constant, by what facto5lysuax 2ri.d-j(n /v)xbtj:r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speje60* qwxn/lhv()i f.c*e ueq ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of ldd 01bdq37 tqtheir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squar bql0 ddt13dq7e roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen n r59yl3 gixla z.-p8kmolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen momo,52ljbz:/s)kh j oflecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at3b a-2(r4ud1 x ;tsa/dg4z qsrzknvc7 STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an ari fd cedlrq48i+;rs ,+jhs. mh6kr*2mino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celr4 kl+ f+*h8ies.;h cir,mqjd2srr6dl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas b+y* 8l,cx2mdh10g phb9. vg*kxquz qcan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of 9 pl*7annusi )rcv.o3gn- v*xuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cadm)pw bap)5 d:fd, nc.n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 amdw;/t*x:awkeb)a z52y6fk t tm and the temperature is (a) 9 bwt ;)a5a*:kxtm dw6 zy2/kfe0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% otru b9( (ihm ef nhk)/,9xivt,n a day when the temperat,,i(e mrv9tk bh f9)nuhx/(iture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pl*av os,8m1 fa l(giv5mace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a /pa8:g : nd3ot6bhkmit a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate 6t3gkab:m /dn 8o :ihpthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watd a am8uwh3:w(t)vhc 6er is 530 Pa and thew3w:mhv)d 8a a 6tuch( relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe(mr2u0 u;5xi(z w bbbxw3 i*mdrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate z;/8 c/8ntx g2elfhrkpressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 nt f;/gc/ kx2e8h rl8z$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in au /vdw;has.tqxtoum. 7x*9;: u1eilzgwun ;4 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 5kb5 xs+y3pfnt1- ase $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tab ;w.k*pv+d,emihkv )y9gk n- rle 13–4) to diffuse a distance - h,. n+)yg; *r wmpvvik9kedkof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from th ikla;p1:c 8xne surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mmalp i8kn :1x;c long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atp2sw *pooj2dm0: y.0u 1yunif 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra84g j2-ch:xs smbjgf7 ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempera84ijvxt4zm -y ;ez s4f9hx.c lture. How much error will be ma4mjszezcyxf .4 i-v4 89l ;hxtde in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballwjj5lxv8n a/5dl /mftm 7 e2g)oons have beenea 5vf//j gdlx)m5wnjl2m 7t8 blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt8+3gv9c( tciuod t rj;h 3.1 m, and ci89 r;to3vtgj cu+(dheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of f1k)5//3a u/8h vmzrxgwd 8vspwg ze* matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqx+:xt .la- :ex647bpk djlk twues is abo x4d :tlx+ b.epk-xt7wkj:6alut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below thelh un+:68gxa+b5 8kh gnmzqc 1 surface, to what volume would his lungs expand ihcxl+m8gau :15q h8nb zng k6+f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersl4yp u2 e r(8jxt:1wgb Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry. b8j(gp:wrxtel u4y21 )    K

  The temperature of an ideal4)9 0(yult2l fpgzr,bpu14d hm 2ukov gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ohgnr(fv gbfv:/g +2 f ti4h.7oemu8 3rf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prflg-o1k zuf ,g1 ub.7qessure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules7 gb.qkgff11l zu- u,o in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contw i;:6- *mwxj gzr6mezained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ( i-6abd w( dkn.e8add tupl*)gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cu(w8nt dlaedi-. *apd(6kb) donstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a hd*9e erufqlt: c764 hbowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol r2vey 9:ews,2zv;sjmn+n,z sine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly ar mjm+ddy r)+mtvr14t eh88n9ei43e hmound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a fi+f -n b2.w 0a2 yjqld*f.hlhglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thetk+j4ov3ywx8/ bhsg, 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20h cd 79 dtrpr: a0t4.8s:yeepx$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 1 uycivd+ip37$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by teni *4v9n.6 a;tpxfrnhgnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assu4.v;xnr hpin9f*a g6t ming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubb.(trdf(7s 3axq* umxfcf 3zdo m r.8,t aejl.6le of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant attx zrxmqr(uj,(7..a * s o l.m3cf 3dtfefd8a6 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in jti dr0h5v7knm :dvrd6l/1b*t(u 5hh the air on the following two days: 5m jkdhrrhbut6:/*ih 07n(d lvtd v51
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dr81wlx,( fmp8zi 3uhl l04 fitifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempe pmzfi0tl88 h, x4r1li(wul3f rature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thata8 f ;q+ 2pfdm;9wy5cb.6phk( jd ijx6n)sjqk, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansij6mn)9 y qds jkbdkh5;f;( 2iwc.8+fpxa jp q6on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cell f gw-dy1a7okr .0nb9aars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house wfy.oa 179 dkr-bna0g (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg