Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periana8l. x knjltix;v4;.scp1mzy 8, l5odic table or Appendix B5. ,njivyt ;akl zma8cl;1l xp8x4 .sn.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to1fnm2 ozm x e pbr*rqbmy4.:*z :k8d2l make a thermometerz 1 m::* m8fdb4p2z2 qem*.byrrnlk ox.

Which is larger, 1 C0p; r7q jq9+t*ua/ckqwiuwx/b5 ll 7y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B ik0wxs rj;-ss ,s not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yow r,sk;x-j0s su say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ofg/ulqmqb 2:l:ml7z0x iron. When heate720:llqxlm:ugbm qz/ d, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear 6oyof*3 g 9drtz 9d4dnexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermod+ c,im kdyk,1vfu/6 ystat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). ,ivk6+dmucfdy y ,k1/The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofa r9 )ku+jmhe+qf jo9: a U. Why?a9:k)e+j 9juqoh +mf r

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mervl/kkogl60j: xn) 9vmwi; dt:cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firym 25p*g1ikwvst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially k5ymwp1*i2g vdescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part d -pnp0ups/z/ 9xd*xjg:-to dof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. /nd9 -:pzs0u td*p go-djpx/xExplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffo-behml qdc* +o)(-c )xl(spwicient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the xh( lb)-sm(-el) cw+ opqdo* cincreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuravqya6ie tn 6.7te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad;93m o5cn j h3 4elgqxbxpf*e(ly the can will hjee39;c5b f no4m(lp3 *xgxqnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),mz,4qto wq2n; its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moqnt,zow q;2 4mving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumik,)zgy+t fy*u0vlo *h num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease iff)hylo*gktzyv 0u* , + the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kg bj1.i8l yag((g0h axinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolu(x.yhai80a g1l g (jbgte temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussacd9r . dsc 1lliy/,oz43k8xqvf ’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in 8-5na/sf9n h(mm3n y4vmvgg+n,n q bicx; o7pthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th) ggx;5zk1b)-en 0uar4ze h * zvytcf,e minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no rtz h*ge-a 0f)),k4yz uv5g; nbz1xceatmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roomhpz8,vy6r wk b oq/)m* temperature. What can you infer about themq6 )p, r8owvb*hk yz/ molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more ;qytrc /)0.d7:mmjur k y amo5uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the camt0r7 y/) mqj5u. ;d:kyrmosame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at rooc00a8 m3wv ;gj,wtmxl m temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samex-lnap) f -vez t kk,-.z5wgt0 but the humidity is different.-ln-eat w ,pz5v )kzf.-xkt0g Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatepmg1ucxfel22, v, .tbe32j vhd automobile engine.cb1ftluh2x3.em,v2g ev j p,2

Why does exhaled air appear as :07ymjc;fz,yi fv ym6 a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppeeb.ne/*qw4p cr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to theg ssi1xb-9a9klyd 43 pi+-ha 3o*kggi number in a silver ring of ty-do xg* kkb3lisga9s1-9h4g p 3+aii he same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i eg4 4d,krhc7tf xu7p:s this on the Celsius scale?eu4,k7xdt :hgc7 frp4    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatureso +-:- zpm +qbfwgygwd*++w ts/mjt- i recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass y(feu9o/c /zdqn l1seykd +5,thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0// ,(+dzeocnkusylf 915qyed $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lgeog ttil9hz0sxz b 2;d+x:s,ka w5.2ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approci:)b7xy6 r*mehj kv3ximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heigbivxk* jr3c6mehy 7:)ht changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often useb0m27 ;gn8g :yydtw8a:zpw zr d and the rivet is cooled (usu8zwtyd:gyzb7r :nmg2 0;p 8 awally in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water mtk(k hp9-rs eb /1q3pat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume r duqa6)h.kv 1h/(mj)q 4gx mxif it isjm urx.hx1(qgd)q6 ) 4kv/ahm heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ofepm.: 9sp3rbu water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watera+:1 liap)ap x i7vey gql696i at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pla+yw* tw-i/,)b v2vpz pin5k dcced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves+l. 6aesg zfy:sel so it can expand in essentially one direcgys:+6fa .zl etion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the671orzip* pq viopd97 +d: xwr density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and*krw4ek ;1i30h: us cs1vhg,/hg vx ki width w has coefficient of linear expansvr 1; kxhhisgceh:uk/ *kvi,s4 w03g1ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solix zc kxfd4 jtnd+wvihw16:s-m5 t.13sd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathersubgyg ba85l/*q n 3bh0, 0xzoex+wm0 clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17le*xn yxza /b8gs3uq5bo0bwgh m+,00 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ojgb7*v6,+g 8wqwn o dpf 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vowjpwd7n*g6q+g vb, 8 olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotati+12lkmr bgstpokc; n 2 ju.8i5ng about its axle on frictionless beabc+mp r ugki j.8lk2sn;1t2o5rings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is reez tlbcu+ .c,set-39 aquired to keep ileza. 3ts cut-ec,b9+t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steei62qd *xemzy5l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a:2) z 5lqy2f ,czx( af6dvtcxat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures onzunwj* -di *mc8bo+h: the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on. whg6 ihl8a)60qjfth the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth ai81orc h5p; 87id xkuend Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a teit0-xtk4 0dsj; bc/ womperature of abt0sx -i k cj;bd/4tow0out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uidx*v8ji blj*;o ;-hvsing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaip2o59qgdjxq* *ss 5usns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (7ovrg ikd;vqn4gp 9;2 $N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumpzlir n; ex8)zq l:qxe- b+9,q gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga3spo :xjz:7 pr(m y7tys at 37x (yr:s ypm73:po ztj85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofp9racj3d c 27uj*;tng $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooem+3gm+kju ,vgz :+zgn, whikjug vem++mg :z+,g3zch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 *fxzh x9dqk jts 8hvu3-w*e1; $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen d;9c7x3e)eaele7as0 z iy :pfat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapesv xs27:s dcy9s+. cwto a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ocue1*i2ccwu a 9db u5wtz w:n)ls; z6nup;1y2f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there jdr5 chf,c-*j in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, w.3isjdg3q-rbw8 rovs (5 5rw    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5k+)6i6yb j+8b q vdpkl.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath youa *dw9n2c4 3,;duk(lswd7q1ng g xizs inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thegzkws lu(,xi*q4w71ns dn32gd cad9; atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of 8;no w)o 7kjjd.uid0gnm 1/4ta,xoqy an oxygen molecule at STP? odo47k8mu, d wy.g a0iq/jo;nn)j 1tx   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atxq.h25qwiw u x- k,96ny 3twbc .wxtb9/s4mseoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatur9ixxxuns tyke cs.h3,q2b4/ bt w6.9qwww m-5e of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temvu80 d3ise( taperature is increased fro3 (diesut8 0avm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following nxxj y6ncba 7vdq-+-4 speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cann-dv b-7qcjy+6ax 4xlculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas ax/psz 2einy,kg24a9 qt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itsk/ e0h)pqfudn5(t 8sm volume is held constant, by what fk50fsdmeh/q(n u p8t )actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is n+3nac+ q0gh-jm mxkhcm1 , l+given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sa:jh corj2 qk n quq6zrf;po(805/m q/xme temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots ;np2/jr (uq oqmfkh6oz5xq8/ :0 j qrcof their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cy.+0uen6 oij wontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy(5;p nx0 mou1d aftv,lgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogadfw3b 4fp; mromp*8:co9l0p(azh t 9en molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8cd t rew*2q1*p9 u in a living cell at qrd*wtepc *12 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure fdb9k3lj 79tqP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumldq5z b c dg2sjd)b+8wi9e. c/, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, mzyijhfya 2nt; - t+4 b,u;lo4in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when ;y0 -2t egwg+cjc 2towthe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) tg;g2jww y-c0t2c+oe 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% omlwd) 1pkc;-;t j edr7n a day when the temperp dm)lkt;c;7dr1ew - jature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placet6mih ; o/y2eu where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in zox yqtzi170)w av6y ym4;hn8y4.wa9s djn6 qthe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperasaxiqw4q; n 60y8jnm dyy)oh17 z9za6t yw.4 vture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pasu9t* qv72xbs n* ,;snl4xbe 5tiwhj9 and t, xl59*jts*;neuqxbb42 it9v7nsshwhe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pret*y jqc;a1. uvssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure ,wm(g jh9i6sk inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling ajm,isk( 6h9 gwt a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volnx ;c muy*w)rx6:r ;kiume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poir a 6/ xm.grt4e)9lvgant of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed5mcindc (,b*o 9tl4jmf5:e xf for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance:cfjmobmnt9e i 5*d (c f,54lx of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the i8qr/uq /djsk62.aw.m.ng pir nterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lo s /d.rpr6i.nq8k/gwa.q2muj ng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 xqe/c5y2buk 1x4q(cy0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur)0* n5(l tzt*gwerrwze has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at b,iw ,mocpxa0 eqir 1cq b.0,7normal room temperature. How much error wiw xa1,oq.70bcci, brq,0pe im ll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm/ne3m1t os9u a. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the3m19 nea tosu/ cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air 2dy5+z3gukwkf zgf) q- fj 5m5molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is)+q 5k-f5z5m3jzuy gwkg fd2f 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about 9bqtgk0iqx8xtu . 16yone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technique1x;-knstt ya8t yz4z +;t edllzepxd,8p1u .6s is about t1tnedp-1;uzpa ; x+s6z kylty8 dxe,z 8l 4t.$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hi/3ns7 a biu(t)prk c*is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his )a i3cs7*/trkn bp(iu lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed oo+ *ytlo)men;f about 40,000 km/h Molecules (ae )*ymtl+noo; ssume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is iu aw dlns q09(l :mrcl2j*:pr6ncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77iu( 37nl+ 47w*gmlq 0ygyzgyf 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm8n )00yhxkgxswn09(wzuz ju7 ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimat)ghwk 0 s(wujy0uzz 80n79xnx e the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni(jc2)n(+fztm rc v r-gpb8se+trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (hjl oid)6 b,cp 99*;toqzu 6vp139qj6*hobuzl i o)c,dv p;p6t9,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid am ysx92gi .0zmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at w3crcb hj,/n ,+jp/xf0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundnr )j/ii8vupp4b a6 o esc)b,0 the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 24i ;ctim(0 qg0gcw 2xk0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in695(2 d cqfs2zzowuv4wfqmk; the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullh /4kq ;-uxeggbi6c +sy charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froixqfprz/jysrv34i ,b1e6 br ie:/l,*0 xq pm5m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis 6:t99 nspwvniballs thrown vertically upward at it. How many t psn6wi:n9t9 vennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diab dtbm0n0r.d.fako-bl r61s 0meter (spherical) bubble of air from a depthn01br0f od . 0k.bmtlb ra-6sd of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure ih13wdi. vg/y2ugl e f3* az*vmn the air on the following two days: yvuivz *3a /1e3l whm.f ggd2*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, qb4r 4qh 8wu,xand when it is a solid deep in the Eq8x4wh,qurb 4 arth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas a c*dr9a.e3 f/mpu 6bbxt constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equd6mr*fx3e 9bc./pabual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehu;cl,qrcye p e.: l d2+hd epxt91s+c6zmidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarelp. ;h29ec q c,dlrced ptxz1y+ 6+:s in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg