Which has more atoms: 1 kg omxry m buz(2vwy.6j-7 f iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table omv.m6 (ju7 2zryxyw -br Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to u yr1bcosqgs5;f- m0, make a thermometer5fs mcsq bru 0,yo1-g;.

Which is larger, 1 C h 63xhb-lfgg. $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal )i kod k)l-zg x8 1,yvu34q0kjro4hcqequilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,3r jy- 4ko ,uq8kz0x )ihd1kvcgolq4) and C?

A flat bimetallic strip *k.cvu b/ h9dap5b ex ap:w4-bconsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will b9 ah app:vxcw5*bkbe4ub./-d e on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearbvh e )9b:q0ny6s zw*h expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a d)+. 4 0;ln4ohe x a5yuhjwmpurqtszscg+/d.9 iagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can/rd ;hw+gn 9.j hu)y4.54p euosl0xactm z +sq flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix8l1;fpxkcm1 r ed at the ends often have a section in the shape offl 1x8ckmp ;r1 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinde81r f95s0hiwti wro8 p-euaq .xyew0:r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is/2t ohiyi6mr*afo3 b5 first placed in a hot tub of water, the me/h t2b m*i56oraoi fy3rcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may breakvxsko 7 hbu*jnk:f509d-h+gu if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part9 u0 k7jof hk vu-5d+*nhsgb:xs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrey: f w wi6ktn* ,y;:pfzu)mfg8x glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain wnty z,gm) 8fw*k::;yipfuwf 6 hy this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 7yclcoegicxl-/ 3 96a accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and ta7u5twc8k1a a eyx( h4op to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happen8u( 4 5yaxhw1t akeca7ed?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by abghy 3sk m:w8ot(8m ;pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mos: k;8am(y8tbhw m g3omentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcazl9 1xfi 17mke on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 201xilz971km f a $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and e 1uuux7m+m1ob e roo7-v p7(jthe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tm-mebre11uo ( o ux+7v 7oup7jemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-:wyzz :uq:9 rfr nk:m*Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rawqzw w*sy)26mtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ntvhoveq54 58 4 5hrc/y1ujycan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape v8 u c5h1h5j/ytoqvnyc r5e44velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you inf.vudldeef52c m ;f)h5er about the molecular properti. uvecl5 ;hemf)25 dfdes of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomf k/kvpsiex 8).ortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturevp8) ex kisk/..

Is it possible to boil water at room temv7y3 ew e:swz8perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t ibxz7u + iva5-,azuxwm6o88mhe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thz8uumav, 657im xzx-aw8ob+ie same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerouf4q,r -3jljsj s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin3 s-,fl4qjjrj e.

Why does exhaled air appea2h s5io+f 4ry- cy6ptqr as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copqut(c th4kj+ wp:* bi93trx; sper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparbycjql7nl *2xk7 2(/d6at q)8t8lkhx,js grx e to the number in a silver ring x2 28l/n) t*sl(tcl6qjh a7xgrykb8x ,kjd7qof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takei8j6s/2gsm 1 p6eq agon to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?q 2 gs 6om816e/ipajgs   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu9s4g l/; umhl: .lajdhqll6d8res recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hes0jx e i+ai:,as length 11.82 cm at 0.0,0eejx:+aii s $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil i- e*pxlzl575yo bwb:t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought5ssfwiu d;6gy8g*fbmn p9y(2v :u h /o iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature ofm/wpb (yy f;un 6g2udoi*gh 89vssf5: 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv 9 l9mfn8ke:zfets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A stefknm zf9l :98eel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at aq+/zi*8t peb 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8zzr-kp0iwjqx5m 1f44e5:)*b /ebk xpzbgs. o .75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated frzb 4we5)ezb* o/m-.fp014k:gxzp5rks i xqbjom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim waa; nui,w,7ji ith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at ,c k bsz8j)x.o7w4 rer20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 22qfmz)( lr: +ly gd.0ckyx6tn6 ij0ll0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narr33w 7z .fwjnfj5kj/dnow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume e3 5jwjn/w3 jnkz7ff. dxpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi/urlog thr19q5p 4c8hty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hab4l9 lgsx(az .s coefficient of linear exs(. xzgb 9l4lapansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s. rhp:a ygx6og1iax6-olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect t )yrhu-o6w7nu/ctm;a sz;nkg, ey7o7ime at 1 6/7; 7t)zygkhwao-,;o es7y ucu rnmn7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometera9 rtkzk 6,r(qz7 -8an;axwmd has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb 8azzka 6tm9rrqxk7dan( w- , ;has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatinbw5je y (.k6crkej:7fg about its axlewfj6:e k kby.c(e7j5r on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenga mh0g8i2 gip)th when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length pgi higa)8m0 2if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelp: ,gt8th xln,lz1.6f 6ueucg I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1,z3sdbd.3ar w- tvey/34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on t73 qmrx:f*opw9lbs g5he Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale r)3qbwug3+n p?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Syi0cx0 p1wv 1jun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pgjt: ju9hu9 0a v, (uf4lgqbf0ressure and a temperature of about 2fvjq t(0gauu 9 j0:h9glf4bu,0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawuen jw(vs2 q4j/7ctyc /ox 16e.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6o,*to8y8tsvp ,s kw,s kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contajh2)5+wz uas az64vncins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuv +zd:u .c ffu74r8pjbom8p r(m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containenn3vazts1 s)2 r holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385a)zntsv3s21 n K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg-urkb, :vte9 ,ger.x u of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thedyjd (z2dcr/, i uw d0, m1ch3lgl9r,k balloon, which makes it less dense than the aml9y h3 ,cgjurc,l k2( dd0i/wdzr1d,ir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15m +xp. on7:x6s1dja fh $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.t3k4 k6id:po c0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch cfc3 skng;3t;ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules7tkd z y6y1h nv19jk7z / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? H2 ev9 ,*4o8ebkhacz rlg qu)p;ow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) :b/est(c +roymoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1rhknxln, g5ccj/b 60g -kil 8p4s2m8 w$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aircbs 4v(et*swx) ydn6upl8h 7 9 are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmoscn )*t8w4dhx6es v 9(pl7sy buphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kik+(i s ecx4 zrid:1jhq+g*v)s netic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 4i+rvq)cz:(kgd j+shxse* 1i   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temp exse;3wajy) -3 .jqwq(x1vmh eratur-qqv 3xm.ajh) x;1we3(ews j ye of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculezd)7l rki8x5g s increase if the temperature is increased 7zg)r58 xdl ikfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6ah/1x q4ha4gbj;, vpa , 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate agvh4q;4/ajb1h,a px the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu5q lf 9xqoggs/,8qw d+;j,qryles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by)9 z og7cl4;hmj7c gas what fact o9 7hcl)7ag jgz;mc4sor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed t3 xfc1i k qtv.5hn2)iof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ybgakru q76 ezb )2a7.ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots o2 b 7z6.akqb7ruga) eyf their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroget6 xxm6:*i dm8ild k il. 7zy65+qeeuin molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at tbia /e/ c::aib1-hqu, yol d,0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogelv x8ag:gkz0(doc4r, n molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an 4j7dprahy8 t+onf3*m amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 3j7tdn m 4*hpyo f+8ra$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrq)h ,jhi (4 q1aqklby:itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u6ekvxn(e -b/v3 b(qjvr8r7iheo:n 9 tranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuwl5zl)ku 8-.o5pha e hre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure jm.6fv1fu,3 m-lv g imis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ml.,vu 61f3mjv -f mgi$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity iwt7 kern:d+bax:s(+x0ndr l(s 50% on a day when the tempetkn+:bxwr7xnd (:0a(l de + rsrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place 60c- w fsd9vkz g ,ma0nnyh3k6where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, ejbk (z+jhbve., /t 7eystimate the temperature at which tkh(b .e ye7+jj z/v,bwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anzl*vi y-l6x0k d the relative humidity is 40% 6kv*l0 yi-zlx? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure offp 2c 1y5y2juj water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coou5vy*l1*6b x:r ,gy+nk9rs;x zjis hvker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 usv5k,*l+h sr6: r 9bx gjv1yzxn*iy; $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6t bjr,gp0zdh 8;c-ekbe.to+680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o m.4atb cban)ekz9,w- vc-5l nf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gzdjlh83f j6)qzxt, o1 s ge3c2lycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancelh82gxe fs),6d cqt 13 j3zozj of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes ctho)tvtpy+8dcf; 35)el3 kzf alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 m3tt)tcpke)d5hfo8z+ ;lv fy 3 m long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cazhs01yvkq*o * librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas amug7q8ch 9;u ++ojlw mlm),bure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup4ykr 2 53ys-p(,gtec/mpfql gab,a 8c was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup appct/b54 g(,3 gykaa ,yeqf82r m-slc re hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heljlq.qfd p/9pn: zx1* smz3.ouium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas/j zf9 s:o*m3 xu1ldpqp q.n.z remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number oir bv+ynp+vti*+ k hktl1:2j5l5, jsxf air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and he5+xs 2ntltkh5pjv+1* v il ,r:yibjk+ight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about ogh 4 kw,s4oems t90vy,ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vmsg+ry70 ua u-acuum techniques is aboagr -u0s y7+umut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5k3..jv o)vci ,5mkahn .5 L when 10 m below the surface, to ). i,cojkvn.3mak h5vwhat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ofntl ,tk0g;5k (zbkr k1ghe.:l about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle , tne(1:5lkk; t0r.bkgg lhkzwith this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idkw:d, um k/x h4u/7ttt7wp*lqa n 1y/veal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77)esxc 4b5( xp, y0zniy0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of tw 2(c7q -pblo1al1x*kwh* dwwhe Earth, estimate the total number of air *w 2ww -hkl11q(wadc7lb* pxo molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a sqmht6+o+h0d7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder ox(.xmze0 p,x7olbo q( f oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will t(.e q(lx op7 x0,xmzbohe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl i qeae.1z dm*0l*r+v9 kio d3) srmcm7of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin h*. umuo8/5 (ltyglyce at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around ther ,:veat5k9q c Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlw q3e+xfp d8o6y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard on;gs ,7e5z ylv*2b2 hz1fbld, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cgm99.voos0+my- fz lfharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isu4g.(yw0u /f2ki sb at $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls g 79/obzvfv4im08xzf thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasticall 8bx7vo4z v/ if0fg9mzy, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter o)h35 cop web/2jyfe qzd wd 33,mnu28(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 1c qe/zjwdy o)283d m332nhoewupf5,b 4.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two :l jhuognr nvuj/ bu;s1/r(66s*;nuwdays: rnvguhnl (s;jubu /j*/61;u6 w on:sr
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irow1 eat9r40bqo3c:b ddn at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is :arqbewddc o4 9t10b3 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons.la 3skb u -og75unk+ fyo/8tntant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to7knoya8 l. -nusfo35ut+k/ gb $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constaqgu -5(b06hhakrb7: bye /xqwntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (ke h5b760q/bgwh uk ya:-xq(r ebpt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg