Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See th-q3gi/vqd gt4e periodic table or Appendix Bi/3dt4v gg-qq.

Name several properties of materials that could be expe0 q ,n.:+mwc2hdztjyloited to make a thermometer.+cdwqn2,h0z :m.tjey

Which is larger, 1 C)j830 syv.yrj1 ez onw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,eepny.: tk n:3 but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh. :nt 3pk:eeynat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri;o f3k1jd:igj p of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whif o;j g:jk3i1dch metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ook5wu.tbm+6)q 9lth ibvd9s2 f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnjvzc j 15dns+q(ms .h8ace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be s hsmnscdz1 j q8jv+5(.et at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at th+k,(+dm: :oj0obvbi ,cin svwe ends often have a section in the shape of a +b ,oocdvs wi(+njb,v::m i0 kU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ff64j*6to(0 5ptv jml* k+inf4pajut of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassym/g*nla+ vxi+14*h fg yl1bi thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit alg l*1ix41ygy+amh v/in+f b*nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one 7a5obsm,xda/z s(b1 uu:l) kepart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E lbasbou:5 e)xd/(mku1zs,a 7 xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tna tyw f*k .ot+/i*(fgyj8+f shat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why tyff t 8+ a i(.+jf*ykngwso/*this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accukjull,l3,: :cobmqq 2rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will f-+ah rvj 8rq7w0 lus2s;ik. kcause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up..7 uiwsvf80asr2; qj-+klhr k What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comtq (orh5g 05tkpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in ptq5(h0tkog r 5articular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an ka k*o3so .nt-aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease ifk-tna k3oo s*. the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relationhsu+n*dk vzwp48 .m1d between average kinetic energy andhw .sz*d+ 1d uk8vnmp4 the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussackg w)ct.bnep.l o: 3l9’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eart4vs.)x usu,hqkga9v9 u+ke 0v h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musnhbu4q i k0r1mp(sv/7t have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moo7 us/1 (rqh4 pm0ivbnkn is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor zwj6u xvo77*fri5 rr1e quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other7o6f *zvwurr j15xr7i ?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more u(efuk f0qsml gcby5j6 /+y 1y.ncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatug5s/fyjey 0 cq+ybl1(.6kfmu re.

Is it possible to boil wa4 ,s6p 6l ej/i6 htg7u8yfazmdter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sf32w pg3 /,vevyczb n8t-1 foaame but the humidity is different. Whv-f8fe ntbpy1 3/cg3o zw2,avich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open theouk 1c)qgzn*ufl9; -fd7 mf r+ radiator cap of an overheated automobile e7z *f u1d9k-n); crlouf+qfgmngine.

Why does exhaled air appear)es 3:cuyix09r4an*bmmm- sp as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4- owx 01hx69nxc*g v2 epp ;6+(jredecib6 ;hqdgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in :qaafp;(o2 bl4ihr1 xa 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masx4: pba(; lf2 hi1oraqs?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often txs ,q/bc ;dv js(z3a6gaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?xg,(s6qc j/b ;d as3zv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera2x*t -jum5dsb tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.8.,3 anavv nm6s2 cm at 0.0 3,vasvm6.nan $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonj+ 8mbj5 ;prsq ujr-bpj1e y*,g (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ihqbc:u nmy *a wb10*q+ron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muq+:c* 1mbnu*a0qh bwych its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thlf m 2i)sk33 rw*(d.: hwczeujan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a holcfwr:u) siw32d*(k h m.le3j ze 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at v v9.4 w;wnnvw4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if itwz ;nktr6/htt h6g eo6 f)pooav ./p;6 is heateztp6eofrhno;v) 6tgk p.h; /6 6atw/od from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at0o8 7 in*om/r,zo *pm p3rcbcs 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 miy.8 el.b3ua: httzf1ibd9b( L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mqmr 3i yj9*k5m+gzuz3 ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially;+b1 *,jm ) u5k rypitlqraa:hw+k5 bg one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume eb1ikb :wlh*j5tmp ; rk+a,)+5 arg quyxpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dgc;dp8v /zul 8h5ebkz8)heq+ ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plat a3uqh -ka)i9ov l+n8je of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expn ihl- ku8a)3qajov 9+ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 6;2h9rrgkit hk, 65 d o3m2asz/wfmvg$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perv4(sp v(:qlx ud;hkct +(naq* fect time at 17 ch d(+4vup qnv (:axq*lskt(;$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury therfw3(3 vpfi: ynmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 p(:3vwn iff y3$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radia)3/vt8m yl2g1jr6 uh6ix jxlus 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with r8 i/ lj)vtgm1x3ya26 uljxh6angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stresd*g-g6rcl0 8ghw+ gmngl .,cos is required to keep it +gcmogc0r d,* nl-8ggwl hg6. at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-ser/f jz,1 exku:ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 95 u*b3 9t )/g0bwhgnvuiq:kgt1xzdvat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on ic9-m ixhoerx.s:s ;6ygfg/ 5 the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenh1n.f klw+4 w++;f qw betu2dnh c8qov2eit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the imp27op g1qo j y0,zf)vnterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatur1+vli2qfl) y ze of il1+lqv ) zy2fabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using0ekbr +dld;yur ,dcj s 1 (wbsbils08+kt;7 b: the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.;+s;2u a7vm+pzfoupm 6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contaq1a5t2u9 di/ fww le c*pii+q9ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is trne1swm8yf*: r+w cl2i2k1vat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cp5mo2s: qio6tontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38oim 5p6o2 :tqs5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0g+ (s9aqb5yudw (txh2 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bgtlw2 1lj /7;ag ihszq p.yta270 /dkbuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it law1t0da7 jzp/l 2lt. bgq2;iy 7hs /gkess dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1g oep k3)e./ns5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 (5nof/p.v ac lwwk l5oa4 k65f7t b2oe$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chs ut1s2ci ;li/ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofgzb)th x9.6,qm- u sqnv0vqnl5n7 ,db molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000ik8t4n q 7*hbn L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of5s4(fxl-kx k z (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume1jaivufeob;kn;py 32 -3c s dkx0em b:q8o,l3 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L br9v eutqtxdl3 y: ,(hp/eath you inhale that were al9het/,l:dt uxv(yq3p so in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyg.bmy g/6id pw2b ez 1un2ctd)8en molecule at STP?u pbb/22de mw61.)y8n gcitzd    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of he;p(+c qxi*:n jzh0kecg:v )anlium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ov0c)xcz:*qap(e+kn;g j in:hf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if8ebk54ss8eio bg6;d v the temperature iseb5ssobv;46e 8gd 8 ki increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units ofbu1 vxoret; .9mc4ew3 km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.xw ;4 to .1ercveum3b9 $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga7yl eqazd d+r4(:k((z4ipj zhb x6p4es at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatbno90 i:w nv2q6qst)g/w6/d r7la zf +k- xafe factorif /:at 7qenkd o+/lw629- axzn)srv 6f0w gqb does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofddq 2k rrq)qa:*ds,kd ae72 c5 molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the snclda8 i lx uthu-od 86x7( ,zdxw-;2aame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mol,x n6 txl 2d8-wxdda( u;loc7 auhiz-8ecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole y*v9;6ed x g6qg+sxobcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of hls9yqi . s2gg 8-mt,h5dxxf/an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ni44ef (m5yc asltrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of i7ksyk/p2s:8hneyv +a9(wpzpy 3 :mqan amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livin9q: +/ 2yipw ps (8 :kkm3pnasz7yevhyg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofc8r+-3it ez xrtoo1oa;fg9y )k -fm0f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of q*lsk j 2*q2zruranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phppw4 lmg+ l x5cr)1qk,xxmob8ph ) f*+ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem :k;.x saya0hdperature is (a) dk xy 0aa:.h;s90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th*15+*l oobl 8wukqq uu(2 w -mwugax/ae humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature bu u*qx go2(u aku/ qlowww81-m l*a5+is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watx t4xg0ooika olnz6 em.418 dqw55w7ver boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure agct)6 qhgq -4x5jesc vfeq61 +t a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. 6cq4-gg j+1tf6hs 5cq eq)x ve$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the p2; jwk0z6 tfuxartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 2z 0wx6t;jk uf40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waten3pnv8 nc0 ;nivyd5w 5r on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookrbk+:s/bblvyb ud :f c-6 z2+zer if the water is boiling at a temperature of lzvdbu cfry6szb /b+b+2- :k:120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volkt q)vu5aizc/ )61uagume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o/gb zo g4h7t9of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mozt d 98phjy ig947xdo6lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance oiztxg 78649 9dpjhdyof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from th7 pym( b:/fsame surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aabmy7m(/p sf:bout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliag nbra,ti51kl5x.4 ybor ,t 9u eu8:wbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atd r .xhv-e7mf; 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cj i7qux 9 hfe1-x8vjp/alibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mLh-xpv 79exj1/uj q fi8 of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in 3ch:q+ 5z91cmnkxr+0wz nu y(c vct)l a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whar5qzlm+n0 cvuc9 ck xy+z h:t31nw()ct fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of z hl,znbl:hax7 tp5.st w 54z0air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature isl b5nh zt az5:x,htps40lwz 7. 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isj- 3w7kma e-lwvx8o 1f*dd:ffdrf:/i about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques i )hpyz7qgr0(us about pru7g(zhyq)0 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capam4r((lti) j3vt upkkeec/.q 1city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lu/t. )ir cqkmke(43(ljtpv 1 eungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning froith3ghh:b fva p/),n1 m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nos ,iv3p/bta1hg:)hnfh e of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idea kz(t120y3ql exlv ypm4h7d3al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ou9xp+j1ahf cvsuv5j2+ zp y434v/ ogv f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t20kh x6 xfu q7llgs4b8he surface of the Earth, estimatek 7fg xx4buh l2qs086l the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n3ich7c6ql mz d2iw.a .itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder )4ia1lq5vrm g of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last q)1v4 aril m5gif the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury4k.oz* e 67r vha;yps1c:hw)xf a.icbm):x fh at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinf*5js .zjx qo o(+gf5pe at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snukb )brfgh:db -n 88o cvhj3y,8gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontotkz9oc4: *jutxf,: bga-v2p*kkob6 o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaaevrh4 o i6 6 hsk0-2cjr:y 0w0os.nft 0t8sjvrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu5mem1 w*l/-yr vdb jtt )6h/q(nwhx7wlly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earo*3rw:iqo .d+qch;rs th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agaikc.wki sz*p h)a:5dy7nst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. i7zd*:w.a)kys kc5hpHow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbleas pg mzq r96j1p6c*2k of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lakg s z9r61m6pj k*aq2cpe. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pr: ,2lbpsb7a(cxujpmg8h87o eessure in the air on the following two days: gbs mo72 ( h,8luc:p8expajb7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,0jebvfn.d. 1p, ;ism4 gpafu: i 0gpg3 and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 204fa3, g.n.0i1j pg;0ifdsm p:ve pgub00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at conf2c0 u1evf u+yeefeinp+ h5(c c2xr/;stant pressure, the coefficient of volume e0y pe2;2 nvefrc+c1uefhc5e/i(fu+ xxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their c- 4efti5)hh 6tlj yi2b iqi*0mellars to prevent rot and milde6hl*25fiie j )t m0qy-ib4htiw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg