The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could loneb d4q/1-h fd2j4abe the polyploid nube l/4h1f4 ja-oq2dn dmber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the s*4d m 5(rabqyfin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to thy54d(mq a*sbre overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting th 67 cceno7an1de hypothesis that two populations are two diffc ne6c 7o7ad1nerent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mat-1f1 fhqj9d3 u2knng wes by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females 19nuhk3dq-w 2jgn f1fwill only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in thex 4u;s9+geau r same location?

  Which describes the similt0(.inrya+a karities and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and all0yrink +.at(aopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation bech/mytnlust(yio-q8s6*vx 1)a*0djfm c 6i) tween species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structures?nm j2h nymai+/*zw8b*

  The table shows factors that can result inund, 4x/ swk/8fy fyls+(9t4g:py i sodw.l 3o speciation. Which word is matched to the correct deg d,ksnf 4loit8wd(fw+y9ous.p/y4 xs y/l:3 finition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structures. , sh-h vyqnx5i8l xt4.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the proc5 /0cipmr..ppfo5 imbess of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkornx9f4/k uyz,vb g0n uv7 m1hx1h wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triti9x74unmvu 1 xhg0,f/yz vkb1hcum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common anc5 ,gyb s,tyj )l:prdc ((u9regestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures ans(b:ygty,g5re9j,l u)rd ( cpd consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following providedn l* a:diu/y29ow;qes evidence for evolution through selective breedingyo* / dw ;qn9ua:e2dli?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between twobpqi )ug7f j,e ms2qfg1 et,*3 species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the sam e ius egqgt3fpq1b)7,2f *,jme cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, e*aof -mvj6b 1unz,n+and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are coren*u-a m1jzv 6b, fn+orect descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the 99ez 3e wmpu6veffect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectroge m3uvez p69w9ram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat1*qa/g 7k- rlu3nnfn sion?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evole.kncy 7 v-d2oglg4(pution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybruaq(igo1 ekl(:s8zxkjv*: m97np v m: idise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome iskamm(p*lvusx k::iv q71ez:8g jo9(n a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and setj -r1s ,gb-sblective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproducti1:3 kfhsn-vcuk3j;1o xq+u ak/ e:ldive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a corr9wg+++yi osfo 9qa yg,ect description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four speci u8tgi8rjqhk9e3y/pny p 8wp5/.nqr02 s+ ve ses of warbler (genus Setophaga). Whpv./50hnqn+u ese 92s8iprgt y jr88 y3 qkwp/at is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral speci acbpfp-2h 1a3:- wqn-s1ed2 . l-cdqm:dxwftes evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to eaffpm3ac px -t-s q2w-d d d:.:ql1chb1aw-e2nch other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.