What is the correct definition ofk(wfj41 g :pmp8/rby1o daq:q a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency wil,h 3v ar38nit8u++ctzd4u 6vpfw mb)thin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and o u)1hdsm:moqja /4 g*difference between natural selection and selective breedsa* jgo:hqomud/4)m 1 ing?

  As pollution levels ri xay+wosd:; sn in w9-/g+cbpga14ukt,; hc:kse, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population ndu xoa bcsw4ptan kc:k w1s +;:+h9ig;-n ,gy/umbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be usedu.s(hi x5amb 0 to support the theory of evolutib0 .x mah5u(sion?

  Which statement(s) abouk ;i46ar:dllpt natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatexn a 962x 67huwuv1plrd equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the -ki, uwub2kin904oe-fdvd k +adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. fi-9bivn+ -4k d,ou2euk0wk d What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following coul-mn.4h oi66wuknb7-cj v-lkdd lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as ansy4o y8tce f/2 example when discussing o 428scf yety/industrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergen .whvsbzi6g75ce provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches o.71pw l.s6y rck( lccwith large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches withok..c6 l p71(clysrcw small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes hkw3t vly bhlf*l ;)92of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective brr* +:)7cgx f :jzrlsvs-adfn5eeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of groen54bucxrcob1j 5v cpi)4/p 8wing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotb)cr/pip 414ujn cxcbo55 8v eic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited kw+1 msn0rgvhxlr1 -7in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hbl0kx-mgwn rhsr11+v7$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta afsyiasn2d24rz 9 l/*6;1 1wnyui jomam 8boaf) ricana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in th*oa8; 1 s2wfbjsm24)/ i6urm1nayl adoyinz 9 e graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oys mfa0las8 xqa+esc8bgtrn1ml uiy905o /5;*kters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. Whl8 qt9gea8ys;05klaa ru0b i+cnxf o1 *m5/sm at type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structup*,u4u x1ganhxvh)n- yg a,: gre?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is lb; 9kk:u)6 mu7rkondj 9gix5eikely to be analogous? 5ng:9m je6 7ud ukroi)k9bxk;

  Which are examples of4ndhmkjckuz)-d/- s 49yb en2 directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example o ,l-xl 8xh5rhx e(.ymhf natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whik/7-soas 9g aux + po+f5 lhtqeof11/mch characteristic ofofap 7q-olgmk 1+/s x+eao/t1uhsf 59 the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak ismp:5w k nlcqgdm8sg +5 g6qv55;aob,o best adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance u)na6g7jc d1u to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thi 7uucg d)j1na6s change occur?

The diagram represents the evd ( pnshrq1u4-olution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern prh1nsud - 4q(day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in valb(bbuu 7p1( x oiv106ptqu b5riation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 fujp /z9v7:s ;2 kvjjseinches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Fu:jpe2kjv/zj ;9 v7s sour of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of (wy-* :6- mgwgy t shvw:n+uj; sqi1despeciation?

1.Describe how mutat0h u cwbb),2 fzz7ezi8d*qn -nions can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which ofr lk0f7 p40j,xvb.s fl*h0vor the followi0v0k0sf7*ol r fjlvb4. ,hpx rng best describes the term evolutionary fitness?