What is the correct definitiozf.28unh9 47/rhxbef rg lx3zn of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele7+wk b.5 ggis qv56wng frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natural em, yj0h/ (mu j f65tpaxywg(6selecthjy /,60m65u yw( xfma(pj getion and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rism*s4,cla.uydl+r 0bz e, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will bec.+40ml,u zbcasry*dl ome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppb7e8j bva. c .8dlcuyy2s (rl,ort the theory of evolution,lbsy dybl2ca8e.vc.7 u8rj(?

  Which statement(s) ab:bilwtm semx3d /*x58 out natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true7. mo1hx hq:cof5+r d;blymh6 of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship betwqe(9 tz,( nt ggcpt5b-een the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and thec(pbt5-tn (z,egg 9qt average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the devy6s/7mo /wlczcha /adgn 9.:xelopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularias*i-m .eqmkmso72 on1) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mele 1o2 mmi*o.sn- kqm7sanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evx5 i1mbn zde3)3qib7hidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the f+q v-xhkd5q.4o nfj3trequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of.t3jk-fnvdx4qq+ ho 5 finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of xjcb: ati;o07changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following g js 861mtc,qs-ncixv c771sg is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bdks0jwi8dpm,(; l(jd1 ;xn7rwpkrb , acteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducte; ksmbdk(jwn7 x p1(d; wd0pir, jlr8,d to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia gknfr2ft+9f i 4/h .gais a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are2+gi fh.ar9t4 nfgkf/ homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) b3 iaxciz) 70maqju31eorn without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does jzce71 a0 a3xium)q3inatural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand colp.t, uel4lct(rp4 kg2eri i,3oured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark ctiugcltl432 ,r4 kp( iee .,rpoloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following3u7iep/bd o1d statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown b1x2m*ajub mnw t;1 .gtelow, which one is likely to be ananx;m jg1mw a.b*t 12tulogous?

  Which are examples ofvz ymylb/ 29ng+ qiw 3be)(dg56y;cjg directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural sele+6 m;gnlwwwyw/ au )6xction?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropic w( mtyk5 mma 6 btli6c8aw6*:u)een)lal rainforests. Which characteristic of thnlmee))6kaa6bmt5 wm*t yc 8l(:6wiu e leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suckiz 1 m-pab 8ujd4,f(mra*/zjii ng nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistanci +to5k4uk5dqk)h v3ie to herbivores may develop into a populativ5)t u4i3k+5 kkh iqdoon of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram representshp, 6iquq l2wg1u2+yg8dh7 ao the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day h+ 2gw dqgahql 2, o8ih71yuu6porses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variation?x kb5hhcetn75x 9s /+-i(dbhb

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which shahrzx0fmm-f883wr0b c.a l n/fre a common ancestorz8f . mwcf0ra-l x/hfm80r3bn and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciatioc w (b7po2;9vb :t e-gxdob3rln?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selec+/m 5 )yjpiazction.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used t1/nd l;wt*4qttjb y;5i4 swh9 zyg,oeo describe adaptations. Which of the following bestoytt1ylbhgin/d9* wzq5;4t js, e4;w describes the term evolutionary fitness?