What is the correct definition of a 8torv/f l.hz(n h4d*lgene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within an1f qss7w9t :v population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and diffejfl 60ydij 8ob,xiz 3+rence between natural selection and selective o0lijxi86+d,j z3 fbybreeding?

  As pollution levels rs:gx5nvw2 hj8ise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. Whgjx 2wvh :s5n8at effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence p- ,o.2iekl ls)d:fm :c a9ostbt h11nthat can be used to support the theory of k- bt2oahfic n),dses1p lo9 :tm .:l1evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selecc41b cd h9f/pmtion is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of2:j yk-k 2ijzm punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lengio0iy/ z,,vu p.v/ -d4dzhzws7fi5qhth of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirc/q u,/ svi7dyhdw.4 oh-0zz ,i5pzvfihi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to thb+ecyf dloo f59n*:(we development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (B(ee1oiywsfo 30,1of gqe +jskz,b-/niston betularia) is often used as an example when discussingoo+skqf g0e/3o ebiw (s1,-y1zef,n j industrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evoluto u5w7b bk r:nan2))yrion?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large znzc.2o*0 dyrv4 : pgbot(auk(*m7 nj beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What (:zm r4tjv7*zpgn(a ob*ou .kc0y 2 dncould have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible cause(2 gc1xil ft;vs of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breeding?o uf-zt s(/xzcfn, fub48*4sckeg -l7
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growinz66w0 (qvifgi9pq zydmxgq401*r( gp g bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 da(g0qwgz* p f 6vird iqmx(0qypz g4619ys.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that i2 klbt-vy 2z-ms inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homoz-b2z ltmkv 2-yygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africa7 md9*x.f rnvnna) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. Hdrn.7m9xv nf *ow does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend rq,( jj4l0es(*tzp o pinto rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of thejtzj,rl eo*pq sp(04 ( ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure?0kw9p u o-e(uea+d ct;

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, whichk:nt wsgiic** fvhs41i7y05 sxx4v :z one is likely to be analogousw* :ctxi : vz51k 4h0xi7sgvn is4*sfy?

  Which are examples of directional y71dm +5+ mfnrlg* loiselection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampl)nfd+tjk 0pa (e of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainf u ry-q(7)xpw6y0tctp orests. Which chqy6ypp rct) (7w0- uxtaracteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar fros ot32l dc; kp/jbjk/9dnv2) wm flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may d l 49:svi ;gny bf2ommcv:1qh7evelop into a population of plants that secrete a compoob;c hvn i sgymlmfq: 7v42:91und toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of hors.l)e3rk j(thsuph 9l)es from the oldest)3pshturel 9j)(k. lh ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variation0s q06ssoe2h 1b3hmz u?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches wq (j0io-n( arnz2mu7xhich share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are showa(ox2 jqz nn7m i(0ru-n below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is n*e napj uqs4gub0*,ta ylf9+/ot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural sey5.a wdc 11rowlection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to descrgcaz4 ksd7fo.1a2 4un n x-ol(ibe adaptations. Which of the following be sgnox.l2 4 df1ac7nuz(-ka4ost describes the term evolutionary fitness?