What is the best definition for a se1,rkz.d 5t4tr9sf e)*oy )-nyiirbypecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,5pgb +7i54cnzv2g aeq Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descr7szr:u ti0m5svrtf*3 .t+pe nibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;m t vsut5rr.t: i0z nf73+pe*sFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population :mt(3 (0c j:tfrodcls


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of 1 kucr4wpe a3r3ejz4i0j*-j a a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small8,vez1rlkjww 4 fh7w,-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breewlz4 khe wjwv17r,,f8 d, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms i7ew9gmxjzv2m- zs,z 0 s a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolku,sig0 9 v9+ fgib+zqves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animaibv i z9 ,g9+sf+k0gquls such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population overmh i*bwb89;xl-yme7h time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites aai ofk+xlo) f*5a9d/ ond snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.5 i fadfx*9olkoo+/a)
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of t 5d v) ap4 f9dybp9dcx)05fiafoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killef c5xn1 5x u+:z+nyyhpr whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the c+z uyxhp+n:y nf x515cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is q(prnhwlef mr; l7iryiy0o+j-)7 31.faa1d y lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to h)r5 z85ykug igg cd7wu/pc/*uave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical ecu)u *8gpkuggrz55 /i7/ dywc nvironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cobuw m,2 1hxtx(xu rssj9f((+j rrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into th(ycqah1kdo+il q +x +8eir surroundings. The enzymdoiq+a(qh x 81l+k+ cyes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cpzf n 4+,5urx6uyl 1ogultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidf qk 3:jq5lez;s of energy.

  List three factors that could descoi zib8i+6vok8)v-(b7bt xyc4 xuzn1ribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fn8ov)ki(6bxc 781 -bz i+4tubyvoi z xactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffen uy(isya:9uq ybr6e 1ei34,s rent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva e ,g 19wgsg +asgqx;8:vvp4vztion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thm (u(rxs3p-t*yymk +v2 7d jk +.lmvbwat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old,mpy (r+jktmyxw l3b- u dv7 s+2(m*.kv they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a t..u- nei2m zhterrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wp:* (ob:iql2 n; 5 zxbio(vswheb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liveh:wz o z,-bsm7 inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from cwb7m-z: os, zharbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chv;21d* u16vuon r tt5d bciy **orc0faemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon -2bt*b55 uwqetk ra 8ikw8zln*(2p qmin the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tl1s7h84o)v;do jxwpt0m) f v jerms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livid4fp j jst)l7x1;w )o0mvh8ovng organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersd8su qq ;dza q72ml2m9


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of o3narcx .n +/o y sbj05df9pt3a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha7r9z- crdoi w0ne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comm)k7j1oep nn;+lv. hoz ercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statemenzp+ k ;ojho.17n)nev lts are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationkei6(orz-46 pje5pq r.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system r.lonvam pak 3391g7 .gfb/ qh


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in c .opn-r3 aoifvc)fs 9c 63)smfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fovhdy:k yl+x t+h5; (c .qtang1llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofy .tyca 5q(hvln1+xk +;dht:g biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of etj9a(a kmqy094w5 by cnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prodvbd:: a:9 -7gqowzjs nuctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foonoc)*mg2 r (*pm(bch vd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystb4 n y7lyy/w+fem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc- si : su sgp;*a7u(1i (wghbk5(tvamrurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system ewl4b6p g86ew 3hrmr6 with parasites on a co3m6bwl4 6eg eprr6w8hnsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from ,/kz u; 3 aeeun kuy;z+nnt*v6the options below.What i,z/tkune*;eauv3z +;6 kynu n s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inseejc(y , t;l.-s15 qhwm6pprza cticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec4l.j9q; zx.e q/wzb dkosystems.

  State the name of the proces:+ iw0w k3uc dd,g/rhss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates3uih 0 :cs,/g+wdkwd r.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosplhnj v4* :x3yyhere to other carbon sinks. :*nlhjxyy43v
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyc aie50 (zps/pdle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecos7 9l: fro.r saw8kok.yxfgum2,* 9lxhystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement+9: i+3vyek-fdzz+gkiq i+de s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary P:ty*:rkl fwif at*g.2roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th.m 7afc ;bfsd.e marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through* mkf-z yy qipstexirs.. wb/643 9gh7 the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an *p56 m(qrm.-j skvslc9i/sl+bm 7 kepecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ec;8c 0v0d qy9 s owy4g:flihy6hosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that iswq7 p borp--9s not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inxm( 0f0vey h)gduced effect on the nitrogen cycl00 ( fgyxvemh)e.

  Figure: Average per capitaj9*rz imha y.25f vc6u $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary stt in4kcqq9* ib91 w.dd;pca5a:jp- h*dtdu .uccession progresses from a pioneer-9h dk p1.i.baadi9t*cd pdtun tcw4q q*j;:5 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of8 norinokk s8lfo :w(qg8vva- 2a12f4 transformation.

  Figure: Average per a5 vrq6+qye8 iishvz2iegngv**e 4+2capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an, 62m9,ztj1qnvlun. hvgqc 0n Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginnij1v n,0gnqcnuv, 692tz. qmlhng of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in elsvfcbzo;,9k 3o3f9 GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region .p xitevi-g/*1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bihv. n7nxv) c4aome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaxby9uax+3dbanloe 2;g t*3c+ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more st2(hq fy5ayd3 w*kld-pk qwc y8e*+( sbatements from the fo(3k*(qaqyw2dy+c -fe5hs bykwdlp* 8 llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattern0* az3tnwj+u :3vqjluk(c1p ws and other physical variables. List the main factors tha10t (nu3lu :vwzckj*jq+w 3ap t characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description hk 7 mjqhm/ a)h09q*vhof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity idvjit 5doo:2 l12h- (ruowg9sn an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of *mcy8bg8 4x2 cv ,(vsjtn(qmnk5 s w6wRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dicah.h0- c pfih;+2wyufferent biomehp.cyiu - + ;h0awcf2hs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bio nsk3i( cm 9suum drsp2-( gh)i(+uq7adiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a c hnm +u3ga-qmsi c9kd7)ir p s(((suu2limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corremw0 )x g.rpn27.saezqtsd.1sct in describing the changes in productivity wst de naxsr0p7.) qzm1s ..g2during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured u r)6pabqcus,( d4pf e;sing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntgb7 c bntl32fe79- t4snv: lpvhesis:7 -4tc lvtg7n3pv elb bf2n9s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field l2sgtw9 jkg9n/ l+ nf/



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serienywith bja 83)11:pvas of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the ft1 iy1n:pv hab38a)wj irst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mulypmw(a qgjht,fckv3/zy7s6p4 j o4 +0 tiple readings kfm/stv46y ,jg z+ 4h(3pqp 7c oaj0ywof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment ust- +nnx;l1r0hx/ acq0( ltaffed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of tiie 54uot) -/hy3y1js3pahhWillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crrmfc70 1td4 uxeek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tech9mmqe;jt+5 (h pd-a:jthz/v ua.u yn5niques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spe5/te-jza9y pn ut:.+uad;vmjqhh5m( cimens.