What is the best definition for a species?hi27h 9jf5 k5htewar 1t--fh: bl24dz xr f.uq

  igure: Climate graph of Ro1)t.c hyi3k kkzy.c/ /ip:bxome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could rzf xy3-zec0dk77:enl ax .-adescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorl7rzazea3 7nx fc-0ky :e-.xd 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati; nzev;5shrw2smg wq t-2j b.y+38lhbon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a dd 3yr2rh9 z.iSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zeba) 6/n ewdxzv 54ydf235od9mhcdt;r gra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When w2goy3z9dn;d)txef6rvda 5d 5/ 4 chmthey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thejci0zs9h ;zje n37g0y groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturallg*/7xg5 swcarpt(v j2y in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population5vx rj p/g sg*w2c(at7 in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time.oy9,io/ :nhj;4 sxj tu

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains 9/3k kp-gd x1suf7k rmof dead plants and anima g9dprsuk7 m1x3-k/fkls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chairl71s x0 +y48dx tjdusns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othd;3 nlib4/ 9axqyt)6yl gl0vj er organisms live and interact with each other in the cold 4tdvqj 93y/0yanlx gbil) 6;lwaters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energyhj)/t e heotge-0:sp 1 is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to 9yj2ba.,os nci,mp/v have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the pr.9 ,o,ysjbpicvanm2 /esence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description lj20) 6kwttfp vu2jw)of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasiunn50;jh1 ei md ua)g 2m-ern4ng digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying 5en j rn;e2u ngmh-d4ma01)u ileaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice c;rv nod8i1fi5 ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fso4g6+ iip n ;qkzy8co+azg 6() 7vtrror pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.c4/ uey7 : ni98o.tm abvy6y ulhqt,,eWhat is Factor 1; Factor uu:6ltyq yvth9aeo8i7, mc/, b.n e4y2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rateydeev wy :+ m3tv(m07atn qgc8gk :/w;-r boo3 of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivu9vti* + ;og)rra8l:ebp2 dzzation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girar4awc8kle 1 6ajtpv *2juce5* ffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Folw*8 5tuae rjp4vje2kc*c6 a1rest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect /ak brb40j 1uwdescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wek; (b6ontw2ku gpo d63y.jd .7s ;qoyzb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed oo;ip-r 9,t kb1f,7u 2ldtdnb qn the carbon compounds producef-27o d 9lq ptu;td,, riknbb1d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemie --7qadqu2.fgw hi e uy8 w+n,mcrs70cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov n+sq a my fajy /k94fc.l9pvaf2)zcxai;.; o8ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descr el3 qzo1 ;wavdt8kairb*+0m bm1 e7,gibes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then brokt rqb1m g7i83em*,lz0evab;+ad 1 weak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe gsrt7q 6n)(rxrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population de/gj.elu(a k g3k.b /d3ui ntb1nsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylt+yt gxx*n)xeyi**1gal0*nycq 8 td6jrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available za gkm:9yrv:,x6 gtv6seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of thvz ,6xm:yr9 v: 6gkgtae following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following idls )7)trdf7)died z reu 424h7fipf+s an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sy ud (8 memt- fj6*,owva7kid42ojv i1mstem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foh-v-+usuyj/kx1m era528 jkcod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme os tok /h6i7uckfmmq8:)9 kjc7r 0v:rnts is false when discussing a pyramid of bij /r8kk tho f:uc)krsm7679q c0v:omiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ff 40ztl0; zblmp6 *jlenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prswno o; h934jzoductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we7b97 pw7 gy dhjv3ml,db


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a g; oyxn+)ym z*ucdv/o- (se( wsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thgg (jljy8g u81v k*3mcat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savann(a9.x ktqwy80ifn dsat8+z / mah system with parasites on a f(9s+n t0qid.xm8yt/w kzaa8consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fromd;k0ysyso 9**xx1 tjz * 1xfuy the options below.What is Photosynthd 09 *jyx*s1; sk foyx*zuxy1tesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an :eadm sr;6xt 5insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst45xirqsy; 7b3l3 ap wgems.

  State the name of the process that *z9po uoy/bh:lcc )4zconverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydra: choyu/9po4 zb* )czltes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon 15m4n 6ynj wi4qf+s uosinks.ns1q6i myu45 f+4 njow
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle t 3lzq2gk9 ut+lhat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year d ,x4yxm7l5xrmbvf 9+


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truep )sj; j) /j-uuy f0wyiyhr(l6)7zjtj .
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can/9hdv e6jn,b3r.6xlx bsq vivd*lc:1 be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyudcs bpu,pb7t5z in3 ,+(xs*fcle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon 0uyl fx)s4xm, 2 x.kfucycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystp6 vnyrf*.eit1 m* 7vgem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial b 1 tq0jxz6ow+ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemea 0anlz/+ rje1z kgg(3nt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-nl4i(/y 4l azlinduced effect on the nitrogen cycle.ly(nzi4l /la4

  Figure: Average per ca7hgpol:(0 8l0hbc*kxu n-m -xuh f8jc pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and+ro 9quhh0+d3a 2ssvv NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community 93osh 2u+ 0ahdv+rsqv to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the x )9dhf dvxbaskh.;/)following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca d7(pxrc u57ngpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bothjcfyyku5;/xw7agf: v /v*qj ),fov;tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained :jqvxgof,y*cfy7 )/fak/v5;vh ;uw j at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages +u, em)- hsglsz5 dpi58tka2 h& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionifgow74bs)2k cz3jo3 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datatoixced z 3/vcz+6hqg9p* i3 : for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rpks s)a:(qcu11: zszaome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one v+;1yzlvw sd 1or more statements from the folvz+d;wy1 vsl 1lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterize4gaxcc: h4/n6).dned4 ql uk xd by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizd x4g a. q6 4e/dcklhc:4xnun)e the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the r a xz kp6j/n sr0e5/455hd r.dwmboh8rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversdjt-tyc+c; vwi*o37q ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy hd.o3 8pody;:oh,dc br5pso 5 n(s0yor-d s7 c


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different b;jo dn7p1y78skb( t fliomb77j;do lts1pk ny (8fes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successioqe s x05mrdh;)5mu go)n progresses from a pioneer c u5)ode hq0sm5m rx)g;ommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chant/t *g,w5* 8l5tf 4nmfupn nugges in productivity during primary successiont8pl *n4f5nfw5u*t/ugg,tnm .

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be m(xb1,s .ok-:m6 m+sbjxzzrtwj z8q( q easured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate t4 4ouv h7-88imieh yhdhe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes7d oehiiuv- h48hy4 m8is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field :tqr*lk, y0,v)hajg t;,pnlx



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capt1.sr0bn bkhwo5x-bm8 so:s.0fi pz r /ure specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insec85rf0r 1woh x/0b.iszbos: mks-bn.pts, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is .bdju;aga wrz0l+j(ucb 39;s important to take multiple readings of the sa+0r swa ;9.z abulb(cj;gdu3jme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin1ul6,q hie; gjg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplev;(a)oa*uy1q/ wu+rgtd1o b ,qjj8t n s of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cre:)uwu ,fa-p;hjlwz6ul) a c,s ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for s2ha1him2uibh0+q*k 7tcch 2 h ampling motile (moving) specim2 c*i +1tqh27chh mbu2ia0hh kens.