What is the best definition for a spe6t q4(ayi3px scies?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro b9ne(i-tlt4i iy0c gx :;or8yri1g j8me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species u(dz6 qfrvrk, lx5 3-ls*zo8xgcv:6u' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact(o*sgx,6lqf 58vz rulcz -d3ku:r v6xor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of gepeopwlyc4w( +:*/dipz j- /a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Scwt-wmcb q x9lk h4u9/;histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble 8 q/i2v fwklrl6)7 w;e sqaan6the zebra. It lives in the/qlnq sw)f6lwa 78 i;6eakrv 2 Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org i1-u*(ok9i pxwyp b)eanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (C-hrj5 j7w.qwb anis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, bw j7qrhj 5w-.boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gro o8 8z (pxl/6t(v(cnvyril*dhwth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the t6h92 f lurezq63/zv .sujl)xz(y u7bremains of dead plants and animal7 zl2 xuulzre 3bz.)jvs(q6h 9 ytu/f6s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fkh1z*6ea) 01iwazlo 3l4bo xiood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livm 57f(qp k9nnq+sm .x0d1f rbwe and interact with each other in the cold waters of the7q nf5n(krwb.m0xsd + 9 mfqp1 Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco 4hncijf6v) ,;ky g1aesystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high p4v bjauyx( 1c,roductivity, despite infertile soils. The gxa b4v(,j1 ucyrowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de 80)hwtckyo ep8ho 81 8kxlux8scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestigk68h-z4xs0a bokae:f ( a6fjve enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi theze(0g86 k -b6ahofak js:xa4fn absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation xi) wg.)hlaz wz00ys 8system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramb54 a sk3gna(aids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What w2d wf.c1q) 4qk3fybu is Factor 1; Factor 2 and 3.uc4w 2 k1fy )qfwqbdFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the 8dyzzmt:j k+*rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivodia ,z(.y(e eation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small bk ex9xnml.57-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals xb7xkm n95le .and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst;y b mb e9t)13vkdpfc:gb8)qm em.

  Figure: A marine food w;eevvt3fh(+ yxy59 zzeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbona(kljko7s18 z5t m j;l compounds produced by zooxanthellae frokzts7j1;lmk o a85( ljm carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi9 (i7t8lu8wtfp u9er2hf7ig ou*+ x66ggku ckcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of c0.etrgo/4x+w c a 0w2ofi4wq karbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desbkw7awfc9;hx j u2m7 8cribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digestakxb277 cww8jf u;mh9 non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr. skq4h,*weaw91kp *p l3xlqcamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat+.u v wg(zuxuw)h-* xior and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyb/(ieof wy1yu48fqe 1.h (ha iltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic bdzb)zc/ p**9 jkxlg/a v8 ii8mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lgazd9b c/kv)i/libxz8 j8*p *ight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor(/b vwa*b1 rf9vcrh3imation.

  Figure: A natural energy converm mjf .je8dbpyz*m ( ry//)0tksion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins) o- lskwdx+;j in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid,h(b db* dtzzx;+buy; of bz ;bu,x*h ddtb z;+(ybiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy )pha6ugk- jv 3rxr )x-


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for re7ee1kvl 6ckr i6;2 abxpresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marint-uu7qb2 mt r1 :.eqolmo ht c54ds4i-e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosl .,xrwd+c0poystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food ajj va4u)v2osi +4j 6pweb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in lx-kt/bt; cc+q 7wtl8s)4 ad bxt;0bpa savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the liop4xsx8;/kt7tb-da 0+) clbl wc;tbqt ns

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respi1y*r zbtf8*nv ration correctly from the options below.What is ytv 8*1*rfbzn Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements1 w9e5ia: qqnu that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste40re+ 15b v+yuhy (uaf7dfzu v++vjsqms.

  State the name of the process that )*, h8abbg5qpumwg.mconverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrateg5m pbabw8.qug) h*m, s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere f* gljwnhr)og6p;u 9t*-ui- qto other carbon sinks. n -*g)uj- wp9gfh ;tl6uq*iro
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lqmzhc;5ceqe 2;:qy dn5dj 4v.ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of enerk+fp e mz2e*k1gy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t/ 3*sttvd : kktk0(eoirue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can beb--uvw*tfs 0-)n)(hr t+rw sg m /hyxj calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th7sa p(y. vr7iak)n5tge marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon x)8l29 xpa gcgthrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ey-in8ljw t (t7uz)+xbab y6p, cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest f6ndcrt8i 78.ctno/ sfk z23aocvp0 (rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingx1;ircczo -one ap 5,( bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitroge/ n akst/f00ixn cyc0 txnf0k/sia/ le.

  Figure: Average per cap -s)ltanccvt2q2l ( ;bita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodfbao:9/gpkf xeg-f 69iversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu-:k9 /pxf faggbefo 96nity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is3;9fjlw.t: u woj)y6 4(r may.uikn ly an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit9s(+r )tnd;dhsl :vt ja $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant gxmytv1/w qk., ,khz db.7 mzf.k87 cyin water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ,gf /.b1tzy,yk md8.hqkkx v .m7 c7zwat the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon :orr f)5aafc; storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries/1g bo*:g dib6qb sy9u by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat)(kz8 3 zsvbepa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, k- p3g7 uy-j8i pq lenglj4v63bfl d.3Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonuf;9 v,xl6 hhbo .u17dt lco3eation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following13h;x6o79 lulhe,dbt.v u cof .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List5 g3gimk8+ 6lzw-p7j :rbfmn/cqd e8d the main factors that characterize the terrestrial b7fw+z: rn gm8 ji8mgbp56d3 eqld-k/c iomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesxlly31;kk( j eo fs;wkl/rj:kss1g32t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related 2ar*,aovmm *s to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph e ib-m 0pe52f7 4ysuv8uatwb8of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivvz.6pft/)l l:1iij tdores in different biom ll1f/ttp ):jd6ii. zves


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bio:sxtsto2s u- 6diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to xo2-6 st:usts a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follow+wbwjw)hy6)z o3b4ri;v6 pt-, od id iing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. pi6o4 3z )bd;rh6 ww vdjb,w+-)ytiio

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor nt fie/h5q* 0,bp g*jgthat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phob5.kk*unm)h: 3s qg5fgxf /lhtosynthesis fhkg. 3*5b:ufnh/)s5mxk q lg



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fir2pvz46abv3:19 aq hnyota4 leld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series ev9gs1/,zf 6ukr3 dea of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469esvd/r , 9zf6a3 1guke of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readin,;g;ryql( 7ix)qyd qi gs of thqiq;7 i ygdr),xq (yl;e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sayqxty-;*.m9pfxr 6q pmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sacev /9vfeu,1y):aegwmples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow r1m7mn ia pq0:(iae(wq j)qv0Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tecx1i oop eg(q 4w.x,+jchniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp ig1+qj ex xwoo(4.p,cecimens.