What is the best definitemfzq,b b/f/j.y7 5xoion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, xb gtc ;;khn(j)f2ts8 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that cuwq ypc+-q+ 1*bz0(e eze* sfqould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factsqy ++- zeuze0w(q p *bqcf1*eor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ox dti0si)boy 4iv/0 .0 qwscm(f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp oy 1x6r+odl*ukv/9q mecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a s:(rthzvei ye*j r5 e64mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s yere5vh4 iz e*(6j:rtmilk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t(8u0x75y (vt/r l f lfe8fckqnhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Woz-o* t0 ea- rp13eyrvwlves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey oreyeratp 3-0oz* w v1-n domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflectm8m qif8-7jqy s the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animzxrf. u r3f8l3als. x rrlf8zu3f. 3
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fq. w hwt/tnw.zp a :1l4d-g6yiood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sea-yads qy wc:; wz+w8g6l, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interacdq ycg8: ;s+ayw6-z wwt with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys/ neuzm97e yg2v) iqa2tems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomas9celeajo.m3 r 4 kl ;85jbzb.cs with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also intmb3zbo; eaj4 .c k .j9ller8c5eract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that io6 9:hice.p6 8oq+bpf1vmbkc s a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie;*isw.e yk 6wjr y(n)jnts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things ;6(w ).kje*yjnry sw isuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrate6gwgg h *bk:w05 n ogoy5nr1:a,en)z pd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.hvi.y +ub;rd(5n psu3

  List three factors thasl 8lfv +ccfp/* 4qms7t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 lq/pfml8s 4vfc+c *s7 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of ph7 a;pdo*j0hsvk; k1g u(y9wxbotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syspue3li)p65 u5t -bs, pfpzgy. tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strib2f zm3q8aafn gvk 6iz2x6r81 pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, bukv a8z6bnm 8fq 6x1r 3zga22ift only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descv( hk0et2:np/bzkf v*p7/ .tk 6eyf svription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food g+p+/yy ylaae9a)m t2- teao(web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. , * c9wng aud3ketkj6;Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidnjtw,6 d3e;*ac ukkg 9e, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalydfs6 8ap ut;2 reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon i kolb8j.im) zv. 5,baf/c.gu3j5 jvd vn the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwo*zv o./q61hbsk:4c4tioleli rms that ingest and thenkhocz q4ei* .:t4l1ib lo6s /v break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nw*uyv7 n4 y1p+gg jr7qumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitw1(bqc7tqtz * ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true4y:hc v0pj /fpp;u1qa about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a co,sqx5q8u,b) srr9pyy9 k k2gjmmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, wh y58g 9 psuq9jbrksky,q )2r,xich included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example v5 jn abgd ij.b0 t*-ve/*d a/:lq0nbtof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energ56. vifflzh jvv8c6c.y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofc fj;x(//jn vnf* o,c0*tj voi toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following er+gd oj pz p .8x2y*8-r:ykxystatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biompzyg :+kjpdxeorx88ry.* 2- y ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energdlk4 gx16dm l(y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producti - vr) 31i2n ji0ooshxidr :n4rnm,d-wvity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo-wdoxfvbt7) -k5 mig+u oxx :6d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecos+feh 63sxi z)uystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.:;nkg -j8 ,mrffl 3i.suzieh;

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanjojgck f. 3zji;:0x:4c pkq o(nah system with parasites on a consumer like the li;ckzf(43:x oopg :i0jcqkj. jons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below:fic9es e .+zp.What is Photosynthesis and Respee is 9.pzfc:+iration?

  Identify the statemeee6xt- ax: g5wnts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en/ :im *jk qaj) avb(try2/i6rk,t7.hf h1idnf ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air f8r gw9y h o(pxf++0hgto carbohydrates.x9+hpgy8o g+f0h rwf(

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other car34eoampc d6qmf-: 6ipbon sinks.qd pa6o4mfiem:6p c-3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in t khsrc 9twjkz 2as); mhx/o)3+v3rr5uhe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area oo3uk 9iu 65pex2yw v;per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trg ,ih 5ifn-bo0pnumgyd ;*0f;ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pd 2-*1 bglau- jtthd9hroductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy+ fs*63vp.ce+m fpxuc:onj8zcle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thqay:f(-; yy yorough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ibliv 4ljk6q9k:vgu 58n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ 11vbj m.6dzex $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true k7phb vd cabx8-li 9ui3fa(.8/icu+oof denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is gsgc// ;h+gkh not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclkg;ggs+h// ch e.

  Figure: Average per capita 9g(4o ikqydg(y vvn0+$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bio(p orecrbfmm6w*8g,m, /m;i kdiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionee ,po;,m ik6*/wm8(crmfb mrger community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationw9oqlwmlsox fr +ry2 l0*ifrr: /6+6r,.zw mf .

  Figure: Average per c 1b1msc4 -nyzcy :k7t;,fmkfm apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plsv: t; w8 38mdvml5ripant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen value:i5rtw; vm88 l3vd smps were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages rey)l p+qpqff(h uj/;( ni6i8& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regjefl97zx7inncy z (t9cp 70m;6gw qn,ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biox+e.lk2rn q 5z9jb fk7)(sbteme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy /s(yios 9mzvgm 3/vt(



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one orx(y6 xzt 86(mrk.fwvs more statements from the following xzf(wk6ym8t(rsx. v 6.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variff:: : jfx fg j3 5e3xy2s:6pfns*uzyeables. List tfs35pj: *fnz:yu fxjsx6g:fey :f32ehe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descr /s e:3(wvaijkcpo6j0 iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity kwmrwa9b4jqn-qe6 ;1q74 aa r in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph94g,zupkm r v(ef*;r n of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differehockz7; jk 50jnt biomj;kz0ck57 jo hes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ8 ip0vrve (z3,d;a)i8jhup ho ession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commun);j iiv8e o,8uhpr(avdp3 hz0ity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follows 1xyh;3jvr;tq ymr b,o. s9u9ing statements is not correct in describing the changes in s9urom.hx3rv q,;;t js b1yy9 productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that by+u t-40f 2.3x dwhwkr2 pmoucan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thev7p 0yj r7zsvr*/6kznj -dirg7ml5 t6 rate of photosynthesi m0idt757ysr lvrjk*-66 7j/npzzgrvs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fitoi h2 nn6u/p*m,2 ce* sijq.xo0.z xoeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a s;wt+shr, 1 ikwa/us34wen9 ireries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. O rh s,iw3/w r1nu9t wk;ai+se4n the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it iybht:ufo8l . uso:7 g* xfh)d,s important to take multiple readings of the same factor. ohx)y .busg:lfhfo:7 8u td* ,
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usv 3vxxmdv,1)t ed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willonwv0zfs-zb a tt5co./ :,*rzx w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pav-8 u1z djofzon4w7.apor6 j 4rts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not jjia p8sl50;j,n 8rhfeffective for sampling motile (moving) spjan08hp r8,j fi;5s ljecimens.