What is the best definition for a spec.f0ei- o,awym g(mcz-ies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome 07 ux a7;mj,12q, twpya0gcmjfk6udm, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that co )zm(zn b2oufpfb;9l*xzg8q: uld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factofz gxqpl89o*z;mb:nuz 2 f(b )r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofqea s e q7iv2mcv91hr*qtf.*( a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoc.-,u 3kpcn9elc rtz1 if9kv :soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-siz p7mdj0ckzrc.c mz+3sx4 yw6;ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okaw+06j.mk;p4z 7mszc3r c yxcdpis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the ttapu-lpj9 27b1v,tk groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameril2r r*atha/s jqyw- ,9ca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.qwh9/ay a-r2l r* stj,A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that 8d*. lp5hgk3q1eafz abest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead3oh;fsvx n,wikm4w):ovs -n ) plants and anima ovk-xnos 3v,whnmi; ): 4fsw)ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains /nf5g;c, vsgu


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andpm9)r 6gj fijqr4: t/p other organisms live and interact with each other in the cotifrr9q6mgp 4/: j)pjld waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form e inl(a.) -uq6h c-fzcxnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hddza tj5 igoxsjx-.1i2l *29w igh productivity, despite infertile soils.o 2jj.sxxd5 w-zi9i*2daglt1 The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de d.2d4u r:jheqzswn5q7ry 1/cscription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dixulc7(tth.,p iz 44fb-o5jbk gestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and dt74 .ib4-kft (c,h5jploubzx ecaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation-4ujg2jvuk*p z )d7eb system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for .zhiq:.vc c+x pyramids of energy.

  List three factors t/jd w*nj::rczhat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 a nw *rj:/cj:dznd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of thex;pp:cn ;f;l2skp ri75 vhk m2 rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice w57-,p 6qo l9aooq*. mnzmfljcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stdrn8zg :6y/j mripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapgry j6m8n:dz /is eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemumtt.oc xh r:( f5ue;7.

  Figure: A marine food web odmg6;nua.v rf(pdm e4ox7jnp;0 ( ;w



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algaelr- d4rp hv4tt7ivu.p//rcw* that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxahvpvp7trwi 4dtu -//* clr.4rnthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical 0u zbm dg p9ef.c66cw/reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systeme kd+z)*4s ubws diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormsehv3j0/ ap1+bs1ixd83adsd9 l ac9 pa that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m /x33 aa0ae1psh+vddl9s19 jia8cbpdaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrgls kstzr-v1r5s-xh 4r pi.n /+j0z )famid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prednr,wn56f1u*pkl- um/8;byz9tdd8 i xv p nb,yator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arl pdgn7(; xjexrt-n2- e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a c5p5vj/ 2k f8tprvyt.g ommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window y8kvttg5r j25v/ pf.pto provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf)d am2t7kkl+ uormation.

  Figure: A natural energye 6q+3ia;x rfg, yg8kp conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha7;) e c8-z5ngdetf uuains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statementfitmv-sur.2f(h1r81fvtqg: am9.s ul)i v x9s is false when discussing a pyramid of biomasv-stilftas)(r19fv9fu28.h:ur 1g vqm im .x s.

  Figure: A pyramid of enlq()1a 8g .5bux v4+w 4qwackqn r/fjyergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing )n c(y0tt*jybproductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web / oez3l 2q sck2xy,i0o hpq:;j


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so41dvs wjnpx3/lv+ apid c0*v6il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelytnu:*rd+;n2l e i+zquf i(k)b describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannsdv d)m-j 3lk;kl( k;gwvcz. 3ah system with parasites on a consume) .kwdc(gz;lj3 lmkk3-;vvd sr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respir:zrj:yxj75 n wmxgi44u6q 6ckation correctly from the options below.What is Phomwi74 j uxgz56k :c4qry:6 xnjtosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticnuc da1z rd -nk2y-a91ide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is q*7d nu0xs*/rej90sr vbp 7cclost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the priu0h xktg7 b.) /apo-pocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydraxo0auptbg /7p)ik .- htes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otheo( 4kz)mgt 0-tbf gvm:r carbon sinks. (-k ) vmtgb4t 0zfmgo:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c* qqd.c(l5wmu ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosy rt,iz 6 90inx*mv8gdvstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trueorttk/ vz/x8(7xv1wg.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be0 k*lici/x;tk( a i;cy calculated.

  Figure: A simplified d d5eq8n ,r44tdxadncmo:.k-0mu9qn k iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of ca z1b1q 81)r qwsg8gcbrrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an e 0ndyt f2s4w ywc)r/t5cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri)7 rlngk syo: (;3cof:t+hwne7:oc plal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of d8o h.,a1s pyqxenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on ttyhi5s -4tn+wx cj p2p3 xx+j*he nitrogen cyj* px 2jtti3hx pc5x +ws-4n+ycle.

  Figure: Average per c7tlhek 8;rg- k+ex-kkapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodize fa+ ---8p,ccgvce /he d*mmversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pion-hp-8+ce fcd-mvmczg ee*a /,eer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exz3y kb-gkqw+0ample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita vc9 ez+c*7kw,ue7/m3 btio t g$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bo2s 0rjlqda1;dm+z f5jttles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment anddfa2jjz s 0ml5q+d r1; after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ad1.f: j:ey5hxlj6jn c nnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byforjk gii03k n/)r17f region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bioml80rf-pm3 skrhzc-uwr2 h-t -e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom)*llj-8p d6 bab2 xyy rewnbfi(l*w:.e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemen,:c jnxd m 1lcq4/4wgcb*xlxs,hcvf: e2qm7)ts from the fo lg44xnm q: )wq, csx/f*2xc ,jb7mcdlech :v1llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat1o)(uvtuv sw,uo 9j(e3 (dfypic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize thepf ,uuusj vv1 t(od9(w(o e)3y terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrizbrijl c e*e.r4a+ 4,gption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related tqbv:f* 0oz +vwo diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ohbliy5xni : vwfn3 x99ya5b fp ss8y a/;j:4n(f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differentu-2 iabdpz(orlxs 5d2(zxcs ,+s9h 3u biomsis 2p,+u29o xhzal(cdr b-( 5zud3sxes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversitl drjl-hxuejh l93 l:,2,:ltsy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community lhls:x- u ,3l:j9jdrh le,t2lto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describnhex-;d cc8 f3ing the changes in productivity durin8ce- xh ;3dcnfg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sec4bso)rq+j1 xrchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ofi veosu((l4 bh9c/f b6 temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ib(hfs9o6b(c/ uve l4



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat intv/(q37k2dg mqe6a ty a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tra;vch63c( 4wgk* a8igcydow 4 zps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total cwc8z4h ck g6;(4di*vow3g ay of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rdh4ru73 8vloj eadings 874j h3rv luodof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin do *nl7mqv/9vldc4p8 g


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tz+j k)oazkxan0 *,1k yu 51jynwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp zxys4llw- zrxp-zj4l* +m*5bled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques :nya9bb wvy6,vx- ma 1is not effective for sampling motile w-axyvbmy v:9an1,6 b(moving) specimens.