What is the best defg d nr8qp(3xcrk:px f27j), afinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita3 -0r i;tsz,jb0irnum ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factocssas4req v3d-9s )*)p eodl6r 2;Factor 3?s9 ) d l*sqaer 34vs6ocde)p-s

  Figure: Growth curve of ;1ex*.hg w:eglm4ushok1 pv2a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosy mu) bh/kj*v+oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ha0oyez m)cc57j9liu19jc d 4s gs stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mjye9 4gizs5 u 1o)lmdjc9c c07onths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiokt,0- dw.)9bnuqu* w /e svluun.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occui5n6yvg) i nm) zr;ck0r naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in Then)gim vi) k;6n0c zyr5 Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth(sh+b koo*2 hg7r 6adu,0yidn of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai+gqxd*hxv 4c; ktq9 vs1x /da*ls feed on the remains of dead plants and animalk9tg 1qcxdhv x4s**a +/x qdv;s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foz 77gjbik1 pd+e)io98jvf2x )g:jb pn od chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kilz6 8c8. ci77lfwpdg evler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic cil wz7p. 87ecd8 vg6fOcean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enero )zo/lsqx3p *1a5zpt gy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall t-ka xi;v 9tc4ja q(,hlg jj v5j:t0fp6rees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence aq,6 p ;x04ajlk tvh:jgj9 cit(-jf v5of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chainvir+ 3 o22 so /ck lv4zgxsa+gu91pf8r.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their pyut fjy9a 9zxv0-k c-m07u7 isurroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, anuv9yt -yi 77 0mjapcf0xk zu-9d the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systmh.vl 9foo3yf7ocy 9vs 0:2t5 ebv)atem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy8. ,-;rtorgr zs6y9e gmcz c:w.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factord4tgrz19llyjipy2* g;3rv : l 1; Factor 2 and4lyir;t1:v ld j 3gg*2yrlpz 9 Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at1 t.j wgohr.)v different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riceoob2 hbm. r19t cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe3xx5pmuba, 1b s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mab5 ,mbu xx13pother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow i65iw(l4ormu 48uk oc bn a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web5ea fp+ a2+wjt



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algaox 1blo6c;4j re that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds p1bjrxo 46 lc;oroduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical retp7vfq2 ocd1 6action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon induh -62r )9zwja* lqvi the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earw7 pz5yp, a4)ujj bn2h.qf b8hthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgaj 5p.jynb7pb)f2 ,wz q8h4u hanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofyy6g,e9q1o t q numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofxe ak +ph8mz ifi5s6/g-c2l4beg3gj+ a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTna(s-em ts 09txv1 ; fbt3z;oy):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usinhas1k9:zwi )x g a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are truwh9i )a zsk1x:e?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tkpu sm,8n6bc)mn9; 1lhhc 7 igransformation.

  Figure: A natural en7+fgpb:)fw-fib(mer ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of 3zo2hq: ta2o atoxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussingm m7d2ku f cou18.zeulr 07mn/ a pyramid of biorfz0 1m nc 78 /uko.lmdue2mu7mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ.r bkwljm.r wh+pe +.2y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fo:es)krcy:a/alw+kyxo4s - 1 y r representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinep 7szf 54rva2g food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a9p 53s 0 zichjs67mzd+of*qth soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thaty) x2 7ll(xetfx9 cfq9 does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbedeln jqmmoy fnlmq0w5(-luat)-qyz-)--7+ mrs that could exist in a savannah system with paras-ynq ( )5-mn djmzl -qtu)olqeymf-w l- m+0a7ites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and re 4rx5o8xpwtedjzl3;+ spiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthe+ tx84 wd3j;olez rpx5sis and Respiration?

  Identify the statementsie6:rklo +7mds c1b+ c that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst-b nk.u9o(bbp) pdt. wems.

  State the name of the process that converts cahljo,yu5y/9 -l m+fxmh bo .w;rbon dioxide in the air to carbohydra-+ouh .ym,w5flb jo9/; hylmx tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frj0 ybii(j veec8g) *z(a1ku) qu7om( xom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ey8aik)zqi)e j1v0*oxg b u( (7uc(jm
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the ;wp;kv +tt/h9 c(ana qlongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ye u68jvx.mwc 9u 9,m mr4zw3jrta7bx;gar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemee.okuap4( pu ;nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodkd2 +:6 +wmu)asnzozjuctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th+)ai+g jwlo .ie marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrk 2iquicim+x*de sp-0d /-*n fough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecooz b8v4,a 8z)exz;mzxsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in v:sl+bt/z d.s a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trun n*m1hi o3k2qe of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the .(5ay9ue+8isfqaa g e2rnyi v43 9qzzfollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycazq 2(if3 n ey.ieu9vy9r54 a aq8gzs+le.

  Figure: Average per cnl56f;yynlo 69eqd7mapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primar,+b hwjy ;1 nscly8e,g1;yyary succession progresses from a pie;ysj+ycl;gn,h a yw1yr,b1 8oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example offbcvx1,f/z+t: av+kl3gj /nd transformation.

  Figure: Average per cay 6reb1r 7x2kgpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.*kk63bnd z4 od One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days ind6ko k*3bnz 4d both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & 8vwa( sbl6hts+w3/3s z(4alk hg;vceannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re+f.wo o/8yitk gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio xwgy rp,o3;-jme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph .s*igyxjfl39 of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zoy97e oq e ehgb1sjb7 j,99ybc4luf32lnation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followq93b9jc je 7oy1le2hy,lf e b479usbg ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physydx kh;f +:2fuical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesh2;d:+kuf yfx.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.dnj/smay9( b+

  Identify the correct statement related to div* i;tb ).v1s:l w6erz2 2gk 0dy4uqcqkxnj j6yersity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyq p( iwreu5+q 1m jnz41(6qafz


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass r:8wg knsn0e l-9 oev)kz+8ju of two herbivores in different biomevj0oe s +e z-9 rn)k:glu8wk8ns


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPPud( bas.; y /vp:brzg1 and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionee by:zdu/a;rs1g( b pv.r community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in deseak z l89v,yu4cribing the changes in pry v94zal8k,euoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cb.8v0078bismoy h5un wsqh1 ran be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rah yek3l bj0 j44ha)v9)yntou5te of photosyntheshk9b vj4at 0)n e3o u4y5l)hyjis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel4p8zi6d +ei med



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captgm2pupj,. 7n1ucm-hj ure specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked ind1-u. mjj gpu2,7c nhmpividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takex2ht0w8h v )n.ro4jqc multiple readings of the same factor w)4nh28h ojqrtv.c0x .
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological swhdatyng-7qo9kb 3(2r2 t c9 sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampm7 .4q:a.irct5pjpas les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species shpp+nmi11 by1 qo 2tec+ yf-4yampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fmbmdcw/ew:b:4 3t 6j9 tztnj. ollowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motilebm6 jc.n94 tb3: dme/jwwztt: (moving) specimens.