What is the best defizv xkh/ex7chuubny,02obj(kv 887 p9 nition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph zpqjc/a 4x t0ntnlv ehm4o(, 9c.4d(sof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facebk3 dzfvzi+ x zm.u(44gdg :+tor 2;Factor dbxeigv+m4:fz43ugz.z+ k d (3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationl cl+o28thl r4xo2k (m


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a xe5 h:txn77 eur.rbv 4Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smalt;:3exuf; sg lv9 ij.hl-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depen3it.xe slgj u:hv9f; ;dent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups o *)cnz;sk0s4/ rx8xxf axyc4tf organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canispddw )-9n8g/n rt)au *j/vauo lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit t*rv/8a ajwopgnndu)9-t) d/u he growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of hf(23 o9n:atkylk3/ aqp q:nxo v t9)ha population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thqs4j30l *zy kfe remains of dead plants and animals. l3y0kq s*jz4f
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in r ,osr*r;hzv*food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed up6 p5k2v b9bbseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the coldbuvb 6p bpk295 waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lv*. dy7vyx a7wost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known q6tjwk w52/1pi 8hkvub,aoo8to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurtv,8 ihw5 6kw/ 2jqaooput1kb8ure the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement i--nzdq 14h zc1. ymzjthat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive k jom9de8yuxt1l605 lenzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down tx ol0l8 e1yuj9kmd6t5hings such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti / 9e,hisgoo, fw -9 e07cqxvyif;zj)hvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ma r2fql(p )7m xwl;3uenergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wzs:lw ;9nl,7+ qkh.1-mxhv ptm4aup x hat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and xk1sh p nq, u4-9al;7zh:.vtm+wxlmp Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phot7qwy2 eau n3+rosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sya. :.+j9m)jg;o x+ppmxg yiy/yh ai a1stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that r9m,6b *ob +3y lekaz m4rcb.w6i vl8wcesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and budsm,l6mv*8l6e.w bz+k4 9cyaw r i bb3co of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecfcvq / m3fw2qn-l/-bx t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooe9di4*n9 ohjb- 41nt2wu d kbum;rq ,md web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed o6f ,0n hsumk 5l11r4mh0ipsimugh 3-an the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunligra1ps5m m4m lsu0f6gu -3 1i,hhh in0kht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti 6e p,uhi/e97kz( ekwdg;n/hbon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in theq; zx9cfq+ q6pwsr4:1cb kxu3 ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desc86 i o-zp (dcyi/hn+uuribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non/-ypd(no 6 c8i z+iuhu-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of.:efm2 s: b0nmjps)oh8 hk5hxhxf,c0 numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prl1k p1g17qeonx)hg l .ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Dipagim59 1 je2DT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mvyc8vforp +8ub c:gv h1*e8y84p zl2besocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lop1 uz 84+e8 bvcfrv 8pg 2c:ylby*8vhight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformaf,x/z42ak ygm abt,z8tion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion ;aq8zs 8tfyd( system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha2ai1 df4qsnpr yl+8b5ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussinf,hy 4/6qzu: ae9t frsg a pyramid of bh94qafzy u, s/:e6tfriomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ensa bfg4+ +hs-xergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiv+xt8jjjm9fnv,b0gxq * +tcl * ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food ngf(v*hf g-cm1:u5bs web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystewtyv(te*a0 xb., 3issm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.-o8 )y fwk6gr +jzcwf4

  Identify the pyramid of qy7rf-5,qioko 7xabw4y k a1:numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like th y,o5-y1a x7ab wi: rqqkof7k4e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optionr/6w:-f0w q gsrg m(b7v eptigo+r /i;s below.What is g;(7vrmw+f : s0gpb/qgew/o 6-t rir i Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ;h7wi n+me .upx/3nvk of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost-x08 jk :yib4cdckwl; from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thatq.7t 3uh5jder: ioc5 q converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrh5tj7.q od3i:cr5equates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere fdi.j z/-nn6 a9kf 7i)mk4 qlito other carbon sinks.ikkli n .)zmf -ifa jn/4q967d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requirahag p7m xhu-,49; uc.nawl -yes the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of enerxpsu/r7d .q)m tbd9s/ gy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatlizfuxrv qa312vb46* are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti0zbs1 xte088q3gp:doe (wb r xvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dq *pl7,j+q.h30/9b:oijl esquvpnim iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbog(i27;1sewy zcz+cu e( -krzqop62lq n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemx/*ex f.9d1jibbh3 s n


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysv-va/ qc ae.vf6 ye*x5ap(8c vtem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenzr37 r6c sp5xfjavp(5t that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of thee3 e(ouu qbw;t6) sr6h following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy 3uos eh u(wbeq6r)6;tcle.

  Figure: Average per capita9v .,at*:rm2a8b tfyy:qo w zn $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a3n2zlyu6fp trrizw f ij0 3n(3o:s o:5s primary succession progresses from y32 (i: tlr6u p jrn50fwz3on:fzoi3sa pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foj ah ,pew21et h8q73rmllowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi0 ob2adugl97beqty chs1 - ::tta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w(upl0 ine2x3h4m f er/as kept in light and the other in darknep40flxm2riunh e/( 3ess. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages bo+(4tx; ljiw& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1krthrw81)y d b,ram: 0988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fq2g,p e edp)hxfe8bw 9 .w28nbor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of wo z7z cns2ty11n,rv6 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemeykarrpjrc:s6qa 7k9 7 i9embl29a*7k nts from the followaaakr b9k9mrk7l si7pyr:c976 qj2e *ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lzika 4g)onw;: ist the main factors t;i g4 wnk:zao)hat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bioxsz9ma6ed j,- c9x+imt 63 rzpme.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an econz,9gnlq+vbn ee c,6zn( uxb3*/yl. psystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofux5j0ds z*na 5 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomassy;x:po5fxt0 fuo xl .9z3cpi+ of two herbivores in different biomef+l.3ixf5;c t9xou oxyp :pz0s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc/b)nffw,ko v42 m:no 9 +achtdcession progresses from a pioneer co/mvo9c2 f n knbf+ oh:adw,t4)mmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in d5mfg3yt-f-z73nvl ob, uk/+s,nd ytnescribing the changes in productivity duri, u g5bz-yo s/ fm f3,l7dntnn+v-yk3tng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factof-el 7a4rl4dmpu:, d wr that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temcb 8 it6xj8a2aperature on the rate of photosynthec6t8aabi 82xjsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 3j67 4kzb/c ,bznqvjv a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapqi2 h3, ymwhv .y;+oeby6u9x ns to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps hev6e3+ ,ymquhy2.;nobh 9wyx ild 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, i reyvaypojv;v*9sv .0 p + 4 dd;r.caxkbqv;09t is important to take multiple readings of the s d p;.pvjrsybe9x9; *v0+q 0cvaryd4a;kvov .ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic9 jtgn7fc55)1r(gu n (ugfqjhv qi; k)al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow e(rb5x lpp.od38pq8 su1s5ncCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fooc::pxn hklxd g- .0)mr species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is ,i/atf0p3 wl87+j zwy*,daszfcwu1 onot effective for sampling motile (u3a ztwa*lp i/7f,wc8 os 0f+,zjwy 1dmoving) specimens.