What is the best definition forim6uroa *(rb 7 a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome+9,o/gcwjvqh57 zn zl , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factof +q,vdjv:e(8 z- sqpfr 1 ;Factor 2jqq:vf vz(+p,f- 8sed;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve oem(9z 2 n rzqs0cmn6u,f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesg7qsw5- i vxjn5fjz2my)aw g9v(0t3 r



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th1e 91hv )fmzwoat resemble the zebra. It l)w1eh1 zo 9fvmives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populationoio0q+r3gz r -l9 z,vz.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natdry-gv7 l .6z0qmx iislo 3c+3urally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals sucqgv-zcx 3ml6i +3i ds olry07.h as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of hrnn+jn,8x(w jwn5 . ia population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sq9ke.4b/y. y/rwbddn nails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima y/ nb4 eqdy.wrbd.k9/ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ftgb;nlb5 ch 902x 5tew e u)4,hfkpg*d;zie+xood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and; 8*x zm8vgc e rgm5/x4z vgi.4vqdyw8 other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceawyxim/x 8zvcvz mg ;.8v*gd5r84e4gqn.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsxkks e9;)eu*f: tc(r/ 3ixrdx8b8 glq.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees anr 8l 9/i7nepmtd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soin897ipm terl/ls. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descrvh2 92zhfnqn- iption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundi fkvktu1/ , dft4eh5rq+j87sxngs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying ,t+q47f5ftrkhjxev8/1uk ds leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratek. 7jnqi a mawl,)k-*rd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ5o+ck8kof n7 r7l-wgygr29 lly.

  List three factors that ck 7htkkp9of 8vv 5;;xnould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factovoh7 p89fvxn5;;ktkkr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rak(inm m j)m: dg9(s.dkte of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated q (b d6yz1ahbd0 fcv/:rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gip463kls l)mt sraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Re p63 s)lkmst4lpublic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrest n2l0ar m2 ;s9v-)7 gjlqlxzwbrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webo) gxi0zwbt q6jh 9p1w,xgs:*



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comem0 8 g;u -qmjbu,.,tcppkpv4 poundscpb,k ,gujm p4e-0m q8 utpv.; produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical nxuerpd 9r3hx8tv(29reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems di 5uniss s9b,(kagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describ h0re nhoc.xo5l1a60 des organisms like earthworms that ingest and then breakon h0c ha1d.6 rlox50e down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyraj m02 en/grn1:j.uo:izj+ rhvmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densit8skv0r0ux) uzies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ab3o-wq) z 5uwb fpp,m1p0qf)pmout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaj+tso.q m3 ;b(pjpbf9 vw-dh8ilable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near amp v.3st8do+ jwpfb(;q -9b jh window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foll 0 rpefk5, h k,arbtz(;.tfoj0owing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion jt-v1tnid4ndl+ +3z qg7o jq9wo/-hji(s lb2system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food u /-uzi5hx- r3sim)a tchains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofpf9t wtwh+,rf)n)9waq 4d4 it p ,r 9nditafw4 wq4f+t)w )ht9biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy6 0qyqv9lv-8gftd flfc:f:2t


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit / id24/qnaccus for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar 8ljyv n 0i*l ei gl3wt.a6c9nr9.h.orine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecohv3( pjncs-hf+p- ; ocsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that do 9nq)biclubh58/y tcvsyj00 2es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in ah ys7bz *6ob;s savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thb*zyh; b os76se lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration(z-8qgh 12 y 9 m-6*(babedgsgqxb*zjdan- sj correctly from the options below.What is Photodnseg( 2 1b*(y dm-qs8z-zga9 b6jh*jqxba-gsynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that /0rff.chp1 hy yaf5;/ehnok+ describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost sk9.k s+mgdz-from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cam)tp) q v z1cmf85oyh0rbohydrateq)1v f5mz0pyhmt 8co )s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere 3zv4lt-ot- qz *za j-.9 zyxtkto other carbon sinks.z 9-o tzq -3tzlvjk.4-*yt zax
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that 6snt2p- b ty-drequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / p j4 s+w0:tsoozer area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are 8h o3ocy h5qlkd;2g(jyrv 91otrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS- )aa3wfx+m0r ds uqx+hn2+pw2bm,pg P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram lrux 0)ju jbf1/sjad9c e53fkn j*:i* of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carwp +6(k d7ampul5eg+l3uxhb :bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem af z7 lro3g ers-0lk* j6,*rth


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial .izap+x y r0*kecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of dfa+qdm6 myd s)p*i s/7 /v bs60r4ufzienitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effe1cq0 qr3;tgjp/bdvhn3a .o:m ct on the nitrogen cyoqd1 ht a3 pc3 .n/bj:rq0m;gvcle.

  Figure: Average per cuj8lpdd q- ;:uapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,9 xysxcghlc e5qj +:s eh q:8.qt3df8x:s3ts. GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneerxhc8.cthe 3 d::fqsq5xsex 8j9ss yg.t :ql3+ community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformsbz-ey(,ltry 7mq 8r q96dti7 ation.

  Figure: Average per capit1)1y,ilo+xhd +n fhqa. pr nj.(i3wqn a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bh*vi 5pp e p74:uf /5rtbg1ebhottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days inf4ive p7h /*eub5p1:phbtr 5g both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stt;jpt3 xe2j1k orages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988p )p gyt*cam6:y*f; rw-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data x w8pdq: ffrlh;7:sr+ for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap3 nrpslt-j4i a30lep(c hs2+ jh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosingp ,wf5 jv/ nwvymzcv36krp7j xv*,d+4 one or more statements from the follv7nc px 5,zdypjv4* m+3,fj rvvww6k/owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic prf(*n szbt d+tf5i m/z-d2 4ppatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the te/fb4n m 5(rp2 ps*z+did-z ttfrrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptp.g+ws 6edjozpg/g g9)a;u(hion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystemm 3dx4fzygd5,o akhkj0u.m,8.

  Figure: Climate graph of yum q6;3zc2 ygRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity f,5 l abh6qm tq,(th)qtryj-bho/ , e6and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes5ho6y mqr,),hj t,ht q f6qba b(le/t-


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivk320s 3aq*zkjnmqbric my;; 06/gn nrersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer commu;;qim6qr0b3* sk amrj 30 zcny2k/ngnnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descriq g6 7;tna mm;9-xhh7 qpevrx(bing the changes in productivity during primarr mgp6;mq;v a7xn e-txhh7q9(y succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can .5hw2h8scsyj np*s0xo50 wb ri.d9dk be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaizih(b(j jwa +*. ox5lture on the rate of photosynthesis .(z la5wb(*ji ihjox+



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielb colh3i9w 8q:d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series bw8e:abr3ej9jg f 0:hb;+jbu ;6lhzxof insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a wx8b 6h3a0: ;bhljg :9j uf+bzrbe ;ejtotal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ofg)0xn(fp* sci:l xr/z the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sam/ncz*gfp0 xs:rl) (xi e factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological savgfh/- h+t jnc-wih6h 7 (6cfumpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cre z0z+,reoa8q/r+9riw5nctw eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cr cfc8o2x,8 ssyeek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplinkw 6as4(veqp -g techniques is not effective for sampling moti6 -kvsep w4q(ale (moving) specimens.