What is the best definitionmcxmp*kq77 ,z wh,, bi nk7jum5u)wr 2 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rhdiy4 )m mxq08q4 jt5uome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesd2 a8y/lw )rxs' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;lsd x)8ry2/a wFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatm 6s371xtb da-a,dpndion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosfz6nl hpfla e/*7.m6soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thfexou4 *p*+t ls h/5xxe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves xpxst*ohx l*54 /+ufeand buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of or5 sh*6znctbf/ ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves o0 abtrgoo3c3s)*olg vj,vlga6 k u (6.ccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers vkr(a0l.j6 b)c3olsavo ,6uo3gg *gt in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refle1 5p(+wgykuwp cts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead 0u6,wz)mw, duny: os v8mo mc)cl v+nsr:.,olplants and anima0, mwom8+vncrvol)dz,owm yss ::un)lc. ,6uls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cqbwz1h8 jyy.6hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polyfi+ :k ,nq2l0y:/jpqubqa 0b ar bear and other organisms live and nq,l kb0 u 0+pyqiba2f/:q: jyinteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lozy;uf js78.u:-yl p tc6d sp+*nk*nixst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees anc dkxjso 1njx135a u).d a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions 1ko51uj xxna3. d)csjhave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaiedubngdt( oj x /;ud5(h3l..dn.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirmz:8 o 7l(f ,d m4f. pbehxjl7byz3kd2 surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fu7y7 kb,l 4flbdho.xp(j2dmfez3:zm8 ngi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s48- vt3u3moqrf ; kw ,eeg;ihmystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidsr7f-h fr:qq* 8n-jzo(xoda; x; pd+ da of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' yhd3x /6pxyz g z8x6ci4-awj8 niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3c6 /8zz yd-4 83ix 6xpaghwyjx?

  Figure: Graph of the rat*mq a p-tvs+p p1pby(2e of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedvov(+aej 22awl oxj9bmcp76 0t s2*bbbn ve 9: rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the rwlbdb 2o 9vnr 4(r)9rzebra. It lives in the Ituriowb vl2) rr94d (9rnrb Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descr)vcy 3zlpal- ( xcb4t;iption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food j(u3;r,e6 n dh8sjhlfweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fel7cy tdw/2n+ved on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidl2ctndv/y+ 7w e, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemick x7 1hookwke 5u /5mu74tkrx1al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diaev-/ wid(e34u f0t fg5vqbh 1agram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tes le(z09. fmkusu4/bj rms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down 9le/k4jsuu0s(mf z.band digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb,9 vykbluec;g) f /vg*ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr t5l7mm4f(b5 ktx hwd2edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltr3 09x zmn+vqbhnvh* y.ez4ei8 ) z9cosichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available *ne8nf qw.g ,vg(zfzco (73lo;ju ul7seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimnzj,( 7ggf*7(zqnwco v oel uful38.;p, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followikk aven3a *i44vfu86hs eh(n( yklyz6;m.gk -ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sy nwpp*r ch5ny-kg ;2/,joxir5stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food *;zw-)5w kucskyr / k0hq.uirchains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrtutw*q fh1ky.;wz.: irm, zy2amid of, u ftkh;2zm qwr 1ywti:z..*y biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ex/o7g3a+mcqee w.c s 60ak/ -h0abibt nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representixivx1ch xngr2v1d(.0 xz1 b,jng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo 8b nsl5t5/kfyd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecoszj/ zi .js(.7ec .pbhvystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describz w z**f*(8rlrtn: f b2)dwdq*x4gohpe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that*x uwsk472bf g)tkm0 r could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consukw0g)sk* 4rt xfub27 mmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration-yzh kd7l0l ;fk 87n,auyasbo+.jl q6 correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and ajyk u qo n8l07l; hys.alk+ 7z-d,bf6Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descus mz-9wnp.k9cv b: 3bribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is 2 lzlwis*85tw lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon d*7 bud5e-gteihc+r 1r ioxide in the air to carbohydrate1ret 5 i+b7dc*u-hg res.

  There is continuous cycling of bz wo8j2fp (d;orq.o9 carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. d p.jz82qoow;(fb 9ro
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lce1g8q +,1lqini02 qgup2 hissj za42ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in:qmsp q;fk. x9 an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha wszx -v wkzv4-ov0:m;t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaqv..meb-o hrfc x)l40ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the 3gfa, qws 3uk3mv-)vn marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbonts9f:g z )dy)v/6 efnf cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste+p jw 4, sbiq5qy0mkf4m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in0fc-vf dkol((; p8k 2uzu8 n1kxsul3f a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyu+gh k imp,k :qsx6aa; .q.l5jp5/gyuing bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect om;d ;tx j7qb,es-qi 4gqvjl6;cb,i /hn the nitrogen cyclj;,6qlse/v x h ,cii 4;t;qmbj-7gbqde.

  Figure: Average per cap 2 gy7p9mnc9l+i o6ydhita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in b4e8 wj3(ce zdbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commundc ee843jb w(zity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following it) ro *h 1ren9.2jrueqhwnf90s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capic70hpj09 ygxjp vbb/g +p 3(lrta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elg9 v6n;ssrxo t 2e*u-codea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two n9gsc *x-suo2et rv6 ;days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual8 qk uj/ vdt:ur ,d7;pkavs4z* flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20+3phu trf : vge0s8la720


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio-f3b ) duecfb9me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itak.( 3x k x7hqjs/ /mc3muedm3rly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from thq4hxe4i f(/ol e following4 lh/xfq(o e4i.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patternn: jp.drqns-9v(*o qh*p(cih s and other physical variables. List the marsd:n n * pc*jihh-o9.p(qv(qin factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a des hb9u2/vm ,qz4 s4bayhgp)9nacription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct st0j ,fks 8-rcqtatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of 4vnryhg)fpn0, u:xu wf:57z1( a f60pye rqpeRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and :ze46vv w6xblbiomass of two herbivores in different biomes zxw6 vlb4:e v6


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivermd n)6v:sq4it sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community tt6qnvids :4 m)o a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the xpc9w fdeq a9;5*hrh wrp;4- zfollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity ;e5w9p;c9fzhw xph 4rd-*qra during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meat :rym5 vpko7*0o7ss isured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investi3hla(ic2wb j: gate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis2b: jca3(iwhl



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aropst2,k; 2p5wr 0t/5 xax wvi field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist useddm4d1.25mpa wdr4ty-m qa eh 55 niq6d a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuali .h5d tdqr4-qdya215nm6pw e d5a4 mms out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to2(kriz cfwr-vx6l )l0 take multiple readings of the l0kifzxcv (r2l6w ) -rsame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ij+0 k8y *aq9tss dl6en gbqo1v42ia3pn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl((ugr g0vey1 n8*qm bthi :,vbes of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for ojm;n5 0nve j-species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectifq73mq; s iv5akq vxg*;m /v k uu).+eb/8zypive for sampling msuzx ;my*) 7avfkgvebpq quq8/35 vi+/kim.;otile (moving) specimens.