What is the best definition for 0pp*s0 gr,b njfl.:iw zy6vv :a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R7 j,*9ycnobzx ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichk94 rb*6 ee8hgoq+x xte.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?g9rqk 4t e e6xx+o*bh8

  Figure: Growth curve of a po+xoqc( dr ax.5pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie 08bumrl 32ybqs



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thas;9v+ kt+ .utpy/a vbtt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat t.t ;y9b+tuvk v p+a/sfruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popuz22 t x4.nyo1+d xmovglation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup j,+kmpyp l2+pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic ++jyk ,p2p lmploss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph tha:o kkkgp3 u uoz32n+9k5itv 96+kjrbqt best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sna3it1flsdv wfbq):6) c+as) cg 1matk5ils feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.wt kccv)bs1 fm5)q1lfga+6ta3 : ds)i
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin: zbmf+p by21bs in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,h;p7 bn1) clcs r5zqslbr9q7xo8v)q7 polar bear and other organisms live and ;n qrb7 spoc1x78)7bvql)zc5 r9sqhl interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fr:ah-f60tjfvts9 gy3y1mj ,j z om ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lnh: cysesj8y 85w5qb 6arge biomass with high productiv5scy6nwy : q8ejbs5h8ity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cor :or0i1 -f -uqbmjwhxzikz2*sg- gz+(rect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into: wynim z9dg8v 9jgx23xyca7; their surroundings. jvmi:ngg2 a y87wx;9c 9x d3yzThe enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatig( ve4bx sd*l9on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids x1qv*s-e4w u: )fhvzlof energy.

  List three factors that could describe a seral4 9ls6ex*pecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ans6 * 49exrelald Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dif .;hbzb0n)iuy ferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricgx*0,ys f z/eons5z2vugv *1 y18d,l5zct yc ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe anm+ de-; fqvvci+-w *cjhh03yld has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives b;c0y-ijdch ml qev-v *f++3hwirth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripupdmgpfc 4 am89fsb (mde (f7d.r-q2.tion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web nsli7fi5x 136 efnh3b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that cu7r(jzzs25fjfi (kp f3f( l 9f0vq,vlive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon 2kz(v3ffj,s cfl9q5if( pf0r(zjv u 7 dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical 8zqwd hz9q1k6reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram +komq z5ur08dof the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fk .:)m yqbzq tuuy(4i-ollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then breaky)i(b.u qkuqtm yz 4-: down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py*f3x ne 8 0nlrz mpy bp-:5+s(1iaa4azgoh)sy ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d:,uy6i7y um+qwx (nt.h*j jt qensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenym0q ip2d:n-w vycl-/ sltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciall:dpf2zhd9jmn1b+0+v )xud j py available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it neardudvx+p)d 2z9f bjp1nm0+ :jh a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trab6bqb8o7 5zkn nsformation.

  Figure: A natural enere )jh dk 5oaa)ps,x2;cgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain(o dw8vfehs09swqic0 d1 g*o, vtr:.y s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussdwlmv*ymu (vcs66:/k))qe mv ing a pyramid of bly )6q dvmu v*mckm)(v:sw 6/eiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerb ,n eln37cyf+gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivitxr p0yu/sdcz p /c8(ze+at;ll,99 lvwy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinq z0f25;zjdu ty(h:vub:bv) i:c8c d ve food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in zkn ,o8v. cf8ihz79gtc 6kpjgy5/lj1qn7 hc6 a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food m.j9 0 : npllfltnc5,hweb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systemgjk0pm. t 28wc,wn6gw with parasites on g p6,twg20.kc wmn8jwa consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration 6eo d ;*)evbvzj i -exxd6oe)+correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratiod*bdo6ovx 6e+-evj x i;)eez)n?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectipx+ 526ineio5ay0h f gz6o hr y:;3iohcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fr0vzq8f rmwwx9i6- w ;rd3ru3jom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to ca-n-x,dk:) p6m*qte muiic l.2n4koyu rbohydrates*mip yqto:mkn )id.4uucn6e- xl2-k , .

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosph5-uwo/9x*ml5jma,choa /71 bfmkr(mc j v;wcere to other carbon sinks. cxjm *o cu 57k;a/1 l mw/m5 vo,mcbjarf-h9w(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rx/c7p 17 ucm4 xa .-vrnei9zar8n q)vpequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per+u3 z;tz:dvyq4iz7wg year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thab8d.dtn3 svuu50 aq1d t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produu f:ugc. k;-3qfv 2d aio)yly*ctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinm8 uow;6cp z8we carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of iumv2cysoe nje186:1mio ; 7zcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystvb *e9w;g w7 k0zshiq)em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestril,bu0/r.yx k) my0hhbal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not qm;nr7 (5j* zxc7ppvn true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitr cqqabh+)z +/pixfm+( ogen cyqbh+ z +)cqmx( pi+/facle.

  Figure: Average per capitag9 nn ;;rx5kxh $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity mo5i-ogp8osa23c i9c5s1bt n , GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitynsm25-8i5p bstgcaio o9o 13c.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofkgipd-, bq9lh( n4eq 3sv;c- l/y+epw transformation.

  Figure: Average per cgxjc;y0w j- b+apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wkmzw*om q,)s, ith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen valuszw,o,)qmk* mes were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualt vxb*;w-syf7 flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriedfllw r; kh ,bca7pusi:0k);0s by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dato8+vr8deqn s.j : deoh- w.zf0a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itb2e,2krr8 ialtk.)o q aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsb k92t29upc9lcnta ee/ 8d9 ja from the fo9e c2 knbcjtp9 udeaat /982l9llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablde (axaik,l )9x p8j*+q;trnh es. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomeir k alq );(+d ,etnpax9jx8h*s.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomeks1e*zt 5:qo e.

  Identify the correct statement related ts8w:w 9rpux: to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Roto0 i pqr. z,;zp2j:lmme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity a)kpwb,bcxm1-i +d *dowh6r;j nd biomass of two herbivores in different biomesi bc;+drwkb*1x6hwj,mo d- p)


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP az qqtnu/sn9e mcixv,sz 6du;5()f l uij49;2knd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clin z (ez ;, v;lcsinx4ifu9)62uts /kdmqj5uq9max community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sn lac0j(h0k bhrcf(03 tatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity dulk0cn(h0rjhb a 3(cf0ring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dia dtah kcyc,r7.,r89xy ki,tc /.hcp8sk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temp7;-sdw7o, v rkx- mktn39 aflcerature on the rate of photosynthe7x o-kvtlwkf a3 n 97cd-r;,mssis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiex4b ,kh-j/lns04xn vwo0lg 7eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insd5hqp i.dh(yhg3 i:* xect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this speci*h3ddx5ihg(hpq:iy . es.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mul+wa xuq(*n5x gtiple readings of the same factn+xw (auqgx*5 or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s. 5*n( bjer i1v(-cm4zgtksye ampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sl-g*l(m()o h rsek5 fxamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cree2v l eoz*:wti/..z24 rb g;3myydhzbv k




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for saejlp2(mwi ah,k: j s4)mpling motile (:h,kj()ljem2 a si p4wmoving) specimens.