What is the best definition for a species?c/mpiv;b76 ot

  igure: Climate graph of 9 ea 3w52wmjuhc3nsm:brt2 e;Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sp19na v 3eq5,s+xt 2eh0pvf wwbvogr*j5-hy s0ecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fab35p+awysftr,g0 xoew-e 9v*1h5 q2 nh0sv vjctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatd+ n v1*cpxd,2cz4rhhion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of w6a, +6*+fi e xyniwsna Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble1c : p0lg2xzmrlo 7.iy the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of tr0mro72g l.i y:pxz cl1ees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popw 10oj38t 8uz;qs.z: fgppn mvulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Northvi 5qas.p15eddtu w 28 America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015,pq5wsedtiu. ad 25 8v1 wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be: bol3sgkbd1gn ;cn91st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sna/5 lge3idv)la ils feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.3)v la /5deigl
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain) 5vjt2 ro si 2/of6*7ze4zqlaxbn(aqs


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ring *l1*hgsuq 2j7xkray nsr;y j8)2g hh+ed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with r yj+gh2l u) *2ygq*ax8s ;7jhs1knrheach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froddyrm83s /1hqq,8pl g)-d q pgm ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pr uur.ufk/)4gkdhnk c d*;0md8b d3r5poductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also id ncdu/k3k d4udmb );kp8uh*.r0rgf 5nteract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foo-txt:, :jekyytf n w)(d chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing ,zo(k ccmxuff.r3( s- digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then a(kfc.o-3crzsf( ,m uxbsorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation mnzp 97djaia 6h epczp4d6 ;;-system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedsfbv goc+r4 g/t.7x 6z for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that couxryc* +k5:5vwlr gy ,oly .)dwld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 axvy l5oy:dw.+lw,)r* cyr k5gnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different te e 3 s(6g. onr/+nbsqpiz*b w+cq0mib;mperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemf ;t1vstwbb2i/b3xw83wfgvc7wi7 /ps8im1 x


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and nhh q vq.x5c(se+p;tf* :fv;4r cr; vthas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democraticrepcf:sv;th4 +cq(vvf; r5 t q;n x.h* Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrez9*i47y p mhagct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooelr713a-ho uuk05pj nw7v1pud web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on zirk-3 -np 7kjszx:6tonrk .(the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidrz tk-x3sni:op .6(znk7rjk -e, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following crm/qj3,x3s7 fa* ,w6 ihirbochemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the3ic)sbmq. ..b rhu; jc movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormsp3hka75wu mjgo rz816n8 s)kg that ingm1)phgzws 8a ok83gk7 ju56 nrest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid(0 3n fl6tsesy of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitf;p )c jzt0ds0qa+wo4ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlok ro83 hne ;ztr.2g:rhrodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocgn/o x1**4gbnqok:s7hm s 4gbosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it4snsg*kg* b hx/:oq1o4mnbg 7 near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transico8t(zr(3j0lb,tl9 j;v3 w zj+qblkformation.

  Figure: A natural energy0ki)ef6z tg9m1ao 87nm+jek ;9apcp z conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup off8ava.q:a )n(iei.ri toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discu (trk) :h5q6gylrh x.lssing a pyramid of bi)yh65t(l rqlxk .:hrg omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enxt1 e ob21x0cfz93tb gergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in +p; +yx ;ho:g,cjhe box +ih2yan ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wfot)v 2uec.z1 eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste5u uoe4y0/ p4blmm3li9ouiy0m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately de8xv;k qs(lggm f0*)jascribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah nfsmsie tb r/x k:233 -yqn2h(system with parasites on a consumer like yiets2/ xk-r3mf (nhsb :qn32the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options wmib 1a o/dmm,3mk2- mbelow.What is Photosynm3kibd mom, m2m aw-1/thesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descrqxq1ra5ojobu6dp 9 z 4xvn bc7t.+ -c-ibe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frof4jqqty g-jm6w+b5)f: ry)yt m ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cakp-kma11m io uc61 op8wy7.cirbohydratpccai7- iy1ku 1.1p o68wom kmes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.i f1*gn9fp tczk+l.ch4iee**0 oc ow/rz .k7ktwpc*7rk e /no* 9il*eok4 k.i1+cc f0h gzz.f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that r 4hb mja7hi9;s,v.9xxerz.nyguy:q2 equires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per araqhljdr+hr0 xq cq c 28u+4v/+ea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arew9ucmbkm h4rk -g 8(uxw-q35,efhth3 true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconda g )tphfo h4x4op*w8n1ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinexyq/vqp**s 7u: (uelp carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of ca 9qx:cph-js s 3i69bkdrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an0y,,+rrjikbd paz o 3s5r9p u.a,/tmq ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in ak9c l4len kwk.b04k2. aa+obh terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trcm2to4o s3ojd.8m s,shn/up2 ue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-in+mu tm z6rl*;wduced effect on the nitrogen cyc m6z u+rt*wml;le.

  Figure: Average per c ymf-zfmotb-x3 4w 2)qapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog ier. bu7fft43resses from a pioneer ceu47fitf3 . brommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the ( wn dm,20h9xo8fdk)d bpv2ew following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per qja grp,t zxz cf52(r+f(of/ +capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriedu.b/q eu.f*yv5l iu6h out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was keptu/e*l.q v 5y6f uu.hbi in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows/g+qd7q6.8f uonf / xs bbipw. in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 122s ae2l xi:he9 d2:n ee0lrtz988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 5)k-50m6trcbs hxfe xfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of qvl.o +at 5otn)de 6a:Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo/az+v7wb ia p3re statements from the folloa p+/vwa zbi37wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and kh7 )g a0uyh)mother physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrest ayh)m khg7)0urial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th9lctes go209 c yfuo;(e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyswa9ujb)k.( win 7 j,*5rjhxmbtem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itv 4p9inuj a 4t: :+(kzr4hmcx+jvrn9paly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pr 1otw) xl*vd wgokbs9a(d*jwmd:4j r lcs601*oductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom*k: 06wwjg9d d wsst) 4(jxmo lvd1b1** rclaoes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nm*: 38gjclwx0v k,czuPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer commu:zc*ckl30 x8 u mj,gwvnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correcxcm pb-e91d z s0ke6tnm/lf+/ +pjh :ct in describing the changes in productivity durin9+01ze ncsftp mc :hp-// ld+b6 xmjkeg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usrky d;y,s6fz: 3a h7 fmkcm0o8ga1,jting a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effkl 03no 0g+tuaect of temperature on the rate of photosynth3 n0lt+gk oa0uesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field guza no-ks+uf2 * m7d-



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturja*x joyyjb -0q+6k el.v69p he specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 460pxj6y leoaq y*+96j kh-jv.b9 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thep dt 3f( p8rna,*.f0qzch*eio data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. (8ff cp r 3*zhp,ien d0*taq.o
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological saw v)wzb5nuqq e19:qh)mpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wil8 sdh ngfr nag3i 5f912(8gu;pdzm .kllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parszhg3 f; .)itw)us8vpts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplin1oqr,o*8yxa)rt k vc xbf5 2d.g moyf 15a. ),kd*q2x c toorb8vxrtile (moving) specimens.