What is the best definition for8l7a5bp 8k g ex)p*h0h u4envb a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romea x /f2n;9kr-arwpa l+-5v6f,dz ww jp, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nj,xb1v6 ) taboiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor )vx1at,o6 b bj3?

  Figure: Growth curver3e8dx:f vnkbali /( ; of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistodt 5u(c:g+pjqi6uct3 soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resebsn(ux o v8;p:mble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother g: 8ov(p;xs nbuives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of th9i k c965 orv8kxs(egse groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupux*bgk 4 /b5tbs ae-l:gs)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% at*x4g sg-l5eb :/bkbof the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growthbqk2q vz r1mf*(09oa q of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remainna lqm4lrkc,(a83od/tkxy k ma((e;8s of dead plants and animal(/r(laoytk4 ;qan88, kxakced(3 mmls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin+ bk 7s)4dv6r7iwtna js in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kiy 5ng,2mqx1.xkn:5zi:z ok1uu av 5fd ller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and intk .25u,5q1fgaod :1xuvnky m 5n:xizzeract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste:tbu.k nt f:2at h/g.xms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large b)1(bf3fpori 3w5* e+ vbecv tbiomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact * fe5tb3 1+p)ir vo(ecbb3wvf with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tqb*5- (+rbh 8wptxlm that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundizasr 0cnt-+1yrx (m 4angs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prod+-rcma 14z0 (n stayxructs.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation e:n/w 1tgt2ete ay b+y).8:2vh stgpj system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofe,*cb0hwa bo4 energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Facjvj1i(cp y.5y e/p-pntor 2 and Fac n5j-jpp p/vyiey (c1.tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different .jmrf.+ze:dw4 1y )m 6p ar(uqyw:gk ftemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati5g*b ;6nc ox0zbxsuu,on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has d9; x xv0.o t,jfzus1sstripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four tojsu0o9st1 xvz ,dxf; . five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionk kd) /n2 x zs3-f .huoit-9lchs-0zbr of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web f5;tv:) nvxpcw 35bod



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the duqx :vohpmlj p p s5w11v80)9carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae frph08dxs: m5vqu)9w1ovj1 p l pom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionye4v5,,i,l h.v0 jgvx9qwf au:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systen /zps; 1o56 +wxysjatms diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the f (4mh.a+ goi8zo+db vqollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then brea8qi m 4g.zo+hoad(+bv k down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers m(h//kg l dan,l;38q,jicwi p


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities oflv+/ z* zdba n74p+kqas ;z.cg a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodi3,tf; otl6u wmt: jrk(phenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avoo1 920d riljvailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and graveljl9o 2o0v1d ir. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example xco4:pw -hli-ox, z leh,--d y;qe9s oof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co (phvb, ,edfl2nversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinfnugt 3l(oz;p)fxyt nc (e136s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whe onm2pfyan+(.-uf 8 s8fylyf -n discussing a pyramid of b--yf+8uff2.yo(nnf8 alm p ysiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energe-/w;nojvb tst9 nl h-kkp.8(y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units , eyeg8 ur-epu/y(a 6rfor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web t as)knh pg14 272zqkb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web indln.rb 8sxexo)e i+/* a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does no+t(;v:eei 8 nd(t2 u;.jxltaj 2w jyqvt accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syst n4upy:fg2k. dem with parasites on a consumer like the lion2nf :dkpy. ug4s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr7 cu3kc:ax(znom the options below.What is Pk3c zx7n:a(c uhotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insec 0u2o(cf lk,lra1lf6tticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ 54ed9-nreq vf9zoc4kfqam 06 y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxi vww8 z97qbi,nde in the air to carbohydr9n7 iw,b vzw8qates.

  There is continuous cycling of c3cmv( (57aevnsn h/js arbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ( 3/csnhsn(ev 5jvam7
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thhrs gf6 kxb53rc1i g97px5e 0ze carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pe, fml7;z e5azd.j ur(r )/g0rw,fg y.opyv 7jir year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that it89kaa(v( yhy9 h +4 p+,p xi2mbt2mzhlnhc,are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (N)t06.dm8guj jj 1hlvjy6rgqvt1o30 ySP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon c+h 5f 9 1ivys9dorik zqrf./8uycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cao 3 t9s00*mqqpg+tno yhr/ 1gycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste)nujplb: q rt9a,b)5xn,t i f8m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a /xiwpri+/ln e36p//w*l wg adterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that igcfvmsl923 v zjgw )h *qfi5:5x3o2 czs not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a 1+n,rbzw i;t phuman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.+;r z1itwb ,np

  Figure: Average per c8 m/gzvztip 9h, 0cf)xapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progr9ss0ruxd 7s9 wesses frsd0s97xuw sr9 om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transq fi5x0euf1* 5bkm9a4 jwsa) vformation.

  Figure: Average per capy9rrd6 j 4pm3 q8xhnh.ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usi5,mhll y y1/r4m rjn61v8 ) zllw/*zcm cdlj8gng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were/ymv16l)c5/8rlh mmc1dl jy8 *l,glrz jw4zn obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagesss 0bclj-5 oh2 & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 p2ab kp45dcsx( tl(c.


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for tmt0)n1 sn: 3jvv:9pu,n rvp pa biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro* drh05lm x,-, x8iluaeo r4ucme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chos2 :r s0f,ym(lbmyv.e osing one or more statements from the followinmy2vsf0:(rsyl , eb.mg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized b6d8el3ys 0exf nl:r; ly climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize fe:;l83 l6 elsrxn0d ythe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforzo4vh ,229ibv op mik*7a)yknest biome.

  Identify the correct statemdtgmym8sd q p3* pryjsl595-8 rs) wd gm9-2djent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro::n9bi1xfwzi q94jwu me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoresa 9h zh+o7;wt +d:z jjkmyl3/irn5c4w in different biomjnohd ;7 l5ih/ykjcma9+:zt 4zw+3w res


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiver0 djvju0q q6lj+ ;)pejfql8q 1sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comf 80julldvep 1q0 q jj;q)6j+qmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fooy2 i1 l-ftro-4me19zcvtqf (llowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity otqf2c9e-o( m1rfi- z4yvt1 lduring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meaivsfhqc341 *vbxo-a8 sured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature ocg) u5ezt 3/mld0h3ez n the rate of photosynthehtug0)3d c 3ee/ mlz5zsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a lsgl+z)w 4.h xfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of j hr4ja) 0tq3oinsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked indivijt4a 3j)0qr ohduals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readins4/yzmm- *ig tyg9 z(ngs of thnmz9z gt(gys 4-my */ie same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicaq82r tewqw93dl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W6oz1j i;elej z/ b1dl5illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample2( s(lur00zzho u(vpud in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follo2ftpjdr(i6m :wing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spec 2rfpj6:t md(iimens.