What is the best definition for a specivx 7f cs ,l4a-b6p-h b6ykyzg/es?

  igure: Climate graph omo u(:mdr3w *if Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sf(j/c c: gk4 f0pqx0tr. ; q2xzackxyl-y3ql6pecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;kxcxj;qpf6 (y al 0t3.-2 qzkcrg: xl c0qfy4/Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of r1h-4uuqyi.mhq . bo 2a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie8esks 2 pdye+; -diz7-t5me hps



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has str2tyhuh+t e .8nipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk tnhh2y.t+ u8 efor six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgag9vw :d;; (jfk/vta yxnisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves :t*hmfg- 1hptoccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-t mhpth:g-1f* 8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best * 3ru/rvp fy5aj2cuj,0i bh/l reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains gim 69hwqzqks1+czfuz5*.2 r of dead plants and animalq9uig czsz1 zk*6hf2r. mwq 5+s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food yizmab8 oki6 o u38o ;apa98b3chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, poo *wdf5q:lvb3 2mg8mw lar bear and other organisms live and interact wimm o83:qdbf2g vl*w5wth each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ener6rhiip , 2ex;0gc,qy96nklf6e bq )zb gy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productia3j ey7x8e)wrf ct 0:pp 0cx+mvity, despite infertim0ac7 +x3re jt:fp )ypw80x ecle soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain 6( mg-s3oxxoj.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrbx4pe3ws 7 0ansy7tf9 oundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the funginp ybw0tx9f3e7 sa s74 then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste c bz2qy9pk78lm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofvgdu/0 lpc3jc n-p6ix *,gn/ f energy.

  List three factors that could describmxp-qb .b +uj)e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and p +xb.qj) m-ubFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ratc;, lrevy/v j1e of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratepuyds4i4 (,,eszvza:8. 6sosn mgx2f d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strib(angr8jun* u8d 5m8v pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.8 (85 rv8m dnjubagu*n Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy vx hcrc- +v.e)flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weoab7 3il +jd0 bte(vy.b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cfk097s0 t )s tovdnqr4lmc.o17u i 4us dfk3a*oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxid 7*o30q0tkn.at49l1kfcdu s fvu 4)ms i ords7e, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemig:x3:yy, id +b rske,uhn4t,z cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems d/;1hr*mk zvcy*21ofs8oeg omiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like en c f; )ldaswc:x(:uj4arthworms that ingest and then breakfd 4c:;(nu : )awcslxj down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb z8hw f)x)zz/oers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities o0- yko ky2xg-aia2+le f a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichl3gojgh*a 5ts q653ooe orodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercia 3uw 4-9s,oj afz-cmcklly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following stko4cwc,3-zmfs- jua9 atements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of triolxx0r,2/h 4z g k-k zckf) :n;mr4ipansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sep1:ftv(w)f ycye 2u0ystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains (;atsg 4ruh*rgb5 ue2




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statementsd 2vyv231-v f kxd;i:p.cff2v)g fgfx is false when discussing a pyramid of biomadv2 k dc-.2fg:f2fx3v xff igy)vv1; pss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energe1v16e;ad cr i2h:inlj 2u ca/y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in 4ruy yak3 6/r7k8degdan ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wna0i*ok ; gmfbd nqa74 q*d*;leb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec.lifj+p og mr8 l69ftle ha-(6osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement rdyce2iq7l-j xq1bu + *ziy9,1 a;fscthat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wi5*c(a e2kti*z+ylsdpth parasites on a consumer like thp5 z2k+l*c(t*is deaye lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.W e:l ro,l*(z9rf;q awphat is : ;(wql*,zlfpr 9 orae Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide*k, v kddipn8zj1 v;xz-f*w o1.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is 7xaw w* +4f0aj(f olok 2i4yillost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process th hvkb)(3 kt5*3slf bddat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesk3dfhbkvtl 5b) 3*d(s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sink 0.x8r rzwt,1gb:ue98 gjv/6 rd pd7g nwe)hpfs.r9 z0ph 1w7tgxdb8nd wrfugpe)r,e : .v/68jg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longeu* v(r crxqo6n+89co4mib:qe) 4kvtyst time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in cco e :*ubx2vlb+z-8vs0 ci;y an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar7 tug45uioa duyc9 4yc*b83 eje true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be / 2aso;b+qlyv calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine car e alc14cmr. 1mspi(e2bon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c/l6 u(i 1ciw lm:pbogik-+yj3 arbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystenjygmp f 7*0fm15f kjnnj78-rm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem a+m; 1qknm uq8in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true ov+h+ vt6qs(ol c*pp; ff denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not /w08y.bmet+onqyzt 1m)(c*gxc ;kcz a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycwme1 myg/c0tb xt(q+;)zo knz. y8 c*cle.

  Figure: Average per 4/rcsuql;, 73 rkikapszvb2 , o;l/o zcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPyp v0.a uy/ndh)d 8o,r as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitrd8nduh0p y./y) oav,y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp/3uenb25wmz xi5tvx8 le of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap.oiox u-auzxg 3au 46;0kbw2mita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an El,)jtl1ie/bu a ozi7*w odea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the expebel1 w,z* uo /itj)7airiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stob r w16iut*k(z:vqrb5rages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-aqvjr kv: o3i74k 9tf4 j7k-eb2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foez;):b9h z somu5kal 1r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphcr;2c+sdv3y 6exc ix6yy6mw -h f0 ji( of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements m*.rljx uk t7ki9,*cd from the foll* kitlxm7.rc,*kd 9juowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clif2 px-v2e4rq ot m,2i* z-wevsmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terre m2-x-2wtpz, rq so4f* e2vivestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip/:-b*wao jc4m wp hh6ztion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco .j7p)pphlc8s system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy zz .o:hy::.6 x-fietesqti9 z


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two hefbb2,1jp s 6zsrbivores in different biomfzsjs 6, 2pb1bes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodi- mvgelv8m5s)o kh11ay i ()ycversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax l(yk- ighacmvo1)y1)s8 v 5mecommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the pm/ed;+ u+ ycq6qxjtyiid0..changes in/q;i ++.qyddtmcjx6 p iy.u0e productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that ca9d(fx7i1uw xsp9kht 2n be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the ef,7yj r*;9jskd:asrrxfect of temperature on the rate of photosyntrar7j s, yx;ds*jk9:rhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiej.a3g 2tm 87-nluita)tl/97l gwnn qyld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps toql2ndbs5;jj1i n yut7/ g+hl3 capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetletbgl;nnyju j231i7+ d/sl5 hq A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilityh7 2k dw-1vnoyrf 9--k fup9kjyi(c/:wv/rfj of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fac fkf:n( 7kup2v-dwijr9hw fjo-k1v y/- 9/ ryctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological .hs9j;1.wqx* eag dx osampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples5-g2qrrzg: ks of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled4uemox ,vd c.d,(tyc:c+slu7 in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technirpo swx( 19:wo w udl843uyjbpp,wd 51ques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specilu51uppb dy9o:,1j 34w(dw r8wspx wo mens.