What is the best defcg)d,obfdrhr gf/16 ,inition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itagp8, gh0yq3kis.9 hw tly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe4cfv 8g8s4eh kp*h4do a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?8 dek 4 v4fs4p8oh*gch

  Figure: Growth curve of a population4+9b5h3i9pknsaf pm3 jl yzttw)/7vz


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of+ mj2msj +/mrn a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraxmta/(a ru6t6 ffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on t(at /6urxmt6a he mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thn/kmksk c- *1qe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lubzz xna2lx7(84yhtr5pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, dezlh(427rt85 znxb xaynsely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refzl 01 mvv6g-;oqqbq;slects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remai 2/u. t5vygr:vwp;dhh ns of dead plants and animals. ./u v h:v2h5wrt;ygpd
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofn gor ( ,mnbl8:qudjc47po:) hd0-dxp toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pxy b( q24sa a6ry)hqw.olar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.aybrq2 qx46( sy)h aw.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l,;3evcd hiz.0tv0j ulost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have s3ax,/scct3 g mz/1gitall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment the zc 3m/1xs/gsag c3i,ty inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct d n7t)t for/ r6q+suxs5escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing p.m1.wocycydw81w;z h qp6 3j digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the c13 wpj ;8q6w.p1o z.hdwyy cmfungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul7p1ad7 kw5omr tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f77uxmrpc y*t0 or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Facto+q7a9i- hn 5. jlswlitl5 2t0dxttzu1r 2 and wi u 95z+xt1q70ld - j .sti2ltlanh5tFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ynay 5d8sl;u) of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu*hob.zy4e6295 9msz lrezf uo ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stri18 +a yidedx+ppes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mothdda x8 iy+pe+1er’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecfbnn o j-l99g12xd. rqt description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web. -nl/r+eoq; gyw8bbh



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the ca+ibuu(9pqgl u8t: (kfrbon compounds produced by ziuuu qf:89t(l gkb(p+ ooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cn7w2yi )+c god3fql /fhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oce 9fxs ;s3vi92 l9va5+iev qqovan


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organi4w50yr jn2- 5iwhfm4i tojl;,skf;jh;1 vurbsms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living org4h, w- 21whi ltkbo;ujjfsrf 50;r 5vijmn;4yanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberr4+/9jbdf nvahi( 4 g v52vgfjs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itlj 6yq*;qs5xj s prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements apt2 t/7pp25y qit4q xthat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mes3ne6 yi +kqszpux ;z)4ocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravely64;3zink p usx)q+ ez. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of theib 6 3zxmeuco/z+7fp3aoef 44 following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural en1xkbsn:on2w2 ffkd7 7 w 3dmu6ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup olt:ix -78qfw8lh,l jk f toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wth/pl iu 43f*khen discussing a pyramid of biomasst3k*/luihfp4 .

  Figure: A pyramid of energoak3c,vy-u9 vy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represeim,9k 8vo.db gnting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w uoub-i 4s,u2deb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil e g: dqi tuugty/aj) :ua:47 n8*xt3eaecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementsgk s8zp2ecg-y 7) ,kl that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coulnk(c9xhg8 6 zd0tm3 5ambme3ad exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lik(n59za6 3xm d8 3gc 0hembtkame the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly0n+rm6kwu o,,gse k(f from the options below.What is (ufe ,g6o+ rnkk0m, sw Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an ins.( q4yw yfav3iecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is ny5s2.f ij8b5u u4ttw c*yal b+6*/uy1cw rj alost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conm2cy+:/ r (d 5nichjthverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydd:m + (jtc/chn2iry5h rates.

  There is continuous cycl /an2nw7tlc4p ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks./7 cwtla 4n2pn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.sd mpymh.n4:(

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area z r:-qepi x,9a c3ddbh+fd3 zuo4( l3qper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that areo(q5gi ;/rwa(r* f gav true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondar.unrobslf+ t-a ;-e:1cb wm6ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine card6qq.((xrwg w bon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cax3jf)-jv h m 0yu1pj+xrbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow oa/s9qz70y*h hiriqdme a8*:xy4)h bin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in anx jds.ejs s6+5ty )rfnhl:7/ terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacjs4t:3ufer4h-rkzd( ;(65 pjy iy x xmteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induce2y/gyw9bo/wo a6onu ll. )7j ad effect on the nitrogen cycle.o7b9g .lya ) ly/nuj6oo2 aw/w

  Figure: Average per capit(qox (a i zqc20zz/j/ kkz68qda $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrwg9v9z6 2 elykesses from a pioneer community to a climax clv z9e 69ykg2wommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ex1y( qesw xbkpx.g3 0e+ample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capea. 3deoeh;cq6*)f;itt;m jc ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with a pz( )-rk lp5mc ohm.1/4wgykmn Elodea plant in water. One was kept in limp 5c)g(rm4k1wmykp.ol /-h zght and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages /z02lo)pk*b xf xbx:f & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-9*x;c,3xjrzn oc)/r4t rf; 6l gubnya 2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forgj2u :l byy,z3*stkg1 z:t;q vr:ml s9 a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of f 8ms;jktvlb (/y2y49n qex. mRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from2)rz t ljtownycp28*n.yj9h 8 the following.wc ro9 jty22. n8pyj)*l8hztn
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns mty*b h.en tso*ni6,0 and other physical variables. List thi, nt e toh*nymbs6.*0e main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rk;fy9s c7 em0sainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosybbl 0:cl( 9w+eqbc.bg stem.

  Figure: Climate graph k(jy6jxti:d5 x(; lqt of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbi6a0kheo09dyhjd, f,w vores in different biomek,w00 hy ,6jadde oh9fs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bzqehb8 9 g/9hqiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi89bgqqe9hh/z ty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f z xbbmv- s1.1bl9up7jollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes b.uzj11- bl7 px vm9sbin productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that loa; 3he)66rz245dqv. lri w)yg1;pk ewqx gdcan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat f7rfhl w09w*ye the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynther07fh*f9wl wysis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inip.dhz.gt /,7iro*iql5iq x2 a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of i gszkr j*1/x, 2tkatg4nsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first d x2 r,4g* gkstaktj/z1ay, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliab2zb vhjs ;b;5 s4fk)nbility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of thejnbsz k;)bfv2h 45; sb same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolosw hkl7 9 flhs8hs +d dd)d8eq.7ao-.lgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C(n.v ,v agty xaw3i(b (kq.c4jreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two qfgnnl qsn 87 8.033sgiup(ci parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiveaxx +v m+4vnxkg9h 3k- for sampling motile (-xax+xm3 9 4nkkgvh v+moving) specimens.