What is the best definitio6 m:qxo73l whan for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, 23.ce wr/pd abgc, v2gItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descri630jz:h ee87eemepd u be a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factohe:jd 7uee 0z3m86pe er 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatpnkcizpz;g.ym gm, m )(0ln /,ion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S)8 nh(zxeu3cu7fm+ne b87x xjchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that jee4yp7 5(c uzf:/zwx resemble the zebra. It l(u7z z 5cywe :fx4/epjives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups o;hy vhz1b+jms+vox5c ub +c*4 f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occ 8ci6inl5zccb1vab b;mm. w;/ur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an econwm5a ;nmb/bz lb6ic 1icv8 ;.comic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populati xg3:chfjf i 3 0zifgl3+ix36won over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains2d*dg(c lxfse(f c :7 gq8vi5w of dead plants and animals c5w 8(fgdc*d7e(:l2fsv iqgx .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 5h15f lue lfba)efi /f -/2 xlaa9-cdpfood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other oqk lag44 sb19yzeeux pb3q *16rganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arc1a6zq4 k pbsy9 uq3e*4 bg1lxetic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from8kw *i9f bzo8txx1*ua ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a1*h4r ;i5mob k-ui(+ bg fy4arqwx0pv large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditii0upgf4mq4kwo (b x5hr; va *i+r-b 1yons have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of wye 1* et.vl7/ 2pzngkwx;)fh7af9gia food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dige9;vn,y;aum p kstive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things akv n;p,m u;y9such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riq o kbgi)vn7(-ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pmmm1rt1 00rld5/zxm myramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What io( h8q 3m8kjvws Factor 1; Factor 2 j3qv(kom88 whand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate yicg n:v v hz/7n4unmzx)3a31of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sydd:izb5d z5io2qz ,a1 stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe +tr z8 :te,qgvand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they ar+ett8qzvrg : ,e four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of eo0sim 6u . vfvid,xr*o,4 sl8inergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web chnocy1zpx p.4;4ae 9



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insi;lom. sn7zm aa;y/z (rde coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide,o/7mmzl;.(ny asz a;r water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:u0fp) s--k)qktx *oab


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of 6*2s x 2fbgm8.khlgbpr 7 ;hqmthe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d2fk7lb g w6rd(escribes organisms like earthworms that glb d7k(r6 2fwingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramia83tdipm rr7:;d0-r fj. xxe o xd.+lcd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey 6/ 4oel+riv ojap7 9qs


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are ta*- y qrcjw76true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available se*ms :va7q d8vfmztr-+awater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student plr*-8:fmv a+vdq t7mzsaced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examp)h1-0o/ bbot76yl8vt1) zzs pr asdbzle of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversz9 x. a0 r:zigq4qx: ( ym;qyihe)ywx.ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins *dxba9d h-z vr .(s8y7i(xsws in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussingnl+f64m3i)vri; ma phfgck5 9 a pyramid of bhi6ipr4k f3cf) ;gmam n9+v l5iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene7+t;d 7xhqlwpfhyy9l9 ,x a v(i/rcu2rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingo ,ll 6y3h+ hcyr5l5xe productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food ,(gwfg/5xw5a + qcls 0dx zmca (bm:y2web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste /d3haf 1tx fb8bq+ q5x/mf/baxgz*3xm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratel8j (. tcb otj;wc)re7gy describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thy(o4v l v6c; e6xb2crgat could exist in a savannah system with parasi(;o6lc vg2e 4x6vrbcy tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynt0xtxuxij1 3/n(oyy 3iz)q4pthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis an(0 )inozx1x 3jt43 yqu/xipytd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use oekh3uxgd 6a( /f DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is l1k e9s0 x( trqtb6v8a)anh kr+ost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts ca7v1nc2xxpio sqw,qzgpg n/1(8h ,t(crbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratcvg pwt(,1ncqxgos2i7 qzn 8x,p1 h/ (es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosda7d+obg-o2v a8 t, ovphere to other carbon sinks. aa, 2+vobog7v- 8dt do
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lon6pz+ y8wa g-bht)4th*vc+c bbgest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / ys*k2-s awio+mh ej,a9u,pe )per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen6p j8sy6 ,erij;;tw stts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatedoq0 hp 54s(: dpdga;xkg* r)r5 rf5auj.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb27rph0 8exwjl on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycl ,5ir/u k hvj:,a;adfle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anize-d- oa dj85 :/qhnu ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tecwb p5p7 -gjlc*eqdgt1d .x6 0rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement bkz,h,j0.v cuthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the folh ;(u6xsby .4ovzl,rmfz-o a6lowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.sxoru hb yofz,v.6;(z ml4-a6

  Figure: Average per cap49e;s2-s/ah*7 rtnt jar 5wh;nh rfuiita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodir /dc.din/(d+thz( f* ww;9cale ,cgeversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer/ . ct(h;(nzdraddewe9cficl * ,wg+/ community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatxtf+p86* hb:wz dl g ah25xsz.ion.

  Figure: Average per ca bjsnm arw) 5:z3ea54ndhu opb;)0a1t 3,nyuhpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One 96e: zknxqc,0jrvier3 x4; dzwas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginn4v dejn;xq ,3xi60r: zce9rkzing of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual d h9l97 de6 our24zqv-pz8 mwdflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1h( j+:n )qbjqw9dm91azgdve;7ynn y 9 988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi o(6jnnsxn:o6 ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oku,6 2jo6tte3 bzm*i0v/ suiqx8q-n l f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing nb+tfgej817- ur 7g. adhgj 6none or more statements from the following. ggnt 8 g6h7r ujdj-1be.f7na+
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varia,+cvbi k5aij (bles. List the main factors that characterize the terrebi va5jk,c( +istrial biomes.

  State which is not a-+tpwfcvrhnk2 j j/3zn6 ) no; description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyste0ykogmije: / o5y0gs2h2hmk8m.

  Figure: Climate grap, h 0tb0(izbuuh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bk uzw+ +(5fe ph 6dxqjnl1-:oziomes wzlxd 1ok(up+e: fn-h 6q+z5j


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarylx j9(q1wyof; py2v5sl,t3m p succession progresses from a pioneer community to a c9tyv3 o 2sm(jypxq1lw, p lf;5limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi. zr iikfe5/,bng the changes in productivity during ,fkz/ i e5ri.bprimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fact jtehgn3vx5 a,9; tc0x;yk,fd-gn1lf or that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ra)+ /p ya3j 2xcha4qefcq9f*,.aqu aaate of photosynthesisc4qp h2ujc aaaq , q3xf+fe.*aaya/ 9)



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aos9 dbyl61w8l field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens o0s6 rr orw9xj5 phcmwtp+/o:( f beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were +jp s o( rtwr6hwc/mr p5o:09xcaught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to 6j5cen( i )fnhtake multiple readings of the samh5f) 6i(njence factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingt8jbum(uu2 3,by,z mf hy s(u:


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wir6 u3xaum6 gg8llow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species datao *omolb d-5.9tp7 wrm for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samp2xk obwtn l1u z6419yqxw x..xling motile (moving) specimxxzb . .l2uxky1t4wnx19 oq6wens.