What is the best definition for a specie6h9 - gnx)xiixs?

  igure: Climate graph of sdqg-jx 1 a/y34ngr+vRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatybf0-rui/(9or xg . nc is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facrnxico y-/ub 0 g9(.frtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curveh8v*(4tvos4a:wkk wzh9np/fhpr*b . of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma zc,4l vyaaw *+y 5dx/*fnnpc)species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the ze2n bekae68k a.bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach.eb62kean8. a k They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms +x2/p+b9uhdc1t ixhn is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nas/d hy0ddymelc 0b wg793g11aturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% ofey/dga9y0d ml3s0c1wg1dh 7b the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects thebb sw hczorwxj7y4luvg4 9 1+5g 2i9jox6.+ux growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mizm) b8egvlgk 9c4e86vw7 )j qrtes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. j q6)e4g9 gkcl8r7eb 8)w zvmv
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inxph0v 00wq6q x uj:ci9 food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed s,ttf5u+hsfqmhr504v r7 s1au eal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceanfh,q+far1 70vms ht urt554s u.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from e siiymv1i /aox9f9 3st4ukb53+dy x g6jip4.ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prodf zn91.vtynmv,b-ww 1uctivity, despite zn1 t9b,y n.fm1 -wvvwinfertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a piu -n s o4d2jx8v iq e/.y8vwo4(kd2ncorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive en4ul;xmf dn, )nk/x8 y- o.agtuzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb thx)/ nyf. 48gla u-k,m;dutxnoe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrate 3qv:0 b6 2g+l:r nqpck(oikfnd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram9) nnt+ 0;v .uvtu wgg3uh,pdbids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i,ihygewl .l . k/df4)lb ci/;ns Factor 1; Factoh/ lgeb;w.y)cifn,l d. il4/kr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rat /nu 5 kw3;pnr63lvheke of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatdsi 34yyjybc7* c7 lj;ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sw0 m e66p*ip,+3db)doq aj hnptripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat hemop w)6in ,d+p ja *d6q30pbthe leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy fla .: d.j vb7s3pea3sydow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web4zq d h.dh1rq3



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coraljotpve7qi 4zy8ysox)ssbc67(;n- s, . Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced oc y4 ;8,y77e(isojbs qptn6-xzvs s) by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ce t thytf; f ,2,vqms7y:df,0ghemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the u/owny2) w,o7q5v d7a1yxrpg movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fol o/+dcs.mawftm6 c8:vlowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then sac/mf.c wo+ 6md8 vt:break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofne89 1 lji9quwhf/ 5ae vre()j numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator anr2jhrr +ci(8 id its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abou0xt 0vvd/j vi;t Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available scmn( 8sq0-(rzsxc 1 a 5alcqlc;9 x8iqeawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The a8x-n q1 9sqircm(s a058 lcclczq(;xstudent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfa0agil:xpo tiz(xzz-;, ww,n3qt h2 sm65 wj8ormation.

  Figure: A natural energy conve3 os ;5vqb1m2u rzqfm8rsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inr1hhl i6rq:hz0t zk// food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the 6ee:y gqv3 zd7following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomadgz yevq e:763ss.

  Figure: A pyramid ofn9w k8b+c; , )jggcyea (9ip :fgb,lfm energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit)ozx(ibu7va e3q . 0vzy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine d4v n1bp l0cy4food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a wju*ap/ 5qs h)f6lp5bsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that .csv *8de) v7olnz:d w (el8fwdoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav0k 8 renlec/scgb-t/) +zk gh-annah system with parasites on a consumer like the le-r/t -gl s gc+8b/kneh zk)c0ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlag2v9t0vahfp6cq sdw *+43mqy from the options below.What is Pvq m394dpv+wqt6hfs a* 2gc0ahotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecti in3etl*hy6-zcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from z5/ fjuf70x4 tlsl5fbwr .)wb ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide 4 x+spy(q+bzl in the air to carbohydrates.( bq4y++ls xzp

  There is continuous cycling of c*xd8 /pjg2o shzq(wr9arbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.92 wo(qs8hg /dzrxjp*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thb,j:1 p 0 / k,9akk yt2fohmntg4hlpw8o2c/jbe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / peyf wbit.+4e p3r area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that abjxg+ 2w 298shpzi wj2re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calm,s/n*t0kn 0sm g( tfykpzi,5culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the maq *gwla xqs8:8rine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through f.exbvi2.o3 wthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an4 +8 )u *w6mniwkv.lgkz)mrxm ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter 3,ypn ib1p0khl4iw(k restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of detqza(b27fc 1initrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy8p vwd 3a 7gyz6uz14b bmzv3,vcl vy6dgpmw az7v 831,bv3uzbz4 e.

  Figure: Average per cap 41ktu2engjhf+.p z 4tz*7b b ::queneita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pmv7+xsq; h7t3 z97 ybfghjk(yf *7g bsrimary succession progresses from af 7t bj gy9mh7v* 7f7qys(zkh;xs+3bg pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follcdvjm 2 .)7fwc86pwnyowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per mau9 cdik +f,m j(s2e9capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottg0c t2bi-p)kltcps:1mf u: 6z les with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and thep -zl2km us1g bc)t6ictf:p:0 other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows d; 3bkn viyjfsjm3 ef(l0 :(h8in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bjf,d qbuyt5d/9ovds8 *e1sh xm5y ,1ob0r *qoy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomr;ak8u7o v,wz73knl64 bv xvie

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy djy18n3 f) jwue5(fao9vz+xp



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from t; ctd9nw)jg: the folln;9j:dctt w) gowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lon ffwu743 c zet65x9fist the main factors that characterize the terr 967cow3 e5xfnz4fuftestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest01 jq+s u9hyaa9e2ctq biome.

  Identify the correct sdru*y3-n8;xxigta f0miu59 0fa-wa p() i mqstatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of 6pz71hul*j 1lg.g*vzi idvz0m:,lrudr a 56m Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores innuucf. 97zg7fy ;1,thp cwr ip2,kt/ i different biomes i. ft/ih cg zupk t,,ruw1y9;2c7f7pn


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession qf5wtjhg ( .dtd( tk+5progresses from a pioneer community to f qtdwt55(dhk+g t .(ja climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corre,tyrj :,7e brv6dams7c h2q )nct in describing the chang:6t,2 vrjsyn,7e )md ha qrbc7es in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a :;+u,mfxli +reww2 bazvkjs*8c0p :m Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of id 94nwi9f3af temperature on the rate of photosynthewd 34f9ian 9fisis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a.0 -y mck6*gynos -ybc field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sersd k;vhp92et+my +vg 5ies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were markedym ks;vv9ph e+d5t+g2 individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the relia8 vjkgm7x xh: osv4d;v2w4v 9e cjoy.(bility of the data, it is important to take multiple readin9vxd2mw.sj vc4o74:v;j 8kve oh(yxggs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s18y u;3 npn5nlstp8yaampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow g 6k7tngm8 2lntnv2h2v hi;v /Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for,j(-7 iand6raka(ms u species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following d+ z51 or/wkibsampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movibr d+k1/o5wzing) specimens.