What is the best definition foihpxj23mkpp3br4 (f*tkx sgw55 7z/s r a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,0yzhg d:2e ,,rzosh y9 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesyeo)v 1;xp s9;04z8vyremesar7os -x' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorx8o -mzxep9 74;e)0 s;rsavyy ro v1es 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve+tqx3zz 4y/jpc ug; m mw-f8o- of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto 99psgb.ir,mw soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe mo8l6-dsfh(pk e(j* fand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees the-ph se(8(ffoj l *mk6dy can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of z-jhg42 oy9za organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ame u1w0f(lv(3x7qll,b(f 5gyj/z:r aq ketn 2rcrica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large areabqwfflrcq,z/( j(xlg la y531 (7u2erkn0tv : of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a o8 l:bgok0 --czq8mpqpopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remaip iu69syof sr m(6y9o/ns of dead plants and animals9fuom6oy9is/y(6r sp .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains /e/1wh4u tqt* 3 emxxd


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sea8;9:bh (zk r6v )uu trntg8osol, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wate:t z6bk8(outr9 )hgrov us8n; rs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from e4j3jzsq3g0 f lcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pro94iotgg(o* hflh)5dz ductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of df 9golog)i(t zh5*h4many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thatwlpp1+h din 2yt+v-7l is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes intoo,a1*x ge1fzfl4 q:iu their surroundings. The enzy4io1fgfq *a,x ulz:1emes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ribt2i( cs.tf:aqg89cl ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py,qbpbmv hj;d 6 :tkl0+ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 3xc pg6:g4y f8alyf3j Factor 1; Factor 2ljgx ay36f 8gc 4:yfp3 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis wov6c7r ij-d,cahq1:at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri7+txvb 7a( cba ryll5 wd 7uduf-qx+ h75*sy.ece cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a s, kwi6+7jwvyfl 0 4vvr o-6sigebi -p7mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breedfw7s +jw64 ivor-l p7ve,ibgv-iy6 k0, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial e * epb6h-yprt az6b+xhv2o2o+cosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooev1y0:n1eir e d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insiez q2;+zzi2ap z(b 4:95 q0vflapulv mde coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlighq4ae+0( 95z lqzavm l:z fbu;2ipzv2pt.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: 5aophld2*q)3yt -p uk


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movp3xbh1 *b1iq sd/) g;kqych 3lement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organi-jefk wq7azu324 oij+wjia*,sms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-- qa4,kawz 3joeuw+j 7jii*2fliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr6i0u 5xkus .* yyopmzw9nk.(d amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and e6.viwk 1b xe48+gkolits prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements txm - yd:lmsi*a)r+ )yuhat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-f(1-lh* dsl c 07r emrb.ow)kbwilled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statementcd rl )ewl m1s.o0b w*h7kr-b(s are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examp4rm7 b xqw4f(/uj(meole of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers xz.jlo)zp2 uzs,a /.no.m :.ing ls/wion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox y9 ,,howq0d1bs y;;pomw;g vpzx4h5dins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follow *g+ybt,s 72(ws-nq 8cy)sglvwi8tvoing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of by(csyw vli,8 v*gst+ nqt)o 2bw8-sg7iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ gk -fqb*2ohifri86 o0y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producy./v9+:zar5 yj afig ctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 48oguy*ch8ye bevf * -*x i:svl 4+phmfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemp9cfyqze -57 ctlp ;.n




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food n:h93 fo /m,k.dbn05tcdv ctdweb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasegszqh (uwi; q,;p/( aon0c9b ites on a consumer like/;s(zqb,i9o h(c 0qa ge;nuw p the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration c.pgy(:0n) b enpyc2uiorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis gbin y)(:ppyu.nc02e and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDy1q /g,lrn 7hq)k mrk*T as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy 7w1gp+dfr fli5ljqd 5n* q seq.;b9d1is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the hu kex8zlo062q.d d3bx t3x+w process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydtez xb2w68d+3qhk 0uo 3.dlxxrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frouyyev2oqpmj+2v2 psr(pjk:8fz0o 0 .3 mo4f d m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 0 f:ojekj2fry234sd pmz 2u(v+. o08opy pqmv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lch* ,qviygkju ilpb8(40b (p5 ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yearaaepf5e9 d88t ) p.mkf


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. w(g j+7gzrq /zi2 wlla*w7k9i
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS8htne 0o 84z kq;lvs6:alz) iwP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mariysh x7cg so; l)y(xzg64 2se6mne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo dc*f0-ixex:)cwo /si n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosqzr6vq k h) 2adr-/v+mystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a txv)y3ms q;z)znio* *p errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of8zkc;9b*n h o .wn1*t zjsur:d denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogeac4 1e fs60tqic51vwgn cyc6witv50a4q s1e1f g ccle.

  Figure: Average per calv9kq r-z182 i;y e sfch0yzuc/p:eu2pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, )(fc/7 c5: pt ikiv2eyeccwsrct/7t2 GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a p57 :evcicc//e pts )cti2 kw27cyrt(f ioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformn4cszec77 m; jation.

  Figure: Average per capitabvufidd ,j m+t 6q4ipg . ad:/t3h6uw) $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottle dt(co o8lhtnen 4+;w9vxz w8aqjz(m -01dv.ts with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginntz0+wewqhma 8x-o.8jtv4d9 lnc( zo1d;v (nt ing of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & an8y:i x(+mtmv 3m v+v5 sg2obdnnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bys2 pqvge60cb+ region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fwxz:xx4 r7vn7d y/9uqor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rmdspe102t y;come, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ojmjp1aq. e: 3xf "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followinam1p3 q ex:jj.g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clxc vux8 n,b7h-vica xmw93;7g imatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors gx9;7 cc-iuh 7xamnvb , vw3x8that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description og(k,ode5:w* 8 ruidc xf the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to divab6e 6g 8 zggnft28bkv/ dj0)dersity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapyqjv;z9j*e96on zl r(u jufr0mv +m(-h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and binypo tl01rol)t nd9p2b33h1 g omass of two herbivores in different biomes l93 1og trn) 13pylb 02ptohdn


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP *t -6y *mzy*0,gczt/ jlrcdbjand NPP as primary succession progresses from a z ,c *jdj gcttl*y- b*0zr6/ympioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the/: d (+jg vk0pbqesq9ozu, j,p following statements is not correct in describing the chanq 0 zkpjvb,( ,e+gdqj:o /p9suges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measur-8 z5rxtd6nb 7egp9gcb/e6hmh dk7j: ed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the 2p rswi)ats oot+b .4;rate of photosynthebop t.a2;tior)4+ss w sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in o78e+4m,tmakncyr5 z a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bem*b 7t5b xt*p 6rvhvk7etle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of whi vv57 th6*rtbxb7m pk*ch 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mulge1x/f9:axqi tiple readings of the same factorf x e91qixga/:.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicy 8;zn)k5e)zu lj:bdjal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cree)p mb 2gdtn94m8cb9vo k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pb1ptv 3 rik)gf-p0co 1arts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not ed.x8;dr vb*5mrw.jrz7j mp5 hll;e ( bffective for sampling motile (moving) specime55 ;dvz;drebhr*mw lm7 b l.r.jj(8xpns.