What is the best definition for a speck.j6*zve9e(e .v(t q0dpclgce f z80ries?

  igure: Climate graph zc c7:demc* 1q (ye9: mqink-hof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could )6d x*(npmiwndescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor nw d6 i(*nxm)p2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve lol ,9 t0pxa9ok4 sr/ldv -ra6of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spechflr fe k2wd 3vyd*3i,.d+*sm1is y)lies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gird b4j7dfz8cm;db(n * paffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When th(d*8;7bj bm dzncdp4fey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organi qs gyd4v*/cf,sms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nkl/2bo2, s::o ny5tus uxw frpr(4n:horth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlao:5f,l brw4h:uxnpt( ru2/n os 2ys:knds.

  Identify the graph that bestznjm by:8d)howaze t(i9xq6;: 4 g3it reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead :7l, nx yu9y(nfhp.fn plants and animals lnh,f7ny :ufy9pn(.x .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fc h594x s40s8b+qwmsym uag: dood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organismjkxi- (*n7u pks live and interact with each other in the cold*-kj(u7pikn x waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is h2nax1(fsuz6 lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prov cei)/4wcsb9k 3jxa +:,cc gyductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent3jcc)y e ci4/,:bkxs+9awv g c organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ool:+pqbx4ws )46n av bz+/3lm(gde fr f a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int m.)l1,tew kz i85aech.az*cc c3f1lro their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and thwl 8ca1crz, .lz *tamec)3 f.h5cie1ke fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation w;4 iy0kl7 kssoh9rbx) rg*:csystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used* 3tsw0(ff k/t6x4kvxnm +yvo for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichet1oyvc t+k;:v .What is Factor 1; Factor 2tt;o 1+ykvv c: and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturew-f , jl3 rcsze .ue.q/5ppw*rs

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culs yr4xmfi:9 cemn .:lqg7*(jxtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJ{m}^{-2}y{r}^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sia*kl0x uyv.qsv,5 f 6n,;q e .yq(tecrzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okap;e0n* r5uvv(,ksy6 q.,tl eacqxfq.yis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desdk9zt fe-a -(,kc anp g2iz-0ccription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food q) cp,s oz utq055tw+0f5u* yzjyetl5 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cf97og5b 3kgipnpbk6 )oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunliggbokg 9b75 n)pp3 i6fkht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical real 6v/y:/xadix*tl e vy0bs+ d+8u/jh action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov w0i57o:1eyy-zgyp+ lw(o+ eogaxpu. ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the folvl7 ,v0pxjc v(lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living 0(cvpv 7jxv,l organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiji-1wsxg*4yfhiu 1 6e4p0+ 3dxvt i- 6st qnind of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitibz*b)*r d4 o.86adn0be9 m)ztj aw przes of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrif1lxug1*p+ kmchloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawa7 avt 92,ffmhs7hdzf: 1jqto- ter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are tru9 tf:vfdoa7qf1 7tmhz2 h- ,jse?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an1 tin)85ygfgu5 duz q 8inmt-.d5 w)yh example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysv1 k/lj y1u wez9kby::tem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinscp0;ehp6e-1srlqs-joo54o +*wup j b in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following enab j6(xnyog*jj)89 statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bionj( 8enb6jj*x 9goy) amass.

  Figure: A pyramid of 2l*4gcm4m e6m+vps 5hv if4pqenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in av5tb1 sot.my wvxr+fu3 7z;j1n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w;vs9d p:+w3 6mqoglh heb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in arcl/eqw(+6b mn8* - ayng9kuzezs 0 o0 soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dz8 bs4n 0vzm34 s3hvmfescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers th2fgixg,(u (y aat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a f(yxgai( 2, ugconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly q n h;;cj8:hd,wfq2zu from the options below.What is Photosyn ;qfduznj:;h, 82qw hcthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the ury ps+ c* ;fauas ed3.m)1; t mng*i,**qkzcosse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from a8sln4p(h s8a*sz,-px4p nuk ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air 3nd6wd-7 l m5cc rma 7wseb zb7bb+;e7to carbohydra ms6 7-dbm7cldea;e5n+c7 b7r3b zwwb tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other car4nr8t g1/*g5dq p0cdfzj 9 qjtozg ;4obon sinks. * 0c/ r9;joodz 4gdqt8 tz fpgjq4n15g
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l - we4mch+0cjuwo9vd.ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area isk.:90d jmwkuz58bfper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arec9x:kddw, 3 v 2nadmd wo9ws83 true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculko5*h8p*+ydjd0exe q ated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of ff8ro:f5 y)tg on(4pc the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tk,amtjx0a n( .hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosnh0:0kmz wc 2tystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow t;zarhgf y++ f al:2h2 qm/e7iin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}y{r}^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is 3vh+2h qb*(d* ivakwbnot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human: 8bndaq 72zvs 4z5:pxnbv,uu-induced effect on the nitrogen cy25p7 z 8una,dvb: snqu4zb:xvcle.

  Figure: Average per capita whxeq*czi-(* $C{O}_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $C{O}_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivers(85elfiwi . xqity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community fl. x5wq(8iie to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followiz xm3p i9gn.0ayr)o h)ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caw-5rx93oiesvcu v+(m4;tn dppita $C{O}_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $C{O}_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $C{O}_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $C{O}_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.5yrd0r.w zyt5 One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both 5ry 5zy.wd0tr bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual rw)bup4qh, po uh+j*ll9, )ud4x4xiiflows in GT $y{r}^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bpkw8o0o* tc l0/ gojv5y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forh ns 8zj1)lzw1 m8baw0gsy 6b- a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy )d,zchxl fdb om *k1) 7hz(9gm



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemen xq;b;5kh .hw :sx/flots from the followinls xb ok./wqh h:x;;5fg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical v(0gemx7r s, .x wfnh )wc9ww,kariables. List the main factors that charactef n w(h)r sx9egcx7m,wwkw. 0,rize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforebhj n006xyn;tmi) 6le st biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosy- 3hsb n1drme9jmi x6t* m j,8kgi,zf5stem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iuz97 g8vlg x; blimq :.(3abswtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bt6 dcn4n*ix 1xiomes nt1 cidx4*xn6


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pri2d d kt(v bz(9u:rl9jcmary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. drc:(t bzld(j 2v99uk
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fz p:/etyh*htd: q,c x(ollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during pri(z c/:p he*h:dq ytxt,mary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measurb2oi 1b7 8ogrqe8,5desgknaf)lg.i( ed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect oua:up8wl m ,c0f temperature on the rate of photosynt0u ,pml8:c uawhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldz5o81if wti 6y(/mlc d* cc2g gtx;d)v



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sp sj bmq9j-q9 -b/oujwu( 78fzcecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The nojufb-8 umsq /9(wc 9qj bj-7zext day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1\times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliab97w*zf 4 jabj9jo;rf oility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sf9j bo9;w7af 4 z*rjojame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological bfd* z.ig,gf2sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forg wxyk9mr8 0s/yk6(mb two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of pf3j d igp,/ym9( xh;sWillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following q,;m2+jyy wu lsampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movqyl w +,j;2umying) specimens.