What is the best definitio prrods.w ,o/8s- 1xvmgmjg.2n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph l:izb-94e6cnw ms qp4rn4vm50zc y5a of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wha amk,32zpy5j33xet )nw0dczct is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factox3eyct,w3z )knp zc2jdam305r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of:kxinih-) mg14 .kpzv a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiz0:uika yq,a3kos 80f stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and-q6k(kl d2 qpevb4i(fmc.if l*ut0 6v has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in thvq- fi(lei0cfu(6. bmk 6*tpdqk l42ve Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populawa: ,md4c*yui;/ vchl tion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis l.vg5xt.s pa b :/ ma.ym.w(thfupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in (xb.w/m .h.sy v5p tfm.a tag:some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be iqr+c(y r4 gcchosu wt 8*t2(-thu;w+,jpzw:st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fee).k 3.rxweadud on the remains of dead plants and animals.w.e3ua dx.r )k
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in.k 7nh, dh q7ag+ghrz7 food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sealf 1k zt079r nt.ena0 r5uxl(7kd8lbeh, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cole7 l(khne0z9f1 7r l badtr085.k nuxtd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froej *l mggde5d:7d,3j4:e x pvkm ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high product *3o9zj./urkv3 i stnfna j7j+dua/s *ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditrntia uf37* k+. */9udjno/as3 vjszjions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food7y vxq2wlse)/ chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes .rqgak3 dkb* 4 *hs:lminto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decay4rqh3kk*asg : b.m*lding leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricmrlw43 21f ,+uk.kjfp sx-m kze cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids y4)fog3 6qimg of energy.

  List three factors that could de-qr+thn b8nvq- ac91lscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor-ctarq8-bnv h1q9l +n 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatur 6z5f 6, 2pc912xmit:gh-ttcudldcrqes

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult ;oc ua::sbba8ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebm3mrypumc6a ,7j; 7 j-qahl19/lwz o bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis m,-p7o6r hlcwq 3m/jz9aa1m;bl7yuj tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energ. k 1tf.5ixpb9bxvcm/n m r0h)y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 9wldso olt n: tc57x0+omf+u.web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algio*aazz;l, ;eae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxid*a ;iela;z,z oe, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following 2aee:ph 7gz9hq6w8rtnrd6 jpcey *:2 chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the g(x4 07m0ukp-yjnq vb ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes o0g 4f/xot9blpqx) tyd3k +pl6rganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialsb)tgt/p o30fql96 l kxd pyx4+.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami/ :y 2sse5f cssg+fbo2d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator anduien ebv9 jl0r9( 2r3e its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDhoh9ex; o /5ru7uj8naT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquat k; *bvcltoos+f83 bs:ic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which in3fc v:;ko+obtbss8l* cluded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exam6.eh9w k4hqf o+j1h 0o6(w*olcof lfsple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energu zjb 9qw +7nlhuoe+(,0 en.otz.w4 rwy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ,tqk7td.mh04jj / jcsin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid qc u 4bvu9wmlu5l;4rt +vx7(yof biomassm u(uvr5x vl yb;cql9t 7+uw44.

  Figure: A pyramid of energhorsdzv8r ;)(6i dn k5y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivids *9gp ,nqf4uty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fw950z cu,p9 6oq vuyu;6wuivxood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem v8d90 29v eq1wvs4lnlll0rqk




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not uq/6,v r3: twegu5r gbaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sa4kfoo8q 7xk . vc),e)im yoso:x* tp2 8cho5oqvannah system with parasites oni7xf8k)c too)xcoo8h 5.kv oq4qo: ,2*m eysp a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis f0 +twu0a k*jband respiration correctly from the options below.What is ka00bt*fu jw+ Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the usgyr. uy6.l g1qe of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losd17 slldivy( )*zusq5 t from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procsmrj / 0.unhd1ess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd0.hju dn rm1s/rates.

  There is continuous cycr gcc 3p / ceh r)pfkdv*8tzq4g:8r(4lling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.48c38rkpdhv (cz4r :rfgc / q pl*tg)e
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest zw:fkjk79k0k6 0o)) fwciqa wk6u* ei time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys5r. ou1bdc rkkgg392e u*nb.gtem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements th5v wk47dvv6 *k,z8bulab 0u qaat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc c,xv mpw.e:l;;98zo s;+o hljdlckp 3ulated.

  Figure: A simplified f :gpzr(+dld*3cb;91wein)sv tp4ghdiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon 8vun3 xjx5n9)7ztl,u ugwbvb- r2 qs6cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in 8mfigngc405 d, pfg*kq,6i oian ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecofpgicqqs*p6-2( i q *usystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is nor- wdr5a1vj/j t true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a 1rrmacw 8a *3amrc8 5zhuman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle1 mr5a3aa8rzmr*8wc c .

  Figure: Average per capiah1wj6d3 -rl)e9sbc-gjx o g b.(jho7ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivq-fv-m: (d 3y neol 4zu(r3.jam(sjinersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxe -unmq (ajd3oij:l((r4ym3nzv .sf - community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformalj+d/b pbgx 49xv3+rition.

  Figure: Average per capita6bnp/ mdydg-4q x3sa-.a p7fi $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elode9,vag8x(uomk a plant in water. One was kept in ligvko,xma(8gu 9ht and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagg 6(tfgd. beda*u)p-z es & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20/t nnr 3wavz:vi1s2)1tun7 pe20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for lowpr5b95wk; a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rnso/a 9 g 3;y4iz,ptchome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing on2 voio:c5mh7x1x )ne/b i2lm xe or more statements from the following. 2 l1n /x2mxmx5o:ie i7)cohvb
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattern6v.raprq; i m6s and other physical variables. List the main factors that chararim va pq;6r.6cterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriv//.bc66i fzw rrwp;r ption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.2,rp 6sb;wax )idoco,q2hle1p ii **q

  Figure: Climate graph of Rk.vs39py8h ,w 5,ns3 xzioatqsu /c6 kome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in d zas8i t90-eo(5og exvifferent biomo-o90ev g 5a(tie8xs zes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pxyn2- +ik9 f wa/)szjprogresses from a pz-ix/+y92) sa knjfwpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describm m2dki+sn4 msv93 dk7ppj+2sing the change4 pk+d 2mmd svs3 k2+ji97spnms in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that camgu;i+r n)g3jd/e:kkn be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectksizg 3 ,zsv4+ of temperature on the rate of photosynth4kv3iz+szs, g esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in paf)dpa+/nn:o c 27vlo46zwy a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimd* e*)ub9ffjbl7on9g ens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The*bl *9j7u fnbg)d 9eof next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it p032q7er kt 1d+r gmwuis important to take multiple readings of the samermrd37+ e1 gpquw0kt2 factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eqpi glve377z5883:s :df lapiplg( - bka8ypdcological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofebyi/du9p6 rny o4iw.m(p71s Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled ini( v umkks,c.hu6,am *ia v2g; two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followb*fleo/8pn1 t ing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mot fp 8lneo1*bt/ile (moving) specimens.