What is the best definition fwm +z54wlfhxh6s1o n6gtb/ r*:1y q ibor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R)uwnai y4y 2pou .v.y;ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors tha3rpd:z 1*pubw, uv1sd t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor*1bpvdsw r3,1u: z pud 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population k;t;cgizcm 51


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species eb/ddesc ,xzyxs15ny6p)xae +. n x9;



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smallh/ tnx k/,tt,5 3qcxug./etti-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to u.etxg / t,t,3 i nqchxt5//tkbe solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms ip qsl0q uab7v0;hj ;ly1 ry7n5s a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves ,jye*h g * ir(kz6kh2soccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf zkgsik he( r*, h*2yj6by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. qixi82p/5cih4-n lxp

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r0 e-lb qu)6xneemains of dead plants and animals. n lb60qx )eue-
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofb8y1x w1w6;cz d0gtd b toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l a c: w /rmxkrbut*(+ri+4nwt(zn2i1xive and interact with2(wr: x + anrn( k x1m*trwz+cit4bui/ each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loswuw 56b /i/yyrt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productiv7v o* so ixu2;qh0e:kyity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organis*qio;u ykx o:v7se02hms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a 4l. szg1+en9j, ,tjtnyle i4ifood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing diges b4g wlg6tc76ytive enzymes into their surroundings. Thcgwb6yl 674tge enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiomrp6cyjbdc-5 :k0/ pn) s jv;kn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidod5(7tahcw -c5wdu)s h3; tcus of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; e1hxfd;,qrl d:mah u 83+/x liFactor 2 /1fh lalrm8 x, qh3d:+eux;idand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntn, 3 lf1gcg(xro3* f jvii1o6yhesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst(gc(6cc 4wvz hem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like5. npb6pc*bjo r5qnv : a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birthvncjb :p. *5oq 5rb6np to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestric)su uyr:hxagb 5 ,7f7h5v ds1al ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food./otx pk(b9-vysx n s9 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t5jc 6uo iv3z*lhe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from *3io zjlu56vccarbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem.(scdq1s(x/fy c/da fical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the xzv-ag py bg+cu:ko(qu+*/ ,bocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termalf;g7 ovt90igsbj v,6vhcn h;34 qv5s best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digesth;i6vo4v5vbg ,7vng30 hsa9 jq ;clft non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o0o zn3ym wv)-af numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pred/p-ex1:yfpfb ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlor5ib6tzg,4syo +qk-g fodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquati5x5 j/xbzwq jo55 6wezc mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corbxwe6o/5z5 q5xzj wj5 als and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform y.v 24xjy*b;2zngwr 8 l+tkzsation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systeme6w+ 7csrw9 iemsci) 0


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup xifyf5q 4b2eui/t6m *of toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followingen:jzzb tksga76sq,00/e 3dy statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma0a0tbn ,/djszke 6zs qg73:e yss.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneymq8wtv*j0 0zdqs:g2jid be22 m a*v 9rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosy1) vydw3 z:wlnstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foot ci 6fx 7 g4p:,vk4i,szr8ui7iynp)v 2xz,opd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in aum489 bnfh7q 6e hj0fik9c uq- soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does p 06sbgm-no m7not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ex gxst1zyf*lqhcw7j (/b-05ghist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like (fhy/7 c1hxw* gt0j5bslqz g- the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belov stebt64ubr r51/u*s w.What is rbus*1b ev 4 st5ur6t/ Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that 8xosas te//5pb)b ms9 describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteisj5:;,sh s)/ oh04gfbgx lbz) sct*oms.

  State the name of the process that cek l zxv d4s7gogjiow7-(*. f7k/+yeoonverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydy efzx-kl gjwo7i.v +e7*4(odoskg/7rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon r8vh3o6i 5um6qu-vru b(+25ppmoffrsinks. (u5hq ipv563 bo ru2fu+ov -r rf6mmp8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rzilw*(m*p y8 aequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an4;us9wa4 wf q/t 27fhn/uwk xc j7ysw0 ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trpx/d1) 9/(rxlcd fkuwue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prgjf4wvt8r+f 8e; eor4bc0 8 tuoductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrw ,: ce1en7devn0yt3 o9q/c rlam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t3 m6 un6px6 gs3hzgx0z9nift+he carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosr*jpju9gn- +ihl-+j d ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem 4c m v umd(gy,bxft4d;tq(r. :in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement sqr5ag9 ;: ckhthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitkrzf 9ip4q cs g:4yqd0/7 6pcyzn0d.trogen cyc4 c:kiq.t ygfyr np0 /q4zps6z7d0dc9le.

  Figure: Average per capit39klzlf1) fwo e,n: ru*(htdgibg m+,a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and N0ij*b uo65v cibh(dk 4t1p/xyr2 ph) vPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneeihuby b)rjcx /6 2*i(op0 pht 14vk5dvr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thewckzmj6eh w+41qmk 7(ib 4xh0 following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitn6i9 ykp;e -ysa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in w,w(f xb+yu4e qpwp:;k(fbf q0 ater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at tewb0 4fq(+f bxfwq,; p upyk:(he beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages oz/opl, g)sde1 d:l:v& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regim6bt. wsv3 db;w+tx/jwr25zh :f7+h y 8exfuqon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomb:l0z5.eym:1flf(m u2uw zh z e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy k-p,:.whlaa/ x,dw sbc3rz)l



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onewj4bb2 3zkc n/*i-pb7;fltul66p mgr or more statements from the followin 3b*-cl67b klm4uipgn/2 b; zjrtf 6pwg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clihjjuw9 0 /0xgtmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the teru tj 0g9xw0hj/restrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfox)f faz566niy +ju+w xrest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ,*tv jg 8nyhj;in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It: d4q3l 8y,aahk,e aykaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two c1ofy58q2 vp therbivores in different biomes p1v5f8qctoy2


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successiou 77 jr7e2wgkausk:8vn progresses from a pioneer community to a climax cj r7u8: agke7wu27skvommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stateme-hyiy )ex1 j* ztbl/t1k*n tx5nts is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durin1n-*t )h*ybjiyxz1xkte l/5 tg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factory rv+a4z;2co hrx9 4-qwg) tbe that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of too .-di7cu id5emperature on the rate of photosynthed .d57ocu iio-sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieosv zkxu-9xfj)b6/e3g, 8du nld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimen.w q6h8r * wrt5lm5ptns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the6 .8qn5 m5*whtrpltrw traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilit9k b3;/cmtm6t k/kx eby of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sam9k/63xk;te k cb/btmm e factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedr:noqy,y3+v m in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cree-b(pvow ainnx ,:gz.m ah.- j/k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for o dmpf+lk0th +b,1a,nzv1zc+ 5 nb9kospecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is noz u: 80wcjo1*a1nn nfqt effective for sampling motile (moving) speccwnz *j81nf:q n0o1au imens.