What is the best definition foap 2- w:v/zf x:j;nv88cqagx kfv mu66r a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I0eei+bqa.-m2 x xo1iu:1 j)gfduav- 0fk. urvtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could 1ewjer;t*ch (describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor crew;*j e1(ht 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio: 4o7f dnprl.lf/xoj0m-x3ske f kv83n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci, 3,,si+1o t9zrjwhy dmrq*eac h gl-.es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sh/s7 /qc0du7zng 0ylotripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When ng yd 7uz07o0hcl//sqthey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgm d0an()y*d wew(apr *anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wo bgk,* yjgl*8tlves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such k8gl,tj*by *gas sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ov;dw k2 9,r /tbbproxfj(r1wx8er time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and aw itorpjx ;hk,5u/r504z)xawnimals.zk54xx htwra;/ uri )p 0ow5j,
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of kcxz78r- )5r8nij pvpmp /5 6lbm5fs vtoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organis or7uxpf,r9to l*; m p0dic)t9ms live and interact with each other in the cold watersd; f mru0r7t9plc9t *)o,ipxo of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy t ownlu 3l:krg .h-ksyly1e2u r0 444/h0xixtis lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large rf5 hzz.cqbi u(e53,,ltmaa/biomass with high productivity, de lc5aa3zri(qu,f.mh tb ,e5/ zspite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correcene*6/f(* eo) b jdgslt description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasisf ,3gndzi f(:g3 (zeung digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, ad3i3f (zg( efnus: ,zgnd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ,gcl9ck, aocv4qy 4*fz1p,xxrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraaq 5/rd 78migpmids of energy.

  List three factors thim38 +ff4u3 ynfddt5 g8 yqp6mof7:ge at could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto d m y7n3ey tofp5f mf83:igg6d8u+fq4r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosy d)l f;)mo/ ychparu83nthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice 1d) y/wj)lbgpcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t.h- p0uagl iv/pvx , qk2(9 (pgr5oe5 nnjhnc(hat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, h5egha/02 (.p( cjvpi9 nl u- ovn ,rp5gknxq(they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ener+rj/ bb) ggqpya7jgl( -em r.;jq) wh,gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wusa-t3t crn0)eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alj zun*mk-7 jw+gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wanjjm7+ w* ukz-ter, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following +71e kys svdm6chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram orxqo63cp0( u ;q8ho)el rns-yf the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thoxwjgghm6z yn*j, :v )d3od7+at ingest and then break down an,:x+jvj ggyn) w m7o3 zdo*d6hd digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of ku/x ; 6bq ,bm2uq+xwgnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda*0zi3fvria2ah 6 7it,v nnio g/;sly; tor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichloro3 nplb/o z3fu2diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an avyub k9 /n- 9f+tiomtt s1lru03mk2*u quatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light souru kyt 3 t9u+tinmo*f209 r-ku1slv/m bce. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the g9ok a :6n,p*ivetfv3following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energyqo+m(bllxx* j5 s12 mj conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins upq 5d4b ujov6lig6*qh++z 7fin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st.(y:9zn) oopcdv5j w eatements is false when discussing a pyramid of bpcjzen v(:d5w ) .9yooiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of 2 cgsu5wvgy+ 1energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiviadmkr h8 id0m6:xuc/8ty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food weeb; nuselja lbk01/36b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in p2 l7crg6u 7uwx0c d6ntpbc59 a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does noqro1cgc cq2,9y si80 h5p:hmjt accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannahhfbw5 vdx5s0ivd ,.uj(o.+ :,jg ly az system with parasites on a coujwg.,dy.aifd so,0vvb5xl : + 5(zjhnsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirat7(lvu .nd( e8l0 /h7jon2 ouyxu7qi gfion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratioh870/elx7.2fnvl( gou 7yinj uuo q(dn?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidee lzi b+/o1nw5.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.x16y2(rtt:w y5cygir

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in thesnd xg50q,;ampm+y(k air to carbohydrateamg+pxm d 5y0k(q,;sns.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tot h1(:vzjqyanr mg84 5 other carbon sinks.j tgv8 hr15y4mq: naz(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thery1wd :04c skx longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area ppd/m/ g8ctc-eq z1w5 ker year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that gs4ve.*; - b5 eymioihare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary P/.rqmt wl w)s+6u( awxroductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of o xs 1s ksc*zhh.ohv)o9c8n -*the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon to 0. +6jt+liri vr)pp2nzwu2vhrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys/xs)mf(zs 5l rz1it)jtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrii2 i r:(iy cue5l-/bmkal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tx.ayk8 8gzq0that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc /6 n)ceps8kxjdr.jt4ed effect on the nitrogen cyclcrnd.8 /t kp4xej)j6se.

  Figure: Average per capijqj5ri hb.7xlhzs9 kh r c:v)z8 edd*856gkf 2ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivers 7ens r00p65v j+rfnm)xteyu/ity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a5frv s7pen) tx/0mnrye6+j0 u pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatirct,7w;v t0t/k2zp fvdfms) 3on.

  Figure: Average per /0d h iu6ar-afcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea p9k bq7ye v.c2zy6h: qblant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and aft .:2y bek9b7hvqqyzc 6er two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &op u w1i-pn1h.:4j abq annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20 kwm;ag 9qq)d-20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for vf(lg d*ub-h.5 gdren5 k44yff7+pci a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It+ hnpnu 0ki k;(p)bob;g0qe f(aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo sq53gz.t938qd cocxkp6k 1g tre statements from the folldsq6g3. t3k kqotc1cx 5g89pz owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clil4kmo 59w1rzj* o: kjsd.x4pematic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the eo wpo*k5z xj9:s 1k4j4d .mrlterrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiotkle1he* hs(cw:5l f+n of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stattb*to gk- .fu+8/ me1yewfc7 hement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita ,w(pxeak zlus g*.m86ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bio2fae;hg7(f 3g d pkxcp5o+j:su8 ax1rmass of two herbivores in different biomes3 hd cf5 +17 r exf8;paguxa(2pgsk:oj


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in b 8fs d)fo8yu fg)g2sb9iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from) gs 8 y)9o2f8ugbfdfs a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followh af r8 q1u0u,cbvju.8o-ivd4 ing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succf4rv - .buivo8d80 u ,ucjha1qession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured egu b uj5kov 40ksd4m;7j-:lqusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate f: djarwr e, r38w37jmof photosynthesismdwf ,jrwr3 3:j e87ra



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in:pu( ,o2y7xj fa9cqx w a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle j6+tb.n-jl y ebr(kt np9 b:f(ssx b(.A. On the first day, 1656 insect .s -b: k+r(bstt9nf.eby l(6p(j bxnjs were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important bcmj ok .e)(sv;)rcw. to take multiple readings of thbe jr .;cv()o.)wmkc se same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used w9:oc;m,5f,b nlcwh tin ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crg3bk84 4i1yylak,imb* yo+, l jl,bteeek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fobo8fa i7jo . z16t9nxxr species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fov:tmww9.rio:3c( hg n llowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile v. gw :3:nw(omihr9ct(moving) specimens.