What is the best definition for a spx kc8f fi5a1s80e; afgih/w0aecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itb3.wv ue0 x tyrf+x,4taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couwybz3d mc+ssd(9 :-7wo rjud4ld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor -ysdw+:93bmr(wj4dc dz7su o3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populvexrevurd j 6+b/o:hl5b4 (j7ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specwe mi3h/0r*;k7 qb:kje gabvp 7h;h8bies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resebf0bova n i+-m;ly2n1 w2+bhhmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can ra i+bh 2 2bnvlhf0; yn-1mow+beach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popula)ds6uwy7;w hl sl7l 9etion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)W xl2 rc;v;;am1ew 4wdp(v uy9tolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wl ;(y91u2 d ;cwr;axtvv 4pewmolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth dzvmfm/ 3j/i8z g o9d;of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails ftjbmu a,)-bo m9 vm8s4eed on the remains of dead plants and animals. st4bv,ub )9a-mj mm8o
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinso apni28 d 5up*0jsgda +h*+ttsa1 :sg in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and ot9z kt.e(:fhef her organisms live and interaffhek.9:tz ( ect with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lostg)au+m0 s k-y98bobxpply;c3 from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees h6bd qg nte/s,6br ,a/and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been know6 /eg6ah,/bsbnrtq,d n to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description-lpep;s m f, m,cukt5n-2ou/q of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ilp phe7p2.(;a.ixi( j(lppx into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying(px.( ;px i2h aepi7i(. lpplj leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s4z9fy(i , . sjrf2buciystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forh8em pbmpzmh83l2 dmbtm8 -98 pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What ij.6wnem5 bd ced) (ce gzpj,*.s Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorp(bdj*c c.d ,em.n5g ee6zj)w 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures m 7 xl l12*u7ppx;meew

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric+km ekc;q3d )9d.oinb+t m b:re cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th)w9z84jf1 obp(-vxsv7 cgm* u z*r y (-byvfinat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but onl gin xc4frmwv7 yp y8j*s(-*zbvo(fv-1u)zb 9y with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestr1l te*.fo3 9qk-uikokial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooq8xmt)xd7n ghvj.lbkfdd 304k, *m b5d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that7j8 ylu5/ijj t live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pro jyu8jj5tli/ 7duced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic5rlt8gxe z/g0 +yf t(qal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon inuw 1(wkr3ox+/wu ldja1pk +4o the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworm(82rs ql;rtu0+ etzybs that ingest and then break down and q z8yl0 str ebr+t;u2(digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numumpx d ;)vz0:sbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat v j8 y8omsb1)sn1lk9hor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):vpw 7jf 15ies)
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaim4g yj:d5mqfl kv419 nlable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, 4 kf :ymg4n51m9 ljdvqsome corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplv n;j, yn6ep(p0fn- qoe of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conve vbnqr(utfa7-6.c 8dm9 hj(isrsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain-n0e)yo 1xcl js




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss kv) e3 0z-(xf.idciuxing a pyramid of bioma3f d-u z)cv0xek(ix .iss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy i8t0 8za q54f ,g6sa3emttpsk


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing product7 yb9sp.yv./* p gwpwxivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinebqz7k-;.ll e l food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil(,k4p(eu oipg z/r8)r8wyf l l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does04xhb 2b:mxtsk7t4v l not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbersxk pd+li a y,*uj6u*p19aug5p that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a cons 9+pa galp,uy*p65ukj*ixd 1uumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respip hoxg51s)05lsuxkf/ ration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntheg xxkls1u5so05f ph /)sis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an /w, ihndk6/c2pg j yr-insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy idg)v*l/jfv9ki* t. zp s lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in thewxye 2j5dn8l 7 rkrq+- air to carbohyd-e85 yql xwr dkrn+27jrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospht mk6c0y a9 t xp);x76obfnv.8-ylmib ere to other carbon sinks. i697b.myt6 ;) t-k8 ly m bv0xcxfopna
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqglg2qxlhbico5e +h :m(6hf/ 2uires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in anu.1u am+)-+ *ojnmjrmc xmz- x ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementbon+ ajr n/n ur875yf7s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculljfku rea3 min-;6(k,ated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon fwm+qd4p9jiaj9 pk; k8e7k5w cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonfy,q; dgo 0xjfvys9jh)1vu 9nkg5 c:9 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow sv++g wxj1dv:wek 3/tin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest:dvdz n8da*cb8.r m6dn,h81vktxk5 erial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that9e4 i tw;h6ate is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the njugwx )1s.)omhu 9w*z +l .fvkitrogen cyclkz+1f .)wo *uhgwj )mx 9sul.ve.

  Figure: Average per capwm/*p6f0 yw: ,4doikgf*,fpyf, x f8x w3ilzmita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successi mqq:/tzs3 v7uon progresses from a pioneer communzvt3 q7qus /m:ity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transyk6k7 ) rd(v,t3f0qccz/t xs5sllx h3formation.

  Figure: Average per c09 a.x4fnzl6 m vnmweqz me95(apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bot y/d/gwmq; litxxe7 +7tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after t x77/qew;g+lti /d myxwo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &u,*j4d5;oyg , uuhgixm7 oam* annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishe-t)9hngywk ) h 1*yixyries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 9b-b ,*-5rkun lx7jwszd/seefor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of ft )+c5 yu0wycRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the x:0l:na lckxg qd.yh c+.lg79 followinx+0.lh:lk gqa 7.dc :y9 lncxgg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical lhrl66m w59j pvariables. List the main factor wlj6rp9m5h6l s that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description oa fz)a+i;4lbemzhd7b s -g-k2f the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rel u ev pgfz,:,z/rjtimw)h/7/ /;f axciated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rh. htf9et+v.ua+p x)h( x-jc/c n0d bkr)yhk1ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in di sr 55oyx4 jz3l6zibw+fferent biomes ix653rb+s5l jyz4zwo


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, 3opp(j 7a7mj s9isvf 9GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitj9fm7os a3(pi7sj p9vy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the c)mni+p/ ne4r ihange)ni/ pr+m4nie s in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a 8s fobe1(3lsnxl/ 8ytSecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inv-xy xfe2 aywdv.8; n+eestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes-8 xynev;df+xye aw.2is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fijiv y2a /e2z 9k.c-juceld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insec uakz*5yg5o 6j7 9zxep5 d/rugt traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the tr o u6p5uyga z*d7jr/kx9gz 55eaps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the da;luq kc)m s-z r*mn6xs sm) z.d1t2q/xta, it is important to take multiple readings o x) m;rxm1 kc smt6*2ssqlq)uz/.z -dnf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol yi8)dwbr;41pn4 op mltg;3o ,*vljut ogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twrb(5fatgl + 5s j.l in:lx2dv3o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in ty s-qlbeq.o.38x*hxt*k ws 3awo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follo5v *c2 x/x; (nptifezswing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (ic p(s; f/x* 2xzve5tnmoving) specimens.