What is the best definition for a spizwe( .qn(gcety14 :becies?

  igure: Climate graph of a) :kin9siv;i Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describel mlkxu, :9kx, a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factokx lx:,k 9lu,mr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p) g qeylh38jb*:y8ulv opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schid s,v(qu8 /s; nnv0v7z3tkbhcstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a do5b8 )9 xnrr5*dlpip small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsl 85xrod) *bi5pn9pdr pring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organism; vnd kri26j+cs is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup:psti6ox* ;s uus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic luos;t:i*ps x6oss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tim: lxopvld 59 b.o iioll 0mm,js;+ uka2o9:sm:e.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed os fv ha f*hx2mdnnd2/--nsq-fd j20)dn the remains of dead plants and anima h/0mjd2x dqfh2fdsf-ns) 2na*-v-d nls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaig(i pc.h 4liknb6f o9v4 1jcj(ns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organ0sm7arm0ig +wp/a cj, isms live an ,7wajgi+rpms cam0/ 0d interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l 6sjm;5px ,wfxost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass- 09/urwiiksb with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also inku9b -w/i i0srteract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio w2g1hluvd* c;b: w*qin of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their suq2oa (9w,bg 1syy r)wfrroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead rbfa1 2)yws(q goyw9 ,and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated bggbm9mdfvo+ w6g) 1/bp (yb4rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of kzxukkz yw/m- 7gm0e(5 i d)6tenergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor*5sjss gu rto7v+; y)b 1; Factor 2 an jo+)7 gbtsrsu5*sy; vd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem y)o ;d(ojh+xn3 acpea-ygh44 peratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systqyy l 5b+8aao51lav(wem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebbg927c ;ro 6q5bcftym+0eglu ra. It lives in the Ituri Fo9bgc 0c2er6 mgb5;ut ofy +q7lrest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptioyd5*y;o) 5lqw aph5pv n of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webd wv 4i8hcc1jgzq4f40



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae tx 0vriv 2dka)6hat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced bv2)0ikaxvd r 6y zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chei :zo7atmdv 6:mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems *6bwzvt n;0a.(rj3hlqy / ipj diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms 3h1e*z1i ovpmbest describes organisms like earthworms that 3p*1mhize1o v ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersi89+dmjkp4 y1 w wb4:bza-sre


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey fcz e/y9nq42y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trf 8 kfzz- )nw4c*(skrpue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawatjm5y2f zq;* oser-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some cors f25 zjoqy*m;als and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is m+d;ikih k6p70c j1jo an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversj6ar07ouw mslcr-b 15ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in oqz(p/* ut is4food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss6c0 x2 3omsoyiy 92kgwing a pyramid of sy3wk2m6gc9 2o0oxiy biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energl 0b xoq4t8vpq1c6-j fk-0 yqxy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for0 wnwa+6mbi- wxy6dqf t )(y.f representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin:)w2ot tiehy 7e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inza h/5*q :ewkl a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f e.e :)7t5ziu1ssvqzb ood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ex30 aeo x96asuv7v+y7 dl(cpzneh70aiist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likec0 ah7a7ez97 x6dups li3(e v0va+ noy the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fazy6u (lgsq:c)m yh,8rom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and ghycz m8,(qu y:a6)sl Respiration?

  Identify the statements that dejv+y.op q4d(/ ce3 l3wdb8azp scribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec/;d88 abgmgqo3 et/jeosystems.

  State the name of the proces.q/ c5ii*;1a5eo jatvbkqh (r s that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyo1ae; 5/.riqjbqkvc5a ih(*tdrates.

  There is continuous cycl z(*iy5 x z;s*vuy2 tfgn3bjhvti9-i1ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x(3 b ztfj5yiz9 -vv*hy iit1;us 2*gn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that re 4b7mqqic5ym7 cr6ch2 quires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area p9t .ec 21wousfer year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. w41ii me o ga(ebf6-f 3v)kw4i
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivim; *myw-o/jvci-j;2 zvb kb2 hty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy; ww9xt )bjdw)3i:)d7e..ismai(x fwcr-qancle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throxam5fq0xd2:hifa -z: ugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow hspbpgzg+ l :rehwl3x5*bs rwb2: .*5in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow 2n9h( x-tuwpa0ru yo 0 ,k3kdgin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactcvi0z)zda2xke ol58.f/ ycc )eria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efff*cd hxfb,g ;75 etjmlwhw,92ect on the nitrogen cycle.hwe5wt,mg, fdl*9f 2xh7bc; j

  Figure: Average per capenwk 8r/c8jvm zg)h 19(gzau6n4) kgf ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pdo 3xcly :v24progresses from a pio4v3lco :x2dp yneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformaxd/d)mmf;pcd b 8gq03 26mkpction.

  Figure: Average per capitai/ubcsica 6):d up9/u:xt2o o $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodns+7ri)klk m5r(j*ial* ,wy aea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ar(l*klskr ,iyajwa7 i*5mn +)t the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carba(di1zfi)c ec x+,f- e4tg8gu4m0 cfeon storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re1v6oej7 zkd 5 +9nx*rd1osnlxgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat -2,u2+xmlvpfx9 oajdw 8 evl,a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of o /2(::slwpd ;b )*qw zsqhxrvRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements froc g,(,0wvdpve)w 5ud xk(a)ujm the folw j,),kudu(dexp (vgv 0)w 5aclowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pcc4b mnj(4pw 9 2up5xzatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.5 jxc9w n4mu(2 cpbzp4

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bt3pq6 jf,cccc qv0/c( iome.

  Identify the correct statemeh+x/c 9 rway9yyc 7hs)nt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofza29gdna 0m 1ocm8d*n Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores inh e919qpl/u9mya 1fa o different biomes /ela f1o 9 y9u9hqm1pa


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progress z:rwou)oi cs4v+ ,sn1es fro sz :c4u1,) isov+rnwom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi (ro)( sxse sz*rnzj-e)go3p9ng the changes in productivity dus p*9rjg(3) zo) snze(sox er-ring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuredupcj:b -px(*bj* z2fnk pqe53 using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigatej i8kcn3 pzt61 the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisp t6c1k8zn3ji



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in7iww28q*j ),bfu 80 kgm u4lojrwf2ir a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spec yalte)m54 rq)c+ ac7simens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects m7 a l+s5acce4)rtyq)were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of tvj -6ny ide;uql;n:6 ahe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same vin6da ej; y:l-qn6;ufactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use)ichig*iq7; o1f qy/q d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twbxr;:1l89 r jgfic2hwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two p+wk;o;im0ahuze8xs :q-zi j pm e3+/k arts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques . m6eh;t)l qoehz 8b9ozo)i8xis not effective for sampling motile ( hh.)eib oqo;)ml ez9zo6 88txmoving) specimens.