What is the best definition for p(u1ljz68d4c rlfed0uc)qh/ a species?

  igure: Climate graph of -9 4hjvzovx(fesp )e,o;/hjg Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couldff0xosz a 56ww6-k;khecg7,l describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factok-6cf0ga,e 6 f7sh;wk5w lxzor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul53 x 4qq2 rqsq:6dlvmaation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of)2wzp etr,fu,p vf0x,ui79 fvkya 62 d a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes 2hcmb:ayc 2awt-k+;y ;y g urz.pn22ethat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four tph; ;.w na k222et2r -c:ya+ybcgmuzy o five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of or 6+ea9j6fc d 2dok2lhwganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur m*0zzs gc1;um naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Hu*u;m 0z 1cszmgmans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growcjnxjiw6r 3i-)s u 7d7th of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai3zjw1 b6*sf.ihjtc *, u) zmpwls feed on the remains of dead plants and animats*j,.*iuz 1hf36wb w)mpj czls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxid8ozn0 al/ vygs( zq)3ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organ pd,;9r8hjczjkj3fz; isms live and interact witf; jch;jz89dk ,p r3zjh each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy isjq9-*o 9fefzl lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largu9zw,c sh4v i3e biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment9vi ,huz3wc 4s they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a8g jx8ypvj.5) k:l8f (rehbfahn1jx, food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin5uj 7 c;jouvrk2p( ca6g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes brejv ur6;cp2ao7(k c u5jak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system y0-w6 ve*slr p


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of e+oeo v0ur43o 7wd,imm :cva.f0ck ph.nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichjia8r g46vf gj 84b-/dgdxki:e.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa6:8d 4v agdjj-ggfb 8r 4kii/xctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesiz3.gc,t lk0i ab dcja6ffk +mhl 79s2*s at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeot m i68kc3i+b;rv ):x kdm6ybm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and er:gy(f c/)ex has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with:)/gfrc(y exe other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy6 aeaq +0wsb+b flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w1d-0xa0vjb o61 db dzzeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the cbe co m88lk(q5arbon compounds produc (mkob5eql88ced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactid taux2*66tu aon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carb kl1/ p.cg1rhgon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms liker4az; :(*tsiv,d;wsowxpbe6vapf;a6* 5n hb earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.b,;arza;whsti(o;6v vp pf4s* *b6: xawd5 ne

  Figure: Ecological pyramiu(f* wujo- 3 wml9dt5ud of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pred7 1 .dwdwq4+52l kuoxfjud .ezator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ar a,/3c 3ormn*cnoks; se -1unue true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availab9t/v3i* :kl q r*gdlydle seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The stu*d3i yglv:r 9 /kqdtl*dent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran576;f4,gf:ipu xy o/ kecfsd rsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system wdk /qrv r8/wtx75jy+


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaig ),xc9ct; xldns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statdxg7*kf::j ,xcx1fvmr ./p gtements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaskm1fg,/x*d7cj:xf.v xg:tr p s.

  Figure: A pyramid of ee2w1rw(n 0ebe tmg1h.nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reppx 4ni+3bxm8bei )s.kgnl5o +resenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foual m .z3z43f:icpch 1j sal4/od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem qt c cfx+.2*b+qxw 1nk,ry,ee1f4fvs




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accur4 8r..buwnz4iqb.y m4b 1hznonxc 64zately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that co/1b szo4)18otoz nu uruld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer)r4/ t os1z1o8z ubnou like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctls+nr 7 -qx7wnqy from the options below.What is Photosynthes +77n q-xqsrwnis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o3s03t zrbrs-lsc w 5i9viv*n, f DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enec4 q,gdz e4jb/rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in vgkql +va8l6:the air to carbohydrates8v :q6l vkga+l.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphedcm1kb g+mjg/ v2d)w4re to other carbon sinks.dv 1+2j g4w) m/mckdbg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longeso;z6s1xpxu1 1y9kaqi(bi ri;a hc b.6t time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /z;k.+k fgn u1r per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that enx7h6auze/fn86 rs8):su egu+ 9zh rare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc:6en k + ac9jx4 5 e:cgzw,k6tjj,l.nr0bilytulated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc,zbtrsz u l(*6le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throauhgg.eg,: q)r. k pj,ugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem .75bscn1gkgu bt1w6i


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr8; atv f wpvg93.yga0wgix7k(ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denrf,/d2n* b ylrt*.qnv-oe+p ditrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not oa.we/bj.taz t0.6 jda human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycad 0 jz.a6/ejot.twb .le.

  Figure: Average per cq8j)vtgc-dfv*:w u r/apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary y1azpp ubu9g 94 2eb)zsuccession progresses from a piop 2zb)yez gu9ba1p94 uneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fnf,,ir* i mpn zadyl g5*:i* ydy5y2a/ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit dh361y.yg4:ndg27 jvtuvby ma $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One nw v )5r4p/vg/dhk4 ubwas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bott/w rdhgv)b4k/ v4 up5nles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flo o*xa/sf p(y;vws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b/0iy.3veufay/q/ b ve y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome r 5,-7blygecu

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of ml+ -u ,fl,vakt8lsj:nq+t ;o Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementseewht(,f v3yo: 1ges) from the folloveee,fywh(otg s): 31wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variab8q((0n moiulb .pktq9j) m2a)v ib2npo rs(d)les. List t8 2qij b(qoni m(rp.n)09)s)2v( uado kbtlmphe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomgem1*/pjyshu j; s+nkza nlcv30lw 1 9,n/(p me.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.4 y3cb)e2jy:aqhgj 5d0do4 rc

  Figure: Climate graph otj+sx :w3lx1j4/nuc x4nzh :yf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and b )tw .nc5d-m9abi7zysx;u7i j.mgx z*iomass of two herbivores in different biomem7asb7x*u;.igzx ydjiw.c -mzt5 )n9 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G8 nsj6(fsch2ma:9y s kPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f(:26ynsms ajhkf 8c 9srom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sd*l ;o7f,m chjtatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary sucm;j,7 f*old hccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mes46w3ombmn9 bhvty4 *oj6*w qasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate ts iuwqs4.*t00 np4r *qepdv;khe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynth4ps4i q*0ten* u .0s;vqpkwdresis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi-q uer*z- eh0weld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimen/90 thj tuwwcs0y 3r;cs of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were be;c00ths/t wrwc jyu9 3etle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to t0 dmixy.6rcl 3ake multiple readings of the same fa.63cix ml 0dyrctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolgr j5+ ;llw4tzogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samy;v+-w2dvf1b srye6 u ples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two part+i hiy02vgr: s+pxj h2s of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for oi f *q(mni47lsampling motile (moving) specime4fnq( oi7ml* ins.