What is the best definition for a speco5p6i i1f mlrl* b,33igiw98nnlm6s oies?

  igure: Climate graph of R, ;3adu 1/gia;svd ,tfqv9hlxome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe z4sy;v;i(n4 6xurwi vltb ;lc,4 -vqsa species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor , q; xtics4n ilv(yvw-; b;44vlz6urs2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiooolhgc4a5an2jn s 3whr .) y. .)zeh7rn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle ofhvyq*en: 1v) qx8:ur a a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffej);1ipyrsq / xy. h6t,e-fo;c7se)vozi*z xc and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leave;zfs.py oziq,x)ch)y -jrtie7/oc1sv* ex; 6s and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org jfh37j9j- cq1mq dy(oanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis l8s a7tqp7wyu.2 o+og rwos s;(upus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a .wy(;o7 s7qs wtsog8uoap+r2 factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tim gk 3(:ghv9-duyd;c abe.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and sh n;8) rhw:yotef.2tui:u* wanimals. *ws ;ty2wnou:tr .iu8)hh: f e
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of.i .mthsl (w.y /gtkn9m)acb 6 toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,:lhzp/ *9n ncs killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in cpns/9 :n hlz*the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energysri i zqpa51*wxms77+cc py( - is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to hezqi 4m j7s3yyyiurs w9e4/)h .hua /uh01s7 yave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environme r/1jh)i9 uh4yz iuq0e/wy3aum yes .sh s4y77nt they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chai j2zi g )b(6w-ftg-,ko dfe qkl:l4rg/xw-l g/n.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int vlej1 nmlu(x 038jzf9o their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and de vmlnf8ju90 lzj(1xe 3caying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rui sn. ryp w+h;-klc3 0.hvi4gice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energyfr,:/ldz+ -1qdd gnkptb8/c h.

  List three factors that c uh .kmo9 o25r 3h*kyv9yjd0jtould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 230hud9k9yh.rj5 y v koo 2t*mj and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturesmk*:qfkxj f 7/

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti of 9.2qgn m/nb*gmmrgnd3 8k1vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe(i1qtpg s,ss-(w c+zu and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solqu(s, 1tp(wsg z c-+siitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrip/,a*yv8)xl q j0xqwbgtion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webd3(kzugw;u j3



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals oobk -ssvg753feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from cgk3bsoo s 7-v5arbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction0udblb n0 l+1k:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moveo*+8owy4o ,xg*g0awlok3fj pzxi y7 6ment of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms arwcu*q41 hg.5hae3l/ :o ee clike earthworms that ingest and then break down and d egqwle 1h oaa/4uh5.:cr* ec3igest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrtbyq( 2gep9m1y t7f87g iy ie) 5j;tfuamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatd5s4gz,ep+u)w 3 flmjor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dicuoup* ekfj1+y 7 +,yfmhlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comme6otj m m*l)+p-plx jr+rcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are t+rmx 6j*jl)pt mo p+-lrue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o( o5dmeyr kk;;c2/rvc f transformation.

  Figure: A natural energyhm1t f*2w 8n4qgk t7no conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi.+tdk lm)cf:x.-i/0ji lsnmq ns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dis:25k739y8p3 rsbin 2jw8tepc0 kykrnau5kw m cussing a pyramid of weny j:ru5akcbs9tiy23 k3w 0528 mkp 7k8rp nbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of em mle3)ox 4o.i;y.koa nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units f;p 4o5l9 wuc6nv7s:qbch y0wu vu/b1bor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinic7b 6 b*r(/ *kcnqftu2ijz6qe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy/wg ; +j-1yt/ elokps3fm4blestem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that .s9.ukxkxz ;fdoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could e+q 5 ffvrv fs9pg(r(h:xist in a savannah system with parasitevhsp5+ ffg9vr (:q f(rs on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from th ao qa+1e(r0/dijhi;ve options below.What is Photos; ahidoej(+10iv/arq ynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the useq-aw owk8 8t/b74ox5u q 2ntxp of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystexc /n3l(pfa0dm y+1zw,-fnzmms.

  State the name of the process that converts ccjlzfw ddg4huu3sm*p;t5+ u x/ i6 :3xarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.3c*uu/z4t:x xdg i6swh+53d ;pmlf j u

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere ton:r5r;1 i/p-vx 5 lir)fhzghu other carbon sinks. - n 1lgrrp/5:ivf hrzh)x;i5u
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time 7u5rc+q1x4fn ryh6 rdb5cxa2 .

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysl1imv96jx zf1bs 3 .prtem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that areo.s 0/nq 4gmqbwr h,:o true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prqo, /kc48lem r/uaoo0 oductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mtka- y1z5z6a wejsmr1/,e oi8 arine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througwe6q h w10f(2 )qdwtlkh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecoxljp-7 i;b*svaa4 5u: uraf z(system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tef+6cr tg . 4p,oiwcq2errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifld*s,)m6 iv jx/t- kcrccq k:2ying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following ae rv5kv56x4yb4fc9k is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclevbr5f4 ve45c9y akkx6.

  Figure: Average per capithos9c:9lpf ;aa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succeko1: woteu,:ession progresses from a pioneer community to a twoku1:oe ,:eclimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampvj c*:hn/i)rhkl;p j *le of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita aa cjklm.3 gbzqrh +4 ,nig30p:h 6y z382wokc$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with .32j 3wgi fsqy tix1atx9.q/ san Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in . /swgi xtsq9f1 t.j332ai yxqdarkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fv vkz3gwj0i) ko3;0ellows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2e u u9yf ej/*0nehlpr7 c9,ubko*v.;d020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data reblt201nr/ba: hr yp4xr2b8 for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph cjxiq2tkc1u8t- /mv5/ brfn-of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more sta4jii:peej ks n *ezlv5g+,xoai f85*,tements from the follo g ef5v*il5 *nz:ep,akxeij,8s4j+oi wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vaos 45 af*p.gkhriables. List the main factors that 4*saph5k gof.characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a qq2kg wkr gi)j f65.a8(zbta )description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement re6 93*p*xulmeq; w garclated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 5g.m)v0 gzt-l2vi xlx.w:pkj 3 rv w(uItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differew0orw:srke. 5 g*yh s-nt biomes*r0:gw5k hr oeys.s-w


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progryr;gc/v*j0tq esses from a pioneer community to a climax v t/0j*qrc; gycommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f o37ewi4exy b;ollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. ; 3ei4xboyw 7e

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a ec)73pjwmro(t y 0;6rf h) 8tcuh u3khSecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate tho 7az1/vg3 lame effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesm 1z7 vag3/loais



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi*yhzv hm d-70weld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to x.seipqg,d+m: c c(:c capture specimens of beetle A. On th.,xqe:+c:i md scg (cpe first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabild); qb: oe lsjj88x*2uwj2uryity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factorduj:8wr e 2o2;)j8sb xuj l*qy.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usr4nmj0f7 b* hbqx3*q , wz4ycled in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples 891ivuu 2.nts bqc5js of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for k+c7n 34s.oa)2bcd/mntj p m dspecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for s a8s4v p;hk7heesnx76 (7m z0toyuo1aampling motile (moving) sph k67m7esun 4(y8ahexz0t 1vp ;saoo7ecimens.