What is the best definition fyp n9fh+: 2yqifhb/j2or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, q hplwhyz)*m:6go5 * yItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factoil +j(vf)n; wtu,ohch40g;4:z kxz dvr 1 ;Factor 2;Fzo0v 4t4lizk;, :xg ()dufh ;hv+njwcactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a 9fp-csgu, fubh (8( jupopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma cm7g cmx6r :7zspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th;wt)s83oy j:x jtfb5nwhq*-zat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Demqn ws jzx *h8 )t5-fbt3o:yjw;ocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organizab4 hrzp7w*k b4)s7 nsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (C +4l3 rv/egbg;tviic(anis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern Eurog tvvelg/c4+ri3 (ib;pean country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the r2 unf+utu;f:l6c u(p growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snvsf*+c g.e tc,ails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.v t*c+gf ec,s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tox m2xtqyb vmzp6(p1j3d)ano *g:46uql ins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kq(dk8 75o2ro nv:pqeyiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of th7rv q5n8ye( o:2kpqod e Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost.nk2wm2sy gs7 from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biom5e iyhk -bllysvu217 )ass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact -hb7y1ekv yl)uli2s 5with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript )jv9ebmas 2e a:-ia+pion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounrthgufa:s.dp 154gk q9 ,yla6dings. The enzymes break dow rgadkt6h,p .: g4f5l9q 1sauyn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riti5 r)1iewr- o-gw:iaq 3 bde.z:k3rkce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrgwe:7utvy ,po5d u k)/amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What g*jlb vlo.1v+is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?1bj+.*v lg lvo

  Figure: Graph of the rax;u ,g4b c(qxqte of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu;lm ldnk ;*ya4 ci7z(oltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hasq rlat *. -7ou9kndgd4 stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring woq*ku9 4.7l ntrad d-ghich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestric+ x3uwci/16 91x llbjsdka 3ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web,or px9hby)1xf/s6 z k



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the ca9jy/f/*ukne om:)jwh3o 0co rrbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wa jjyom:fk 0owc u3r/9one/h)* ter, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following9vpl s 9r4o2hp chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the s4x69,y c5 aiec 6e+ 5y+kn5yv vwipcamovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describv 5gu,rl 4d q(gkn;k2t0 -tsgees organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down andt5q0rdv,2ek-gsk4ug nt; (l g digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbeph2hec p5e9x) rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itssz- m gw5f)z:v prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abo1 uud1wvl70knut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic messy 6k) qdjoc4, (os/maocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements 6oy/)josa, cd 4sqm( kare true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra rqnr76 n7y , 3jh:tbsuf,i-wp-tm9 lunsformation.

  Figure: A natural ene1r6ommd5 :8z xc9qr gjrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains0qgjsdbm90 2m




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramh: q/9.obdh+3yn qekrid of biob/ehq :kq h+ .y9do3rnmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene22zfznw)sue;)vq 0 i drgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosys.i2-4x 6 ccn0bancmn ktem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wrlf 69cn..ikxia-qv5 eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soiljv7707 ig * 3alesp*ytughw /g ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementvz3 zo(h;vdda v2 cfxcy.*b5( that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syum waqkr:*+v4 stem with parasites+:ruvwqa* mk4 on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respqo 1wu5g l15njiration correctly from the options below.What is Phot115ojlwq 5 gunosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inseynt s.ckhfa95 4uv)a*/fy mj8 cticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lohr6d0r j kpv),u 8,xj/dxzc66xcz xp8st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ahszh. 86 qp3aeajohh xv7-m ;9ir to carbohydvz xehhs jahmh6a. p;73- 8oq9rates.

  There is continuous cycl3eo*bi ibi.+r ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. be.ir3ob+ i*i
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cv8wph( r;:ol3ut,up p arbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per 5e( 7jgijmy0c area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tkvini7 br(j7ux 7m+9 chat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Product(pljiz4 wmw4r.gdw2q c9l 0;kkb-at: ivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram mx7 w/9u chwi37(a vpzof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of c ;.s sy(vi-h.g1dcjb bniw9g8arbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in 7 zg2ehuv j)*uf+188sgm;w b9inign h6 isf u*an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terle-l6gg0n iyz(pp .w-restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of)3wmtbs8rph0nki07s denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a ht (ras,iwch8 8b(y to,hu*p8xuman-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclethyx8s(itb8pa*cuw( h, r8 ,o .

  Figure: Average per capita 6mwf;e9m qh(og9k/t lkt -k0 g$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivercjff )3k:r :jsb:bhui g yz62*sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pion r yifgb b3czh:6: j)2jkf:*sueer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example o qpqdw+u/ iv1+mfr9 l ,nh*kb*f transformation.

  Figure: Average per capity 6tny,p/ej cg4 uu*l1-5p oeja $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an E p.v ogg:su6*dlodea plant in water. One was kept in light ansu 6g.dog*pv :d the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTu hcmp f4o)op-uie,44 $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2 su)b3 a)io 3es1:rogx020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fou ykikt06 5d94 fgos2ar a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of t: ba9u0zqm1f7pxfby6.kc) 8,iq c bfRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more staz )6*x7 pb7w:l0qh,ksqod (/lurca9 lyhnc w;tements from the fol;b(z9a ln)ch px6r*0/ l,c d7ouq 7hy:wlwqkslowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. 4 1fcjfo wo47r4cmp+ 8ddo5og List the main factors c go4 o+of4dmo1jwc 4d5r78f pthat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of thr -9r4hni7msr e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ec,/l-jhzv3z:*t yttm cosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,)eqs9o1/lx3b,xepu)z ol9 tv9mz zp6 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product/, usvwj-wx xtb,hqd b +/.sc,ivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ut-w.xx/ w vbdh,s,qbs , /j+c


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in i1y.jejima1my4ei*7h7(yw vzwx-yq rk7 18 nbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to aj 8vyy7zhqmky17(- .ieyij rw47xa*w1en mi1 climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingdu:f sxe/75 ;uqrcbi . statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession.b 7f:s e;i crqdu/5xu.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Se5e7qd :sfm pe*:goupmq 9n63 hii m10b+phh.lcchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tey8(efhew;+j, l4r.ubb3ff a3nbe e j0mperature on the rate of photosynthesis e u;fhj8b03r jb+e,( .lw4ea3ybffen



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ah87aa gpp eg.* field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of agg nr ;-q*o 6tz9toxvy;85b 20od*za)zqi e qbeetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were markeo)z*g t6qz0 9nre;t g-qbad 2z85o;ya*xqvoi d. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mu4qru - mutbgw3lknqom2;,4l mr -8vk*;e rwi(ltiple readings of the same fact,ww i blve34ug n*k4q8 k-o(rqm;-m rut;2lrmor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling oh 7hf r-;3e**,d v:oyxdmjoi


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek8n)o5d0oacaxsluitwk 5(tsh30/ ;f e




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampl cmq:o -42b 1niq 7jpuao9xdl/ed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techni5*fsz2xnloybb26f j u:) z. wiques is not effective for sampling motile (mo.i2n2fz )uy xwb ob*5f: lzjs6ving) specimens.