What is the best definition for a s xnqevc6a :i9 i.kj,l;pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy t;7z1set.zvprhs -q10 qpp.)bu xpt/


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is90yolbv m2 cim a v*m736i2gaj Factor 1 ;Factor ml c6 2a*g39ii270jv mvaybmo2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popue2miy+rn:w +clation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sook18/q i l*c0z8ihir pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip;qz73wvcay2 (m :*5fyp5tp 8 ajijmfves that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary anima w:m 5f 5py*m2;3qjjv(apivyt fcz78als and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of.v c8 v.rnu,4w rxv,aqy efqgag;d1 21 organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf.kxjsc;wyq7) )o +ea a (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing ;ca7j)oy)kxa+e q. s wan economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populxg-e- w2qpi )fation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animabb1xsvz.ei1w0 xk o. 3lso .ix.0 bvb3w11e zxsk.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fe0v puq( z25ifood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wh c)g.cqv;o//;u isenw ale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with/s ;oc ncv/g.;qi ewu) each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ene)wu5p8n la 4wgrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomassrxe.ohc p:15 h with high productivi.oh5prxehc :1 ty, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.i gritf0 yov1gb78al..zjo,1

  Some fungi obtain nutcte+gk4u)9 w rrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the wgc)teru 9+k4 products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system xe3w+k l) up)z 3p1w6tjo6ais


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramijq7 /3umri pl)ds of energy.

  List three factors that r-,e9 *awwxjcs0xl xh/msjs5 op-,z hp4ou +*could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor+s j*xch e,pw-x ous lopm59/*sr-jzaw 0x,h4 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ruvd 8v9a/osqr4 ,;ftbate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate2 x/oq3n( )xxt k x882uxw:pszdgmhc7 d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatk6b(y9c te dz- resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, t ez6k(d- bc9tyhey are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a3tvoi q(+(a ka terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fook94 1n.sbbjrio7j i7 kd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedp2 /ni 3-aayo)p8j n5dwle+xc on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunp o/j+2i3c an)-apen 8yd5wl xlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicxom 5dj1wd)9k0o/)n,ng pdo 9xiy :s xal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems d6uxf:b5cb w 7xrz,/ ebiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eafzjd7. eufx z(;k. 8yorthworms that ingestf8zkjod7y zex. u;(.f and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbx4ka9uks8qu8/k .o lwers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a c*gunf;6e7bv w ksvv f:.-7b1 gp e1;b/qi kklpredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are jksufa b*0-mj- pdmg-n ct 9,;true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawaq:goco:fj+4jcokk 5:ter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it o:cc4 k5 :gojqkjf:+o near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatilcoyrph/ . )3hon.

  Figure: A natural energy conversk sp-s6rkgfkd +qd** eq0l.f *ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup +qv. c -b0 0lbwxfz wssm7gk4;of toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing1 dd) rqda))1.e cwvng a pyramid of 1q cwand) d)dre g1.v)biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener12ld,oqkx jy l 73guytzx9;r.gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit- /y44v m(i*)enr ipwkzori q;s for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food5d3u v5)xdb dt web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem ,skrkjr g xq09c9a;f m5itht;un 7y;1




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wekg; (f9wt9iwx b.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that .utdhp6mn b a*08cshf* dgm/oe-g m0x,m8m 7 kcould exist in a savannah system with parasb.-8k f08*d tp7od uc0heg/mg6*mmxmhs,mn aites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cor*0 zsy) 7ke6ouprrss, )pvj8brectly from the options below.What is Phovjo ),s7su 6rk8pyp*e srz)b0tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe ,0+cp 5tdap /o0 v mf,--mqwiin0nsq uthe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy isy./+cw oqveh5sm 6m qb66slv9 lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process th bvre4o vjug4yv +y4-3at converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrateyj3o e4bg4v-yr+v 4vu s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the ato+brs mua8f75v/d0c f mosphere to other carbon sinks. 57dffarc/+sm v0o ub8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lo w5t/mxshdl cl62 3 yvyyf7+uz-)ecb- ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pgoz s4- +nml1ver area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsz ,1 dmmttz4f( that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be 6z w81ovay ccgqql(*gg8 g2v8e5ug 4u5fae:ecalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyjseqnfk5 vhzr15y0dq3 52t+qpqly : 9cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throu zu6 stt;+7qmcgh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow iniji7on1qm*wmp :3s-o an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ6bu*mk +uuy*q)y3wmb $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trfe;tx lcg,p71vpom ( )ue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follp6b uw-gnffkht 0 a2* mp6if+4owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy46-f+2bgfk m6 t0wpfi nph* aucle.

  Figure: Average per cx6kf*(u/pl 9g/ jw1xj aqsts+ apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressngyyg)o33,m1fj xx-s i .ooz alx ecsu*-1.v1es from a pioneer community to a climax community. xyov3 z,gl.g1xeic.sjaouo1 * )3-fy1mn-sx
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is lx2bv3v - :zcnan example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitjizny(t)6 p-3f 0io ,dop8plv a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with a7 /p jqa4nk)rsn Elodea plant in water. One was kept in kpqrs )7n /a4jlight and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows svp8funr0h 7*3yh l9m in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re 8 x e;gvv:qk+iamx+o.gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datan z1*(g gha.wc for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, lqqq*x,0 66z2pvhq sfl hmn8*Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or9-a8uv a) 3bxh( hsi7ryz qly3 more statements from the fol78( iz3-vux3hab)syq ay r9hllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phy1aqyax(+ l+ :lg ( mfesjl/u op.j/ q*d)plo*zsical variables. List the main factors that characty /uo+qj ls*a .zjq* :) flgao/+(1pp(ledxlmerize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of thkvyr -:1 btw1u0 ;iukqe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eczswue:v8 i0oo(l)p1m2a ig4hqtn0 y 8 osystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o3vmsm ftdhq 69onka, b3s(po )g7yoh3 j33fk(f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw:rx esnsgtmj2 q)27 o(t3x, uwo herbivores in different biomegx m2oeuns r(q: 2wx) 7j,t3tss


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary 4+1,;jr9cr4xoq .pajc0fo irwismo6 succession progresses from a pioneer communityc1fmop4,;raji xj4 +oos.60 rr w9cqi to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follokz :60qzdz+q nihwd 4.p 0mch)wing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durinwqn0 dmzpz4hz+ hi:0dck ).6qg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Segun.kr iz l982cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of cp,gnvtg7 vzp(/ 78yen q(db2temperature on the rate of photosynthevtd(7ycv ggbn p7pn,28 q(z /esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiey fdds5o;kihqy :8r dq.a(w+o,,byhsj(x9 g ( ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of 6o4,2 wkv:+ijv1feh tui13x :rqskkzbeetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle 4iier: fk 3vv1,u to:+w1 qzhxk62skjA and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabiyblt3 -29 wqox0 bx:tvlity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of th02 qt-xbtbvyo x3:9l we same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i n ahk8l)(hgr:/(fcik3sf zr4n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two saw-e ni/ya z3/ xge:yxw,k g.i3mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fo0*ov 3;ni:goc xu gwm0r species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not yuzc )/ o5fxg2effective for sampling motile (mugfyc5ozx) 2/ oving) specimens.