What is the best definitionji+8,azhulh/ en8 r84qe6gi y for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, sc ,c2z1w9l z95ayzm eItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i vp(.l +c(f7pvz 8dc3gc wtd7bs Factor 1 ;Factorgv z(87.+d cw c cpl(7pvd3tfb 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiyso( - 4v:;fdd4z3sx*fzk cwbon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomgde +j/ cd;fce:j :/yza species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has staj8:) jfcbum 2ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns aabf)82 mc:u jjnd eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is xxr-40eqz 3d9jp 3jik a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oce:vgsmp -4m2u)/siis cur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor:svm- 4)ii s2pgu ems/ that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a po2f hzsb*)uzbx4 + ai,we1mey4pulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sn0viw.kgl7h w6,ts +du ails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.g +uhivd,tw s7wk0l .6
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chk ,s rqvyg+,t4ht3su*ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pomtqs;:xqyd89jk3wul 9 wpo2 6 lar bear and other organisms live and interac 2jwpyt68o9dksuqqwmx; 3 :9lt with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eneg f kb:,sr9x2srgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a gd-my3z.ynz+31 f*ehag h k/s+bpwk* large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knownayf m*z 3e-gh.dhyg3 ksnz/k*1p+b+ w to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food q 4e29hm)jqkgyr uh-+u3e, kp chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrobz((pwao /hc1 undings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaveshwp(1/boca (z , and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ri.uyj:q-rpd;2h+ s tnoce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forbo 604li cvywuw -l u+su;w5;u pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could descrikt rhgubsh;)d hq9t;01 dyd86 be a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3t 1d6b9dh;d0;kh gust)y 8qrh?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis atkawj o f2)-of. different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice xv2yno3 cv-aib51/5i cax2tsz w :6:ee)uj jucultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smal m-he qa-z pmkq*vb*;l ,;xox6f8hzd3l-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They a-q6x m3qzv;d pmex ; kzh-*,lh*boaf8lso graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terr*)aw a djmyjhf,zo-7 -estrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wh tg292wdiz; qeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algl-11)wlzfw4 k*u x.jo5 4b(p5 cvkf iuwp7a jgae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunll(w xi ko51vfl5jp cb4w-zk*7au 4u1 jfpg).wight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingo(e8hh(mtn 5x chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems wi18oi 9 p ejyc7vvy*7diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earp(d /xnulgybj64 ,: jqthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgal, xpjd (ubyn4/6q: gjnic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numzg clo:,00m xsbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densi )-qf ngfq)y8jties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrio0 + x.rfh6zigm21jcuchloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially aq,vckvb9. pymy -w39gvailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp9g q, yv m-.bywkvc93p, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow6q(kfsop 2s2tm /gww2cx2 +lr xqj, -hing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convdbqh s11)71kzjzs. ef ersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup oy45-u ornrc 7qf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fal 0po.:6dadm jjv+j cj(se when discussing a pyramid of biompjjj ov0cmd(a:. 6jd+ ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of v(zf efibgz72ps3,( v) i reg.energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct uni;eact k-g* ,3t*oup cgts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food9y 0nmb9r pv8ff+7 acp web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys jqz. 8/tdwr8ftem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a2tx:c7 d fu-cd food web.

  Identify the pyramid of n gyl3o)(jzn)t umbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thegt(j3))zyn ol lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cst d .u09thde,orrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationdhts ted ,9.u0?

  Identify the statementscbsc1pcx3 3d kaze-1 8 that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco -r- nd9+tqf;oju ,0vqmtmpk7systems.

  State the name of the process jn tf68wg;b t,that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrj, n;ttwf bg86ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otherfs kq ui8zh2mis2(1 7g carbon sinks. 2gm2izh( s f8k71isq u
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in th k3voj7uvuu67ig -6ire carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energ5g qh ps4u qga(rv j0r*)x04xny in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru7ouf wxmccv,7 edosel5/6 ,q- e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (, 1yorv pmt+p/d;lpk,NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of t3)s)+ u a+qc3xyp4epwvv6h behe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbonunm : m5/lkhr )z zb vify 6fibh(w5a+909r0di cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst4jjck6tt3w mn, w2:ftem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ec y0m,-rk wwj9z uf/4jwhz(mc 2osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that iszr xp0w2 u6q9b3bgce0-u uys)/lt5yu not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following iky;k2 vcv.;hss not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy;v2;.ky hkcvs cle.

  Figure: Average per capitakpzk dkv70uxhe .y (1 3w*:zbc $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, /ddb9z(k4*7u va)5 iid q) xv0fiyg xaGPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax4 iz q*a7bk(g0 y/dvdi5)9v)xxfidua community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thrno;p0inr 05y ( *hpske following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita9lt*pvh, uef2+-wj re $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bot3z w d3r60ltzkslu( ccg v9u9.tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were l93lucck6 r z(v9u0wts.zd3 gobtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT.q))yaxbz o0fk j;fxy 9 fq(2w:scpm / $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by reg)m43:qy2nyng z qc( kfdjg-:aion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected date0 p:wm04cwwfc nzc)-a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom(kbueowv3*: o)edbguz7) :bl e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the.dlow0 tpqn f d/jv00s(:qex: fol (fsde w/qdlx t.jpqo:n00:0v lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oc ue)gr 8nbn/k 8c5na5b29 zelther physical variables. List the )kn/ nc5 czen r85lb92 ug8aebmain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rai.pfgzmvx y+ )5e .v.vznforest biome.

  Identify the correct stat 73 tubi4hqk,404jhmu*hk mxo ement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,4z. ocju)a5 p ql,j)ps Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different7 d+gmr h6xrzd8v7 d0c biomes +xm760rd7vcg8h rz dd


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP ann o l4.s,+ym1sn xha)jd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to ahln an) ys4oj1.,+sxm climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct iq.c*wugqg(j,owe; ) ln describing the changes in productiv*g(qqlc jewu,g w.;)o ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secco.;k. :rb 0srsu6huzrhi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pho11v ff3 b-e teq2pbk -q79qavgtosynthekqvfea q-2-31g 9ebb7fpv tq1sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in asvd /076s vp(yfdtt,h field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps tp- eg+ 9jqn; 5m*ztm3vdaqn:uo capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of tujm vmtgqnd+ e-*nz9apq: 35 ;his species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple,hv 97ut)yayh zs d 9n8orpg70 readings of the same factorz7 guh8oa)nrvy sdh ,997 ty0p.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i wt7cory-m ffge51gp:w;oc (/n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Win.k7ia/x vg pwl heof4265e -rllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled w )u .xy8aovyit3ybn:9g 7ypm.-v.eqocn l44 in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling bn tcvpj a*i*p n848kl c4 cw4s c0ra5l*.gip8techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp4. cpan bl*i c p0*kwia88*vgjp5lct 84src4 necimens.