What is the best definition for a speciz 4sj1mexnihdywrw5 5 9:7 nm9es?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, go dp71/bspgs-9a;lgr,t gj *Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isme+3f hi (sfe9 Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Faceie +hfs 9mf(3tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populc9ron z fvm k.5ea4*z/ikh)n5ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto qa9u e*((oiqfsoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes fqkdw:18 nf98 ouc,/v baj.hlthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but/lv 9obwcf.q 1,afkjun 8d:h8 only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populationf8l ,yf y*e 1*mlyi,tem 3bl,u.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canw)emj:aukt;cvz 9q3(ibu4 +2 ulq-9px wqde7 is lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolvev9 (c3l wamdu;ui-uqb :97w)q4x 2qte ze p+jks have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over t:7p. 5d,da-kp wsopnp ime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the reng 9*lko 55fllrjk5 )4n iayn3mains of dead plants and anima i5n43)rlfny*nglkkloj 95a 5 ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooa;xzn/m p,w g;d chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bee:bcv igut)jz55- 8zv ar and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wae uzci8zt bvjg- v)55:ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energyr56ll-izwk4*)c o0 ewn.lcee is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wbrxox9 23wxy * aij,;vith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These speciexwjr3xv9 ; aiy*x 2bo,s also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a q/behodt6svz ax56,:+op/x yfood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nu 5o,jr0k*zn)jgw w+hzmx pm; 4trients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounding)jjrnp4 g,m+*whz5m x0 ;kz wos. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatc6r(iijnci,swd+3e0 c7l tt0p tf, 0 gion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid19aed 4dpqul1nj ,l+ ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describuhm.q ud mz;*,e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 adu muh qz;,*m.nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem 2.vsf id -(5hl+u;tfi4rm zfbperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatb8k6xsx,cvb:7p f(i 2h ti)j wion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hasq5jg8h oufn8xp + w11i stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, th15ougwxfqj1n i8h 8+p ey are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyvqx wk) uyt,.3stem.

  Figure: A marine foodb;9/go pdnus9)2 dtzy web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live instz bh:3/:su4q gkcxz 9q4rzgdif*p 67ide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fr z4 qfudxcg: k z7 /r34*9sih6zpb:gqtom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:engtfif1(,j r4 0gjvq/u :(wh


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sy/wsrm4hc- * 7zcnvjmb21;8,ls yebzqstems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thatt:f z+sf 23mgk ingest and then break down and digest nogf m3: zskf2+tn-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numi 1bc 9p+* .)k 7c qtddjvbkyf28n9vxebers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its zkre4r sa )-yp/oyt 56frnj/ j/q6*ze prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlo4+jmqm7evzd4 sh3w;g2 a g0 piroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially r (-,kso 0blqtavailable seawater-filled glass orb, whikb,ot(r q -0slch included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa:2nf hurhb4 v 7x2c)jnmple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converfhbpve) . du;(x dsz )8pc.)wesion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tz(f6ge/ 2z s-yp1mkn5sw e rh9oxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fals6ei:r 685w,59ktrzl jgatla ee when discussing a pyramid of biomasi t5r:9legel w6t,r5zj8ak a6s.

  Figure: A pyramid of a,hg v0ut/:dyenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosztur61b, tfo( ystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webftq/ : sf,3env


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ej * lv 0-os.je)wz5sbtcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desco:u72r n aof adjnlty2 hj-5+)ribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramide;b-ayl*j u ,s of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lik aby- ;su,*jele the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the in4- 9wqw pjsqa1.hn -options below.What is Photosyntip w aswq.49n- j-1qnhhesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements h-8t5 bz- nnp-ak h6pithat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frmxc/jx(fcm .5 om ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxidu c9b 0xt8087:mm pcs1n7t3 cwkrseb ie in the air to carbohydrax0 pu7inccs8ms791b83 0rem k :tbwcttes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosph kp rl(,fkyn/on 84w4gere to other carbon sinks.o44fgl, kn/ y8 p(wkrn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in ;zc m s)a,29 nvh p;jzc5ae9kdthe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in a*(lughyjz+f+ n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementse/ z;klu ,wnz9aj+j ii (k,8ah that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSPnp+yowlro +g2 rhu:- ,) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy2rti5uzv- y7-ap3xp.pwq y3l b72 cfo cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyci l5:q a(/yedele


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a0sj2m-krdo ; un ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJc ;iwsu::8e qn4gk+ph $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement /kj 3s,tm-tftthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced d/ zwwu,pmx6( effect on the nitrogen cyclewup6 /w zx,(dm.

  Figure: Average per caal0gqr2ydn;3jor z 0bz)d4f 3pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversiqoyb ;nr6py- 8ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioo rpqyn86 -yb;neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a) /2ajebwinztwuoz;) kp/ u1/ n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per enwitm;-4.r jn3 ufk g7lev3-capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrs md)ec/nm. i2paum30ks5vy /ied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept i c5/mnm)sy 0kva /3.udmp 2sien light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ann4dsd :4fkr)pz: snv m-ual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198rx(/t8sas ;-d xrvv z 59jetc/f 1,bvp8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datk.0 gk vlikkx16 ufeb/s9*/yoa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of +snsw,g-sc)euk/k 5dk roh kpw8t() 1Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from o1r 5f1a6fsc xu-e*lo the fo1xr -fe*cua5 olos6f1llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clgrbop/wdh1x5, 7kfg 1 dvr2b6imatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors 7odxbk56 gpbr, v w2 hd/1r1gfthat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforeunspfo)ze.p / 46n2(xupa vu6st biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco6r r za;xkz9 c(32vjspsystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,vfaywou 2g.f17 5+t vev 5ics3-fyl8o Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andowd.1(ck;(a xi5r 63etry idtx (fhb+ biomass of two herbivores in different biomeydb5di6+o3htwcr; (rxk(t.a e(if1 x s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in jx oj .(pmo0gl f2( *-jjzvq4vbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clivvjm( pjo-x2.zgj(lo q* 0 f4jmax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin uio+;+mzld- cg the changes in; czid ++mol-u productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secsfd, 1rum*(ftm: j1rw chi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature o :y-pkgyyqjij9dt .jm8682q yn the rate of photosynthesis 6jj 9iqgk8:j8.mt-yp 2yydq y



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielwy tsu ;mh +l;latz--8*f yhzl, ;+5pq o4oaotd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to +vf) hjkyy94r+b (cbkcapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 46h+9 fv y kk)bcyj(r4+b9 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliafad343rd.f8 kg msrj4bility of the data, it is important to take multiple reading4d3kmar f4fdr3j8gs .s of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological .dw mq(p g+f86+h,f;9slbw d sqxw0assampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampmp)9 (9w ek(lt rjtm2cles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cre2 tqvz4lf4rx*ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplin xhu aarj(hzz/.eb-n(8 *qm*j g moti(j-qe*b/j* (8 .mazahnzruhx le (moving) specimens.