What is the best def he3pai0,zjo6/kugn ;:e(r tsinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 2x4p.rwcys z w8 gc8i+


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c8r))ic q xdvmbo)5kww0p-+ dp ould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 30 w 8bd)))vpkdxrw cpim5-+oq?

  Figure: Growth curve of a t i-;8knlqlq:ue) v-gpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S9 znonwe)vv- 3phn w59chistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripecwnlj- 4il:z4cht3t4 s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which contin-4itj4lztc3h4lw :nc ues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populat j6ikn0*c:rquoqpxc(ox y5 2+ ion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves 8kvw)wvk ufhds-::c+occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pachwus8)cfk -vkv+: :wd k.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ove , nqss/v*f:qpzsf7vb5c 5 c:tr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rdp3h1-zdw) kwemains of dead plants and animals.)wp-dz k dw3h1
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of s w(von/k v3ckz7u02ptoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other uvwjg7kz73j, 1d82u2o j qcj.si4rtgorganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waterdjj7t7z 1 j4.s8,rcuiv2j g2 wku o3gqs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.+ax xa00:kha.adut fvp wo-,0

  Rainforests are known to have ,(vjqb)pes l4 tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physicaljveb,) (s plq4 environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct,e cdm3 ektjs;z:6v8o description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digesti mrie:7w86( w2dp. wd mflhg2sve enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi tr76p (miwl whds8eg2fm:d 2. when absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemd0 b0xv.0nr2zm5 oucubdm2f q )*,wca


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram3g0jj,) wr x lwo/lx6wids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wo,2y-hv vc7q )tfy7yihat is Factor 1; Factor 2 an7 v,c2vo hq)y-7it yfyd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera y4hsh.g7uxoqy i bk++7,d y-jtures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationwj9hx40vc /t u system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe 8yz gefsb,hxp-*de+h1fia. ) s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but o. -yaxg ,bs e+f8*zh1hi )pdfenly with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysiou v8,a7.ueqaebje8+ n1 vo;xo2m2ktem.

  Figure: A marine food webswwoyco 2 i5)3



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the tlk6p8lj0aehop59 h bs(9v,4mg yu/n carbon compounds producegs pet vl m 50j9h8(na9p4b6h/kylou,d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical revy/ vkcuv ve.uxwc .75/89sbkaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementf/ 7uza g (fnxr0.gfo*3 5incj of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fdwr:y j1jt8a5qopar8r v:p- 1 ollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down 1jjp5dw8tor:18rqap avy-:r and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersjyf vs8b; iobg.;, 5h6nfjlr,4l*o/)osz dvv


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pred-)uszfaqgya bob9+v+5s ,p4s ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements th gl0bp4;7 xf opxz 18rbpb:)*y mwqcj8at are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-ud8 i. qcm us/7vb,f(hfilled glass orb/(,d b 8qs hciv7uu.fm, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow0tg5 +f- abvb5 s ez,scg-d9dxelqr0 +ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co)jdw)zdg 4q ; 1cyomm1nversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains q-rb jgc0s5ava5 we r-r3g 1.u




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is faynw7w : .drnh5m0ya/vlse when discussing a pyramid of:mwv drny75wn/y 0ha . biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneri-swir .9war *e fd-,3,mkdu ugy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi7kp1uwu vn)z 5h8m+j k h-n2umty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web +pj32ox c,xjcl 5a-ld


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecos r)b.v-eddyl: ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food we+nf67es5ufxg:up j 2 ob.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system w5au ap) 0leo( b8ueqnh44.mz18w vnw oith parasites on 5 (nz.ohv l0wme4u8na8uew 4 bop1aq )a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options 9a ,ajvz:ij r4s509wyu kkvc6below.What is Photosynthesirca65aui 0zs 9j v:k j49kvw,ys and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use olt+ akjvlwyr;89r 2 : gadx74yf DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromv:9 g)ttqzw3 f .)nw() dtvxtn ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo(n)h; ptqj j np11nx7qhydrates.)jx(7ph q11 jqn tn;np

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphechmi7sc 7gl ,p a6eo 73j7g-here to other carbon sinks.h7c, m7376hg i7agpeclejos -
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that*0ydltyiu+ 2kf +f* xm requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per aqca-n- sl))e7 sxh0yr rea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.66x 0 8asvwxdc
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaryjpoc//a8,d a6seh /bo Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram oft9lf) eszr, 8je znd82 hm4d8x the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cug;*8c* owq6b zmb1nf)k t;x larbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosythulb* 0i 8v6mstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a1hbx p5l*3sz m terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement ny.7dz- nj b 2nt+9rd9yiaq4f that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humangah g*9g-ad n.)me)bi-induced effect on the nitrogen cycld )gge9h- inma .)*agbe.

  Figure: Average per c droxoy(9 cz1:fym6 :aapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi(q.g1o6 et xwgz(do 8tversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from tdxe816go( ow (z.gqta pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an e 60 7g2hyuzixxaa ap1*1dz;zh xample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitu 9xu 56:5uldanqlrj v pd*m39a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onz. i9j*+li ,cazv e0jwx 8agb)e w,)i gvwaj+.i0 z *x lab9jcez8as kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagc ur: x2rk dn,3sn0f 3onr22j i62gbjwes & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheredus3cf(l/4n ojf qd1. rii -/ies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data8() l gk,gmk9n7skmi;ox2 rx y for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itcckgo5v / 3o3-pay 7yraly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonati3w a2 bh3fgdd*on’’by choosing one or more statements from the follo3hgf 3 2bdwda*wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicabrsn, yz3um/o 7-th *el variables. List 3 yr-nou*, hmzs 7et/bthe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t q*h:5li75-b pnlkwoehe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an l1f:l om,c v+c;wmk2:x x-kni ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of t8oxsu r8y hh: m0-ja.mol4x,Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoh3fv8pxib8u c39 )j:kuy jmk(res in different biom3c buj9yp 8 ufk 8v(kij:)hxm3es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Ghs. 9ugd+tv 1mh yymd1e3g.2tPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer ht+.u ymdht2g9sm11yevgd 3 .community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sc 3iey lf 5dx,ljmel7m:jgljd :16*5otatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary ,cj l3eym 6 5il:7 *l1j:oxf5j lddmegsuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi digv g4gi:1lz4k5 dduny.+rz t0 sk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate o 1nutj ( wt7syuxxd64*f photosynthe6d4utxu*n ( ts7j y1xwsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fkx*b 47zq9 2j ndbl.xkield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series n ll p+cne jwh- id.-bel05.u/of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the fel .n-+e/lpwih c.0nj lbd5- uirst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, i5eabk 3,rpg.n 7. rvt-*:o rf0oo tceft is important to take multiple readings of the samegefae. o,r 7bp5nkto.t :-3r f rc0vo* factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol31 dhl(n6k rological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow l/q42 ) a wu,*kvajvpmCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled yjsp*0* l e,ngin two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tp3vzy/q;* a)amc/lsw echniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)w ap )mzsac 3*;/q/lyv specimens.