What is the best definiti , hci)plru6fa.0 e7iton for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romersj.regk l.k 6v 7:g,h, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fsgj 8:7 l+99 i iajxaf(:cwa7 cm.udugactor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3? lc g7i+:fj:9j swui (xa 7gmua9.a8cd

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatios8 por70cno-k 3jv/uh n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie 0/, q 4al:wwol;w(r9notbv ris



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb ,h17jizhh t2xe r7.nwle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze htrji71 ,.2hzn xe7hwon grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of o4 j1 2 vksqr-9lhye0glrganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the gregu7c*u1 9ps,xmh/+rrze;m wo y wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or anogzcpxm9w; rusmr7oh1+,u */ e ther.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph t lxcwuhc jn,ndjz1yt6h* 7q)n( 1 69gohat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ofrcl( a(nj9, 2zsu, uyk dead plants and animals.azuc, rls29(n (,kyju
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 2 5ld8auuww7hs//v oh


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other org1vs fdo0ba2 .yanisms live and2ysvo1da .bf 0 interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i y8 n*3v1li/kwiy.q qz1w ic,,e0upr cs lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treesxpcj+ 5n uxoj bt(m8)5 and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species abc 58(j)tp5umxo xj+n lso interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food ch)k ;*+9ymlnr epirq d)ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their s f,qny4bf3d*csmd ;9surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayindnff;3dc sm4* 9qy b,sg leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culttjp cw60nmp5o1sgq( 1 52hl2) ctgm5 qyp*gfxivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ,3mc csbca*d4 energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wf v nyx-tkv41 ytrbe1ytt7- ,(hat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa(xt,r1 yy4tvvt7ybn e1-k-t fctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis olc*ze: 5 z)152lsdn xpndl) fm,la8lat different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation z0*ecz t 9w)dusystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe9o.qbd te zufsdd0lv+r+v :,0 and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on gldsu.,0+ fv d9qtbzo:+dev0rrass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a te 3 7 hegsxg-/s, zzt.trkml*j4rrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo* yzx* af-aif/d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on vocp. cr -5dvh;;m3eg m yxh00d 5v5zzthe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water,p-vd ymom hvx; v .zr50gced503hz5 ;c and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reace 28upd9e1fv)-cjgqu -y* t.u(ql s uution:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sysct2 b/euv 9uiepa mj*,bbai*cm./42gtems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descri sxpad2)l u7d/p i7 aeue/(t8cbes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialsx2aeac/ p/( )l sedpu787tdu i.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiq;,ur q)ty) e 6plfu83;n-fq ndu+ asid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities pm; 1g r56 wqyi6paf4eof a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ogvj+ia-;7hii) 0;m1r yuic jare true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an adv.53mwal; rv quatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it5.lv;a3vwmdr near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exad ppdbamy 2u2 z44q6q9mple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conpuy9(e rpyif siq97)-version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ov:4b 6 hjow b0 v(qojr(e3jywho; +vo*f toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following s ny,- o )4fgx*fvlmt-dtatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomtfl4v, )g xmfn* --yodass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ejjh:)rzy(0r uo 7 ,inpnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst beiaam+m-k0*xb jz94 em.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food e /(a5zitg2seox *lw.*pp tj /web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sgt*xdgyu zkas pih2 /-:;-ti- oil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.t,6pnf ay9jrdgkv5( vy8pa/(m y( 4x e

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sava 5qy ,2;kpi nd49-lz(r ivmtbvnnah system with parasites on a consumer likl-9 virdi(2 tq5mz ,ybkv n;4pe the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesinu8v qw8))sb 11vahzqs and respiration correctly from the options below.What8vqvw1 uqz bas)1nh)8 is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements+y ozse 25 -o5yo y/bj(o5u raspzix+j; nx+l) that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is loso y5* 08wo2zci* mq av1cxm8cwt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts c2 (4nerg.l1lz2 x zhcj j9tr;xarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates1l(e9; j4 x zx.zhtjrcg 2nl2r.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atm ,d/t-jbhz,erosphere to other carbon sinks. hz j/,b,tr- ed
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thattzc,ys4je+;u 4 ky;g(* b suyp requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pfgll6qf5j +21/yalemzm 7 -tq er area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that i,;h 1jd de*jq: 03)sstekko nare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarye1n9 a23auqj ,guk wtex(732lw,pwkq Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrami o x(blno20m( of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle cl+4e; wezg ro/jj3,4. eaquf


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an dh. z3hztpy+e12x) vk ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow i293o 6uvf3pohlp z)z pn a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thuuka:hl)m/sjt )g/uz v 5k.q+ at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the foll4i 0lzql9g,eo xo,leib ne6:8owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycon, zgxb el 8i49q ,l6ol0e:eile.

  Figure: Average per cadfrz2/ 5 mg.wgpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversit 3+u, dhg.nvxiy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fro+di vu,x.nhg3 m a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a sg0z8qnfqa -2n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita fjq n :q/d /nbn)foq+ cmo4/;x$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out us z-z3*lgw,l k 0(soqhnk ;ea(ti 7fos8ing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two ol- ( 8w0q* ek sos7(tgzlazik;nfh ,3days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in f uto2ttyi+o1n,2r-b GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by admreo l7f,tw9 ubncs(; 4l3-region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom;,pvs mwly8o-i2,0 hjv zv)cee

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romejy8gh b cift76 3;k 8csd)euj(, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f7 ;he//wwo pgf*a0 ehqollowing. e7waf*owq0/ hg/; peh
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized 6gmcoa 4 k we kb:.s;0q7y*0pniuylw5by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List thp.5 : 04q;km0gu*k wcyb7y i6s ewolnae main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rax /b emz;6-.-dwouig c(2 eszfinforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rel 0 zxqo4n1.xd ul/bb:kated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of ,dgkwz m-/gll 5tgw.+Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andkc37 y,sbeue* biomass of two herbivores in different biomesbukee c37ys*,


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim sk*b1i4bvs9o ary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu vsb1* ks4ibo9nity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chb0tt5qf21 hw zl/k9sianges in productivity duztwsk hlb qf/i52t091ring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seccucc.; zu edy31:n/c c7o cqp+whi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the efmzj809rdqf. 8o n ,lhrfect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesir n0qfod h8r.zjm98l, s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inydoq-bj.6 fxl r; b *+*i)sfcs a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capgmd b1s3i8nlq8 j qnuo*s1f y1; s.vi,ture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this spec1 3s8fq8d i mvionsy, ng1*us.bq1jl; ies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to tan ttg6t +w 4gfqry;g(3ke multiple readin+fr6ytg; t43g (ntw gqgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplindka +gszb,m1zgz0,1 w3kuj +qg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek c),l ej5vseze ie5l- :zbm9 u9




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data forsl*8i(j b/g38ur1v qm+npf eap mgv82 species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective forana+f or6 (+m gl53kgs sampling m g5 ksl (+oafga+n6m3rotile (moving) specimens.