What is the best definition fmbuxt+l c- ;; px*unh,or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It4w i6 qcpfrgc0lw n d,pk6i6)0aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descw7.evq;u-z fb.oywm u .ag73rribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factmuwr;uob 3a.z7-q vyg e 7w..for 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiohh-rae(d:i l3+ lx;)i (xqt mon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spou6 0oco*4 xvsecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblgm ik*d4a* luyn5o37ie the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They ali53* i7danlk u4goy m*so graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orrr.rl+0 o7 tcv-xmur/ ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf * pzfa4alk7cjf2jz 6ie (h0 f-(Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorialji72 l* 6kcfe0a-f z4(jhf paz, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refl,/bc p+ birg+lrd- 9rzects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fekuvd 65w+ qk)hed on the remains of dead plants and anima 6 wduv)+5khqkls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of6l1*nvvz bf2n toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orguk dpl 0 95fh*( kdwt)vca;-hxanisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.wv0hd;ladp9 )ufkk x-5c( th*
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loswm cb yhf48dv i*da)7/t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have t3 3)ee z7:u ug,yqpi00f tfpqwall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The gr)t w7f iy3 q003ezgue:pq,pufowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio (mzb ar).brw0)(ukid)x ua19 lkx7dgn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing 3 v1wh0;s hg 2+ff4xj4jbejtkdigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead ang fj 3wh+jbvk; 4e1tx2j40hs fd decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 3ozb)r(jjhw9 hfn2 u x5ho//en 7 1vlurice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for tx2 asn/0g)cqq e 4m;qpyramids of energy.

  List three factors that coul8l2; vuuyiav;y-)ww abbg6c4 d describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 a yl;b; )gwi6v-ubc48 aavw2u ynd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temp3+coi: m:rwl eeratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemx,ic/m6bn)yj z ;p qe0


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes gg lphy1h;sc4ji5(1d that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with otycg g1dh;1i(jhpl4 5sher okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrest.zd(9, x y7 ohyle,n *),ohr fntycb1prial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wetc80c1xt*9lx l7tb y cb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoujl ,ii 2r/-p 8iw,yv7y8e addbn7yii ,28l8v abddyrj /wip- ,eds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio 5t,zbz gczw*;u(+9 uykx h/v0*qdqh un:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of themuvnjhp;rh:8h3 b+bypayk;ub) ) 9j 2 movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisqc* yt fap.y9.ms like earthworms that inta. .9 pfq*cyygest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbt / zugehfwlw01c) +dat*wt2zb7p:o +ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pre 50pq;mta (/dbd)rry trn .fn:y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyhua t6+z)rlnxk5t .5 zltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerc 7sdwt6e1 z6x97 iqruqially available seawater-filled glass orb, whichw qedt xu66q7rs7iz9 1 included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example u 2sb 4eru6r6z g2k kaud3i;(aof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convplv)+jn*h8 nlersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsdxv -g t8dd*,g




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is 5v t-0 *f.cl4r1eml .brsapxbfalse when discussing a pyramid of bi5l msa.v*tc fbb.10 4e-rxlpromass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy20s9x(o nm-lyl 2md to


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingho/ix5lx* k+svv*a - l productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinqx 7;k bdz3bk ughe/ 17i5mfn0e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemp+9z6ut tx/zew( dzz:7 jin2 f




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a fo6+3fbgfd e :qvod web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pa)*ypsse 59tm(azq3 perasites on a consumer like the lions q3p5(stmp ea* zey)9s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from,6;lajtn,if-(. w b+t c immlc the options below.What is w,n.lm;,t -(cj+bft i c6ila m Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the us/ee b6 zii6pu6qlxe6.e of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en tb nua9n*+;iww3ou+ kergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the :-k* fbola g8aprocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydg8a-:k* fb laorates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t-ss hoe rk9oxz0l5b 2+he atmosphere to other carbon sinks.29osok0 h+5ez lsxb r-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c-h34fi2pfaqpj) len1xqy l( :ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in a93 bykhymu/p p/ 92zy4ku ,ickn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that jm7dyk42,yunelx : *lare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSPxlsup0b1.pxtkl7/q tc:rc go6i6 (a;) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mari6pqze finqby wa(bv+,/2 g)o) ne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonw+t;+2 w tbh bm-y8s2)ybsscy through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst i oiln7h:q8-u46 vlunem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecore 5r ux:od:d47 ztzu ngq*6r,system in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement /q(ekzjl3 8jw d (v2tlthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is d 1w6 ym.*y(fcrmen26k4x+ svnpyw /rnot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycled4ywp+ynrrcs.e 6/wmmy2 f 6v nkx(*1.

  Figure: Average per capiwbz 1eqzwvni6 81 +ryq-c2* ep3nwc3xta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pr xdqp jewvw9- el o;x2sgru38u) d0z+2imary succession progresses from ugsu-wwrx lz dep+;)0j3x2o9dqe82v a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exavhn 5:9 mnx;8 uw4cnau.t1s jbmple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per t 29y 8af7yrtf v.py9quv2zt2capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usiiwhm0tv2vf5-sp. 8 h1: qn kgxng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light amht-fp :xv8 ing2wk0qhv5 .1snd the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbonqt 3-p) gvdkd4 storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionc 4vrbgn(jet v 7/+rshgf56-t 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data dn+rgx 8(.kemi)dy3a+cb 9s dfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I9iffc3r4e q -staly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statexgp .ge7/rr- cments from the followix7r .c g-epgr/ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cli(ewseu/ue apt. uv4dp*p(*b7 matic patterns and other physical variables. List the maw47p*bu *evp.( etpsu(daeu /in factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raido,) umv.du f5.x:pgqmu83 d cnforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ewuev ro(x) h5 t+s* x+dnkcgz3-q/tg +cosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy /rdztwy an7zo5 5jiw, c7 zx7q .f*v.c


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productimbbm:/dsh) ux;/kz, j vity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes b s xdk/;)bm:,hjz/ um


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrl.e guse6k89nesses from a pioneer community to a climax communk gen.ls9eu8 6ity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in d;t0 ua *xwy1 ,ej(kpvsescribing the changes in productivity during prea1, 0 w*; yvskxjut(pimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be menxkeoo2hda-j v)xf) wud+ ,0 97zvix+asured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate thdwy2q v;xh;u2kj op;7e effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ho; d;x jv2k pwuy;q72



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fgqx:o6-ec )3wrld /xxield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s)fx 8obb:*0 u8jcey zupecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 *zu8 e0o)uxcb8jyb: f were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importan0emn;ox +8htov6 wsd3t to take multiple readings of the same factor. + n;8sx63oe o t0vdwhm
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologixhgh29;t(n 7 zw r+clocal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crg9wabd2jg /t)tq*l f7uy(( qgy aa/(beek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp(gkkao ;o6 6e ed*(frdled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective foi*gl c fb37:kbvq k8.1wmuu(ve+ep:yr sampling motilep u:: c+e(vmu i 8k*eblqbg71.y3fkw v (moving) specimens.