What is the best definix8)2id nfrw :qtion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita s/u vi57ust1rly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could dy+mh.x7 5-tzo;qf zely y;tu*escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor z; 5hq;7f.* yyum-yo xt +eltz2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationr.nabz3vl u .-


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma 3:68/vr1 slx/xqcj9tt cqo ko species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res9c/yno7y60 u ,tw7 )tbvignvs emble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milc,ons /wny)vy7v7t6gb9it u0 k for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populat/zbuc7g3tv / hion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Norgbv;cy 2z);f;h b c+vcth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the E hgv;2 c;bczyv;cf)b+uropean Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tzsuk0wvc sf(ul u 4 3v.bvnas/;9h0h0 ime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites((.tn thi+ : cqx:ytce and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. n:(.ithext+c( :qcty
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai.v0 lc s t0vqopp0jhk0d9oh);ns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polarfgea*9/zej8 dqhb .+8 dej2sa bear and other organisms live and interact with each other iejezaje 82gb qdh9/f * +8das.n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost 8t461aoktd pq from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with higwm4. v:g2enkm 0*itnfum 6d h,idb4e 9h productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the pr.db4 dv94 0ee6mfnkg:wii mnhm2 ,*tuesence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correc lvkwjl3:+upp;i ss u .el:n1,t description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasingueaa8b)h.4 e j digestive enzymes into their surroundings.ej e4bau) ah8. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syslmk8ehidk a03okk n6u; u-- :etem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramifeg( lbn:t3:no5 0 eqrds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fa2n iyfe:u6ocn+9 wcm6 ctor 2 and 2nociu9cw: 6n mfy6+e Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntf7jm)x f /c.ilu(-; mzz1z gz*wys+hbhesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systel/;drv-z /0tuqqiv g.m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip zbnxxtj9/ 1:yo11qnaes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and bu/b11nn qozy:a1x9 xtjds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrsmqh.8qbe3j 7estrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooe6sy;lab ;e5t 71ic tcn.s- ewd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals f/mxk52j;ldu t eed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaejlmdk t/u;5x 2 from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rl m*c8k-u lse +uh/xe+erj;o3eaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemeprq wmu c*:4)xt6)yeq avh*5vnt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following p0f/ x9qh5rngterms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living or0 q5fnx9/gh rpganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p xd*y. riw thg9 k8ppzs;2bayxd6175hyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator anjre h36d 3 1bdv6ad3zod its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylf ljo9w99 bah6c g9fa+trichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm u, q+ 54 ww4t-iqdelygksing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it gtyw-ki+ qw544l ,edq near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example oqsdio o,79,ka+, h csof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converg ,03gmmc +e:g t*dw43yyiiz +aej b2osion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha/s3y bes3 hppip06yc8ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid oglx;ul3-o 2kld8i ke )f biomass.;kdi 3glexl-8ol uk)2

  Figure: A pyramid ofsksretl 5z257 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing product/ cbjbxp .ew/7obi16qivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marined-cm/,bf59vbss) a d k food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecovhwu u h 6e6k),3pqycb-+ncs4system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not/som33g,rr v u accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sy*q1wf*1dsm 8onm0 ylmstem with parasites on a cmq10w1n8df ysmo*lm* onsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis an (idu*j,m jzhd,jv*q.u +x4 ewd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratduij(xq w.,uvj,z e dh4m+* *jion?

  Identify the statements th5vx w(w z6 w3xodq;-lcat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energj9m 3:w 4ffylz.ctc 5gy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dw3 re im5jw7t7ioxide in the air to carbohydrati35rw emjw77 tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbonxt dy)g i:f5+ gcy;z3 )8;no,ncoilv p from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ni3l g 5o)vpn8)cic ,gt:y+;f;xyzdo
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti nb0s:2u7ynz tme.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year fa;vczgglmr,+7 (h:1 d*sjx u


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are jss+t edl/a5x v;i)g5true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivi/7jutju2 k 1gc,si h-2jtfsvh d.tj/6ty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinhk+k zj38wbt330ul0g w7lqlp e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle hk7*l:tc cff3


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem7r0 40rxzbfo b


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow v.b3mmg uiaqvdpc7d .65( c)z in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not4u:2 ie 9nc6fk/io yad true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fy 6079c47 ew9 vbjvk smruyts5ollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle 9svj 7sb kmyv9wue7ct60y4r5 .

  Figure: Average per cqa5 ukz02m d: 7z :i7opo*-ii rf0sauyapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in s)gva)v zq j+jug*;z)pi4 gl-biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionejgu-)*) qz j g4ls)vgv a;zip+er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an epluu19mda9.7 drgxeo)htm 0+xample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap6 6 t-coa,f* nerfyv5xita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. hn6a udcyd; /x97dns;7p in9s One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in bopsy7;; dn7n9u sa /ddhcnx i69th bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon s9jfu:0t l81wnm2:klii kr )tt:t/ orctorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198 wvb2n o-28qif8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foru czy0z+yp;wehzx+j+* )) oe r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romew 6j;h. 9ug z..5ilmt/ 1-ohqaeogmse, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by y df a2c,bhu1wbi9 j*s0.ph7c choosing one or more statements from the following. u2h 9wjh.sc 0b1aby,cp*f 7id
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns f swbh53t mm+.*htcl.and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terh t5wl.mstmbc 3 f+*.hrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bbrci44msap4 ip6 ci(0iome.

  Identify the correct statement relateedlh ze lj s:0/j r*+edr*1tn6d to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph5m rj0j ;1vrng of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bivzdc:5 wxz4ej 2*4khh-kk q +comes+*hkq kzc5 :edh-c4vxw4k2 zj


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prh2 ,k8 r:a)neg( wsckfogresses from a pioneer community tafe2,ngc wh(k):r ks 8o a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of they;: /kbyrm +xd following statements is not correct in describing the changes in product:; mx/ +kybrydivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can x-j//hly/dngbe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempera1rei4zx- z,rnper.yem9 u 69/sgf - kcture on the rate of photosynthesm1 4g- s i,ery-ru erzn.c69x/pz9efkis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie0;mp uhw f:5h vdp79kdld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tra d(pckq8(1tn pqao1- vps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked vcqo(pd pkq 18-an(t1. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readi)8 /ak9klr6 u3my cutsngs of9a l3u8k6tr ck uy)m/s the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sarw 6 glr a; 50)(lvwwgrzg9n)xmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl q(8)ecoz m ud:m.72aup5tv9euwg5hles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pn7zl1dum i+ vqm-fn x7l7g( (larts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mjf)n74 n-b vmojj.)oq otile (movin4q.nbjon-j vo) )f7jmg) specimens.