What is the best definition jc-6wffgk0x - for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italdfzaz ,-mch -9y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wha /-s,g rkk 5.bccxe8oft is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factxco r.8 5cgfsbk-k/,e or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populabmq.-iq.empfx rl .b,kie/a n* x;4:mtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spy-hwv b0kfv;a 5t)/ euecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g z3. tlptq8nif/vdq,(e,3b fniraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to 8fiv,33(lf.qnd/,nt teq z pbbe dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is b ilgy xwx0*er -t;;s:a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolutoc:) .cg,ejq olxgl3*w ;2 dves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves hajc3; ,q:tl)ougex 2 od c.*lwgve returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refl6.oq p7yd; jtyects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailsrib7c p5z7i4h2kv ; sy feed on the remains of dead plants and animais7;4cpr2v 5i7hk y bzls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inqnz jo05qn n6k-yf;3j food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, ki6 7v 2g7lflj+l xd,izpller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each otv z76g,dlpfil+72 lxj her in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froms5)6 ts -9 w.kwguwkftarg05c ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have 3wl o4xw0gjt5 tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent orgw j x45lo0twg3anisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description cu( hh+j,;ngxyy s7e5of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into the f 0 *0qi(/5wdonfvscvir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leavesv( f/fvsi o*q50wd c0n, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culn5/ab1u k-yu.px 5 ev,n8qdfe tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener1ecl8) x x:kadi;k2ocgy.

  List three factors that c-26p.1 ha r)gtq5churnm 4iyu my45oxould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2nhxu26 mi5ct5uh)p .-4oy4 ag rmq1r y and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatureg9g:lzd fqnd6p* i/doia t90gh++ e.vs

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemg/piqn3d87k 6zx9t yp


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stqjy a* (w:vr a,kkt+z*ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Fo+tjz *yrk* :qk(awva, rest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect vn;j 7,llg l+sdescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foosw oefg2*9w 4ld web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. k1.yu *wk s*fmsc* f3eCorals feed on the carbon compoun s*1 3ks*cf.ufym k*ewds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following che)4kcdh+b -fxnmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the move/sb.0 guzalok /:z 0:jtah 8zkment of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following te9c,ggmlm s8.-gw 3vierms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials-m ms3lgg,e8gvic 9w..

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of e4v-42nh g+y;zjkh fknumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predas,5/pd;39exm t;pcn me, p vgrtor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tha6*fa u:;+n q4f ieiigat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a gua uhe6t4g38commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae,6ghu3au t4e g8 shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following isca1 j;.q;ftb 87i4euy7xf ay g an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con unw:d8hc kq g0p*vm-0version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food a2 ns:3jtrb)l,fr;5j2m+ i )u au dqrjchains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofypxzz+icje- vxx9)s e,06 ut 7 biomac 670e ,sixuz +jxz9v-eyt p)xss.

  Figure: A pyramid of ev)gk :d9w qdt/nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units feck h.v acn 5;tn :wj( a*jo2dtfb:l-*or representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 05v1ddkjk )-po1hcllmq fl *3


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecokvu;m s- u yk-6+z/rkbsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tqipfs8 or;h 9(hat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pat ,r8r6e 24o7v8iogphv eqn( kvs o8+qrasites ono6,g e4+ veqo2phr8(v q ktv8i s7o8nr a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optihec m qht6g4 t;e;l,*kons below.What is Photosynthe*eq gm4k,6l;eth ch; tsis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecn9nf -77 qwrj id(scx5ticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is ebobl 2.iq7 n2e *yg.dlost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbb (c)**w8zzd.j meae ar-gsv+ohydravg*ea .ws e+a(b* d)mj-c8zzrtes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t(xpvl4 j qvr*:qunf2 pw+pp -,he atmosphere to other carbon sinks. pv:ql4x+ 2fj, qp-np *(vrpuw
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in g ryvs lfk*h.au,46.gthe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem (4v9x.3p( i7dxitgi uzubks. / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are; ug ipgqs1x21 :pfba, true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated. 9cj z7/lowqig0wh. z2.r fu6f

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle- tly(yb/)a:v)vn cc9y/g1l - 0punlmum tri5



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cegptol8 erj n-n1 t2:1arbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem kjmq,+-a: k6m g8 gkd7wumh1v


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem sup:h5 *npg7d in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of d96pc9x 6xohkp enitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followiny **ik p)qph.3q2k)) ac+zgooxe 3o nng is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclekko*+go c2qp nn.)zhipqy*xe 3)a3 )o.

  Figure: Average per capita :ov3/nkva7g ubub 3w+ h-+cia;idgz* $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gz+z7xc8f 3 yobPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneero8czf x+7yzb 3 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follaopo hf m :;hy/)dtt.yre6v8u 7+a( agowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capq + e7v)*o )bt* csrg.ftei7+kw/qqyvv u*2hdita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with anuf/3mkne f8kne ;k3o/q,0i bu Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and afterk0 f in;,/ efuo3k83e/umkqnb two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages zcg6 ,*ele i1v& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bc i2h69gls 8hm;;fufc;4 fgbhy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fkb w+-yp:d-iw4aa kx.or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 8k1y51o3ob 8dl bgm+.kzohdrItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from t6w ,j8gbf1 egtb. +ci. pv5d0(jn kryzhe folk1ne 0jdi6 (pg.gv, z5w bjbfty.+r8clowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic painqnbv)nej0:0 g3t 7 ctterns and other physical variables. List t):ci7qjgn t b3 n00nvehe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not ao8pgjih7/ b 0yq7;hbu description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct sld ,45( iegemmtatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph nra4f32 .0tcz2risle of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass 7uy/ngxil b(+of two herbivores in different biomes (xinuy/ glb+7


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a q8qhjf4 v3n.ys primary succession progresses from a pioneej3yq48vf nq.h r community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements iszancf5cs.m-ue6g cw*5 j qr,8z 5rv;p not correct in describing the changes in ppce-5a q;c8,5mrcn z.z gj* f5u6svwrroductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can rhy o1z vxw,ypf1d2+0 be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the2s6 wtpob2.t, l*wgi 7vt tw-z rate of photosynthesis wgttw-l6 tz2tib*. sv7w o2p,



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aq6 l; eg(cv e.tjt wy8w5ow :*xty17mc field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimedh,ggjm2q 6e/9c,pj sx m ,s9fns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out o6sm,,jj,fxsge92mhq 9 cgd/ p f a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is ebrm)9d:yekb64 4 krr important to take multiple readings of the same factye:r)9k446ekdr m brbor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin7,88 qc qtgxw/78x kmjddb de.g


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sample9u 0m8ht3*xzgawgxi0 r+py *bs of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampal1j/x7k)v p lfzt05tled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samphy1kznf4 k 1i2ling motile (movi kkn2h14f1i yzng) specimens.