What is the best definition for a specieuzl -furv 9r 6t,l/ti22)n(-u w cuxdds?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italydt2 qmkr, p/b;


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ,7n-tq/guopjni z nn,mt8g j 5*2h)uq niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor8gz*oth,,7j 5 tu)qm in /q-ungn2jpn 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofik4m(ue 6jit*; d 8vvb a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spk62tl 4fie-wla .)tz mecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ho;(ja,rai 6a uuns+ -jas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit.,; ji6o-ar j+a nuusa( Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsa*qhk08 yg:p) o0ayn:y kwiv2 of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)4wfbkm+,l:v0x1v cu 7g 0 mmewWolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the l,elfbgm+mu wvw0c74 1mv0 :kxand area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over .0x:h - pgxe osejh)c+time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mcz-qv-e ut (o/ites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. -cqot-v/(uez
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in7zd,lw 9/qbju food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, 0 3pjw)xjh-q wco eayg*q7h,9killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the coldq gq7 9h h0ow3) x*jw,ycapj-e waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from e8 fy7 9r6pjmheo7nj8-t30t5d vfvdctcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with;3*jqka cajh,)pck cne8 lx.jr g):4h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presen,.ek)xhjjhr*8;qn)c4k a jpg l:3cac ce of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemenkap -:f- kk2qct that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrzj9f1.4cey eqv f 0*sia)2py doundings. Theyyz e1q9i)2* ep0jsvd c4af. f enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationncvm29jl6k b8x :w/-1fq jiv z system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramka(:;rs+7 g uhy:4 wbmwo w.khids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 8cgxm d)4vll -Factor 1; Factor 2 and x)d8lvcg- ml 4Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenth 239uph(n rfm temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys4yi6t 6svfvwy+k1p/4 jepw z4tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip8kz8v5 ,qmlb wf-ucn4es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leu8zk 54bwqmlcf-8n v ,aves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect de0. 8fnfi ysd-pscription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foocc nn4x ojr; xb83yyk.6p 5(tvd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coraly.s )ocv n85lws feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon ys8c ). o5vnlwdioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react s-.itzn3; c0(wk qxdrion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified syste6g1l;j hs: jv8nq 3ultms diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrid8dkn7v6kv w;pdn;y 1bes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-knwp;dnd;8 6vykd 71vliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramii chw6 nw8;sda;u ve6:d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its 8g:izylfk.(fn/tj /hoh2/ih4yru 5uprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that )ec 0plgm,gn :b.us1ps ;7ecxare true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usingipxv8a rugau2 3 s:3l k8c:9pzopw/p5 a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, som88 ogpv3lzpsp c9a 253:p wxuukir:a/e corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following+/ro :3u rx0 ; pp0dtym+yufih is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversqu 5 qyq;d jq+jc/38esion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foe af )s i9e4vj/p7xqj0od chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false6n0y;/aq1xga ou - ddp when discussing a pyramid of/1p60gndo;x qaad- yu biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enei sow+ep.y l1a0l no8ne b jxt)4b/u;+rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprgt7i-giy56;:(t0pd h (nk qbddnrh76, qjhvg esenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foowv/up crg /r5 v pzz+8l1el 5n-+ftj3sd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystv, wx/ 8v h 1rbuvk+pied,c0z2em




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.i( u vh)-49wjqt,n:c8bsgp ww

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exis(f 63lrz94vkyj sm ey:t in a savannah system with parasitesl mz(v ej: y39frks64y on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corrc yk lpq-x9n6 z5l/-8 zg b8usc1ls*jtectly from the options below.Whatpzl8jlb 6kcg -z5tq-y cu/x9 n*8l1s s is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the useiv6 veu. j r51y9jwf;i of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fro 2b4isjgv3la9-gybxp 0 ilr 42m ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aqh ol1ec-x7w +ir to carbohydrate -1wc7lxe+hoqs.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere t0h6128lrk(tbyho cc rxb +ini)2 adb;o other carbon sinks. kt2y; rlh)6ar08c(ob i bc1hb+ i2nx d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires th xqhfr(be n0t.4*0 qqve longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per;a3pz 3z (( s2.lsb7kpqzdbht area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen4 **9w4 8habdhxnejyjts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be xlett9)bt-rr (*5 ahecalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mar h5q0.kzz4umoz *nqr-ine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon qnuj/+2im 4k osb:f8s cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a i+..p li87otaqrgbdod +3gqb:a;y9j n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrcm2fxu ts(y4h9ba -g2 ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifd +(f+b(vhhic ying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitr5go8l mgw9qy h2ljaz(jhv)e 57( *haaogen cycl( gv2qmljyo 9h(ega7 wh5lzj aha85*)e.

  Figure: Average per capita r xi; kocy-o::q4l;wh $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andj(yfbdf,5atf cy22 b;a5ael 9 NPP as primary succession progresses from a p ef529acy5 fbafd(;,ab tl2yjioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foll1hw s+/;5kb1zq dk+wmq;hl r oowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap9vqj7-.c) ,izvw5wadmv/f9 bz v z)pnhk bn64ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottleskjk*f 8 z 8d8hvemh0r9 with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experimkf 8kh90hmz8vrj e*d8ent and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual 8 p5yo0iv+y waflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rehl t vo)tyo;ak;92oh4 gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom;e;vwez :ol (re

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of z m6*79j 1butodg5 uqgRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin+vz q0b1- diqoa+xf,eg one or more statements from the following- e f q,z01obi+qvadx+.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other pg-vh3i/y. zy;g xg 5-f 6n hvms-0eqsbhysical variables. List the main factors that /m3hgvss5 efv6q- .ny -h-yxzg i;bg0characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ra2c+8p )xl xvdcinforest biome.

  Identify the correct statementan-li. 2)p aqz related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital 9lrms4j6.w5laot p-w y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produ.n/i+ t7(7mmgpj q3 hf-mwweictivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomi7t/w (pew- q mgim+.73nfjhmes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodi ddrb u0js8cn6u o.68(rr7e xlversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community nx8b6r6j. reudc(duls8 0r 7oto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is ekmji54 mk c:k-)b uh.not correct in describing the changes4m5.ik:u )m hkebk j-c in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seci lm9 :td)r pm0y/qrc-chi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn0r6mt4 a5 t )3ztigdjhta45 t t6tj grh0)3dzimhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat ins kjo26 .iowq7h(rtm. a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a 5i-lvnh6*mjpf8tfo .series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were ma .-ij*8mpovn l 6t5hffrked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of )2g2:y m w480yde)sqggd tbejthe data, it is important to take multiple readings ob)2mye2q d )y4gs :wtdgg8e0jf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used iv 37axu6-dvh.h auww-n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two s u+2sk 4 -h)qg2zxlvwoamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two me9l:t (+t ,/vz4pboa/ bjlwk parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followi hp 1dhnwb5 :f1l*sqk(ng sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movingh k wdn:1pbfs*q(1hl5) specimens.