What is the best defingw :4m-f) zvou2i,97sc ncqloition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Idr 102rev.a9 7 0uv0azn+t 5rhosyaf ktaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species0t /.e/swagwcz 7sm-y' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;ww7 mse0//y-z.gsc ta Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatilhzg618et+xc on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiss65 iq7nvihhb 1b4 /vjtosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has szoy3v62 9qru lsfhlf49f1vl. tripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ito f3 vvf.l6 rh94ql zfyus291luri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of , hw9xd url:p 7dt.5aaorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natur )w.e imosmaqx/k ,m;:9wk7qjally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European x ;qwq7k:ike9o , wjm/.)mmsacountry.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a p1w7 e6dsllpkax90 w b(a)v z-lopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mia(yvkoupi / ..r:7 wxdsu -(cbtes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.-b.ar kypx /d .uc(v(io :7wus
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chamv ,/w4vuz 7mfins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kiloj1nv-sa 0)xtt n.6(5pcam xl ler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and t6 jxs an 0.x15vp-)a(clonmt interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ei2g 62g ej o7)nm5*,2ojzk dt8htlrkk cosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prodfc a66 qr ,yh5qjzj2gy -c;xu)uctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of manyc6 j)-f a,hgqycrju q 52yz;x6 interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct deo.d vnfi27/9phzmgk i.0l+1mhf tex( 2b8lyj scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dige;i2q )kqggw n.stive enzymes into their surroundings. The gq ;)qgk2inw.enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrate uo h)6gn+8:ndb ptx+ud rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami a37m+bj 1bumvds of energy.

  List three factors thas3qm6l2.n *yj8) h x r ljwf *5r1u1egotgaq1gt could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fqq5g)811y.e32ua*x1lg hrfswjrl tg onm6 j*actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperl ;b)sf,.,renh hh+g yxb) /adatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio3vv 4j:f6iqrkn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sm5**)xyswj 3s;n n */gufa bbcaall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yearsn3s/xuaaj**)5*gy s;wnbcbf old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow ih7/) z dr,bcgfn a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webw u+.tzrbp 27 8chs7 (lm bvcs+un+l)c



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that lwtk+u; f) gzf9ive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carb )w;f9f+ugz tkon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemlm74xh; (gzxd ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon ig2 jwk 72imw(eda t0 k:bzj)h7n the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best deo2f ;(h k-bpm lrq+4hkscribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materi -( 4pqbk;ohrmf+l2hk als.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oik7 o0w 7fs-klv9t ml)f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pdu0l;lf5x9r5 nbplw7c ja51znv l 1m ;redator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thatl8on-nbap .o6 are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercial zt72rhkmkqx.ii:kda7-ri(xe ,l9k.g .)zkm ly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included axzkk dkg rrm..97m7). z( ii- 2 :eqaltkhk,xilgae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma b /vn9k zodq j5ji7b+0y46bh.i: lapstion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systepwgwtw(2 erun 0/f.vj4c w6; fm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsx p+txq. b q2/qbr/s7 jcn/u:r




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the folliiynzxq ja;q3px37:(bdgas7-, 9fja owing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of xsg, aij7: nqz7f ;3ia3d(b 9pjq-ayxbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enzev to f2bkf2g 6)k3japg31,zergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producdh5rm9t- l(k9p n o-. ncuz+dctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food 5;k8eiqnmyey6 oys7,u7vj , wweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soivsu5)u8wi5amrn nq 5 1l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doe.is d r8p2z:mss not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savan fezbd 010cmr(ih 0.rpnah system with parasites on a con0 b0m zp0ierr1df( .chsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from t)ovk0zy 6b ws7i*y,/07 -bq ctcgwhyvhe options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respic*)h0 ct,gvyzvs wy7i 0k67-/ybb oqwration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as cocfg/xgp8wl,i (20x an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostu a,oontqc(5vsq7dyk c7*/ )b from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thah+j .pbq- ro,jb+js2yiy( 6x+j k8cmst converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates2cjxsbk m .hbj-y( o+jyp+r,8s6 iq +j.

  There is continuous cycling of tfmdtth/19n1 cv hl pz /5e eqh+1;wg+carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. p1 ;czt1 +d 9g51hh+e/eqvhmft /wn lt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes pn5(k993;q*3j z zdhnlqp ubp in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecoso1 wz6z vv(cs+ystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru2t5zc 6yjn)lvu eetg0o-4 i:pe.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (Ntmnd)x-)j 42et;z ancSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclef v3yv gn+9f(0i/no e-9xf(pmyuee.w



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbl 9b/6scc0z4zyowegh*/ aj d5on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ant+av6 ssz1 jnudjdpp 4:k).-h ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in k3x xh i5b+u +/e;urlekJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of den0u)9mphodq5qp2 s)cq itrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following i+ eq/os1n9ut ys not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycley st1un+o9eq /.

  Figure: Average per capiar,qb zau .0*n8w8pkw ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi1b+tbg5q yl 4kversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pblyk+41gb5t q ioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fosdhgs zep0(x;is;d;sgw,0 -x llowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per pjf-,1thoq z( wdh*0lcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an ianqwk .5. o7mw 52hwc24t bifElodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning o . 25wt 57im.ki4wcnbqwa2hf of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages s c( pms mxerlgo-;1/. tap4+p& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionxpxe .xp*:k/ q,gg1c2ees wc8 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fz0 tu7h x3gylj+ z-ll8or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphyvy3l,h :xe0qf uk**i of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of 1djt1p1 erd4cb+ ylu 7h5cu(m"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following. rej4(7c+dcymb 1u ltp11udh5
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ofc:i ai571 ktgther physical variables. List the main factors that ch5 f1c:gtka7i iaracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the cb)9j rr/-u fg 3*epgmrainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rew bpih9 8yjb64lated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itpu- bh7kaf2;iwh/s s* aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary producnfe;o3n f /7fmtivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ne7n fo/m;f3 f


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succestuvmr 5+f llz1kigs/ s9,0v z+sion progresses from slvf m/5k 0+u1t9lzgzvi ,s+ ra pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followi/nh02rpqjr+q yn 5j 0mng statements is not correct in describing the chany rnq050m hjn+j2r/ qpges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi d(zf+j7 wgdoq5 isk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperat3zz sqek2.kw4 zo6/yture on the rate of photosynthez 342yotk/6s wq .kzzesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielssve,c: cy/wy55 a0u ud



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series , tlyrt3b ,, c 8.qmg(.j9 cb+ykwqbkoof insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out oc.lk9.t,j8 o bc,(y,wkrgyqq+bmt b 3f a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of 7l bokq0)7sszthe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. k s7zolq)b7 s0
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used xynks m*s/g0(in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek .irx7 cu.,wvj




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sayw:/ 2jnf4nfcc v-5rfmpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling fb wm43gc8pmp7uy s08motc7 4 mfmyb38 8ugpspw0ile (moving) specimens.