What is the best definition fo+16ht2ao e7rm ejd) ger a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itmeyxft)qm06 6aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isvz jcyat7 :nj5b;.xx1 Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor xj1zt: y.bnxcv;j57a 3?

  Figure: Growth curvec/i*+ ey2eo.surnqugp: p-izdv 7(k+ of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosf02s;phi,tds(v sz ,zoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a go8ocm 6x++ s6ieln9l small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to ol6sc 6 xline9g8+mo+one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms/p 2z w0:j 2,+dkdiqh+gwb niy is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canii g6/wl7 s+iaos lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolveoi+6g/7 sialw s have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thlem71n x nrel,89)kbe at best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pl/y5plpr 2 oyo8ants and animals. l2 p8o5o ryp/y
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi baf-ugd1 bubh4o8+cr ,:lrd :ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed se 1yxe( /jas,h yvvx9 kpo0w,69fz)nzwog;1 deal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with eayoyz(h x jwnk6exd) 1e,o / vw91zf9 0gvp;a,sch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is +q;l tca.p,pblost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bioma*3lx qh-ao4(xgf g: kyss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing cond* xx-qa3oy(g4f h:kg litions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptsviec iazu3/3pr;huy7,-jk+t4 y s;oa,g 2mkion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releas0 cr c2l 0,5xtyrlgtj;ing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayl c; y0rr052tc,tlg xjing leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice xgg*ld o*e:21r( vd va- dw9kgf*-gte cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o71oj v6hyguaz a) *0ozf energy.

  List three factors that could describ gr4zacy8*u, fe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact zf ucrg4*y8a,or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rateb5s ,k/q n1vyrdw-bnjf k33,n of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice;-(vkhug ;i5vm 9ct mg cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has ct( *tlgmo(g zj(le4 7stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reachte7g m(4olcjlzt*g ((. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystikj:;cr9k60 q 9ooiw.gm1e ztem.

  Figure: A marine food webz a.gljoh:h1s3b(, v4kdk vo i :l:6cef,p ud7



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cowfwop1x od.g5uy5 y+, rals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. 5podfo w 15yw,uxg+.y
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rex8 yqy6dz;5m vct ,.dig+) fepaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement vjnhj1 )yy rq()1;lfc w2td6rof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tw qe78 9pg0nhyerms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and th8wy7q 0h pn9egen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nummo-7rh:ge no. mq k:-v *h8bgebers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey jzs/m7w;5ziwf x6j 4o


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tha9 4,yw-z92sf yxwt :t3kkahxgt are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fid3t+; ukd- wfr8j j2ngpv5p2 jlled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student plag 2rt-j+jkv2853 jpundpd ;w fced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an:*p y*uw g 2ykl:tu bohz)u-e- example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste/hzh 6w:*l kcim


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi7iy(,,wh4ed+ +h+sjq qpy o lons in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fa97y lf,s,c*kt y fazqi/1 bw,flse when discussing a pyramid of bio,1/y*csb,ka,wf9 t7flfyi qzmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy a* y1ar:1 f0rcd.lr*y0jkkli


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fox9y :m(v- mmk:.najudtdbbz9p 3li( / roq, w+r representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine , nn 7.0b)/qroxaoqvt o:qu;s food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a q:s6sje)s f, ; ilt7mxmb15 dlsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe y5m,ocmy bi+1w dpyiof11r)) a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pat 5kurfs6+e*v rasites on a consumer lik6f vrtkse5*+ ue the lions

  Distinguish photosyn5+9yaleq g4;ibhgu u)thesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Ph4ay;i9bq 5glh geuu+)otosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an ins0,ec;fc oa5jlqnm*t 2 ap:,z37lksfl ecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frfyb+u.j77 utjom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process theey. bwr(91 qdat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd.9y1(bw e qrderates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon p ,stelrt21cl ea*se: hyl 43/from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. e3,4tls2eltay:esc*r l /1h p
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rw3g ht :n(- qjikxdv.prc:r /w9: uv1fequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysbq p5 t7fzjn*uly +(i*tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that wdq(bq6bjk6csd1 g (7are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calj 5cv2 2sffmw0culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinp+yufxp 6vhb(/mw 6v5e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle vc k 00qo0gc.axdy( :m-jq y/yflxi 55


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystuft, aiau -:ue7)oy m1d6w vh1em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terr927 gur fx:gq ke:t8zxestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th1v0kp6 tzx vb)6:hfjs:fy c-i at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced ehdafmay45 ,- wffect on the nitrogen cycle.-,fymadaw54h

  Figure: Average per cjq 2dxh .6w3qsyox)c7apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succedl+lc6oc5 p7 jssion progresses from a pioneer community d c6 5jc+o7llpto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is anlvp,pf;edahf:0vk(lsq l -u a44s e1) example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit9army (g pv)u9a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. qha:om;ddt 9 t7m/ /kws7)kkfOne was kfhwts d77mamt )d9 /k;qk /:okept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storaqkvz: dg(63ar ges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries-i: rwofenba2qx uu k6u 2f429 by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a s;; srotgo c-y5)2rtubiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ovb94rq k5 m/ vmty)u)tf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’ig*(t f+dyf uhkw*w8 (by choosing one or more statements from the followi+ (tghkfdy w*8* u(fwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns /5vn seae 0aaio( 0w4vand other physical variables. List the main factors that charw(vanais 4v o5e0ea0/acterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description o9z f +u2lj.ohff the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to v c8q/ bt1tcd0dm4qeu0v s73gdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy tab*+ gugoy8cjv+g u38 1yb :7 3nlssc


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoreoa 28 jzh(u(abkxw(4es in different biomes (ek((uhwab2j4 axo8z


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bid8 j8v gzkqg *4-zz:vax),qu godiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fg q zu:v),g-4jx8 z8kzd*qvg arom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thb)gb/:q;1q aizprjzgj.v:d 1y kr57s e following statements is not correct in describing the changes iz :qjkag7s i/1) r1 prvyj b.bdq:g5z;n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Selwscz-2 q/q +tcchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on tk;vye h+pm a9/he rate of photosynthesi /mh+ka9;vy pes



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ludl8 eloq*2 ; krh3*baihm(2a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series 1ytj4spu8f a2 of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were 8 jtapu4y2 s1fbeetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tue+c+ok64gohxokz2u5p r6lsmr4 ) * wo take multiple readings of t65rp)oekr 2 ozusc *46k4 +wuhl+xmgohe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin0okz9 s4(wo 2hmabj0daw ( .oig


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples , xkaz)n okm,)er:fb4tqhy -u ) /;tmaof Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow bwk,b)jkayu-3 ghm;86 av (zhCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo fwdyfb9t 8t,5r sampling motile (moving) specimens.y wfd5b f9t8t,