What is the best definitior6gmxn ix p 92bhh vrugj90u p;5+go87n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph o//fwej9 xygk-+z. k myo(q7yv f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a se );cj+fqx4zbya4o0 oahm2; j pecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorzf;)+h0aj;o o4mjc a4 2byxeq 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu; 4pg;ytv rudzmp .qr+34y3kplation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of3lyeyo tq;mdg; aj(9 kc:/)mm a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has smc, rxf 4p mj1lqlq()pql-m((tripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Conglf(,1l-x m c rpl4 (m()qjpqqmo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grpd6 q6 bdynx,c;irl1 :oups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wol:q 7p3 f i49nt8f7uqbof2 jj12iivcdrves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the2dfn2qjoi3 7479 1fqipufv cb 8rit:j wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population heh:(n4phq xu; c :hfmzi )v17over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and ar/ 6xkn3y 7b4tvokgj66e8 z hinimalnzyx636tiv jb/ekho8rg4 k 76s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food eoj/lx3 1d q*uchains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livj:a6xcq8zil kh* 9 .fpe and interact with each other in theqcj . a*hflzi96:kp8 x cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem6 obq:6 2q up:sn psv/btgf/1ds.

  Rainforests are known to have t ejbnv wpzx2j w1x (zcgrx/9w 5db21;3all trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also2rg( w9 j5w3 dnjwvcz1 xp/bxz1 e;b2x interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fosai, //vfk -u*g waf9yod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin (vwis:*gc org+3ac( hg digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dc:oi gv h+3* (scwg(raead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul/p p9,8 h4ljadbb nmi01aai.etivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for s( iqgd3kb93a lp s3g.pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1sd o08c njr6,f; Factor 2 and Fact d 68crj,o0fnsor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diff-r t9 kgc1ufqf+q5 0qzerent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv u-0msq ie9/; l/lyhsnation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g n7 +sht.kmzaaf7;/yriraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth toknhf; za/7a tr 7+yms. one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description o0u7.az)u5-ewhzrt n* js 0mxrf energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food -g* neogh6kfy6q,vnfs)t. j* web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. 7*py9bh o.gk7opop-f Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunligh p*7poo-hk y7 .obf9gpt.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chewraa g2;77no+br d3ulmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemsnd;075 y,jcr lro9ajm diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms olw cjzluc3gf,2-f6c;: hs e 8that ingest and then break down and digest non-livinzc3 c; -e2o 8hgljsfcf6u:,w lg organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers cz* hs-to n z:**w*nht


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitirf-rv3*h/w o ees of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ar3z,tej8vhyw 9 e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabf0 cml8o w*do:le seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed08f owl:m*ocd it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an x+xibcdauzzkt+, a) rq3py/;a -vo:.example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy*mc)vw ib;s 4d conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food che9av 7fq ;y7 emxg5z dvwx2g1 fvo.v/2ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramiz-b:y i0 sd/euimes(ogn7k 1w xj5v1/d of10um/w 1 5 xeb7svsyjkgnoz(d/-ei:i biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of d/mkuhui4z+ +energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity inc2 ph7g/fc7(k q.suzy an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foooob*k 6a. *dhamv0u.*lopr ( md web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi9mkvweb70io ::6 hl otl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food we/2qca. dwzi8m(lw,tvb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could eyauec75zll.l5* f dr0xist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like l5lr* au 5de zf70.lycthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlygi,xv j3io e2: from the options below.What is Photosynthesis axjo,e3ivig: 2 nd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectic:i:oob f9+e z pkm*j;dide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losv:m1hs4 mch0 8yam wpx3q;m 9pt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pro j sta1w (h4 p1tfp8dx3 7i*oq./wlnoocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat84w ix 1ptpa /ownd*j (31h7qso. olftes.

  There is continuous cycling ofa6h p6tut:n* d carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. tu66*ha n p:td
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thv ;pkcw1+enyi( q1(uhe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inn;s;x:apz/qt /b s h9g an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements th/tyw-n xmebaqm:x 423at are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produd g;(5hcl;ii nw c3v2tctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified l5 sen(xoq8:98tdkhdp8o.h yr() h) z2erb pudiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tupt8vex um3i *l2h:-m 4cajoedgw7v6)x0 ( hr hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystelsj: 0gk0)wn-*pvzoc m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tevw)uuw 23*i,o rhc6f 7j wr9alrrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactdvn)y coc.*0 h dps63aeria.

  Identify which of the * evkth*1yns, following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclesyh ,*tev1n k*.

  Figure: Average per y:,b9jy5 *v*eun 0zj6jlk wx 2or2uug capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP a3 bzgjbmjq, llc*f3 /q;-zlt -nd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer t *fzzmjg/ lqj-q l,;b3lbc3-community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of h ij*dm; e9x6gsh (ju:transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit0 ;vkz6, kfaspa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w.y d 6br:6jkbxas kept in light and the other in darkness.j6y rx 6bk.:bd The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon st msfc2m */ol/8oc 0avnorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20. mo.fybmq8u r18yv q920


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forw c/t(hls) q1i 4::zcd ttkvb3 a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, If l9s:8ycp 92yg:itqb taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from thex v* egc (i4,em9(usgk1nt/gt fol*1,x mt(esu ntvgc(/kg9egi 4lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othe/vl0(ik uun/ )pjn55p dsz ,mrr physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bi(/,n5lm uvd)5i pjr k0/zn pusomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bipdfit/qb2i d r f;/+sh,m- e*oome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an )-i(on u h;r u1 iwr-o8+; vpxjqy2vccecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o, 9z8uuwhy 1pup88adzf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbi 6r2;gjyos6z zvores in different biomesyoz 6;gs6jz r2


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession ,nrlsbam pf ep6; /2y;progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communims ban;,f 2pp;lye/ 6rty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follow n)7nugt7l+hakehe; 8ho29cp9k5 har ing statements is not correct in describing the changes in produc ka+h275)nneg8;ho cerk7t ap l99huh tivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk9c:gj fob s*2+bcn ;mh.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phot3 3e-2- woso7ankal kofk:x- bosynthalk- 73bnke3xoswo- ka-: of2 esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a2lru62wg6/ 4-dyhay szhmrtz7k o0a) field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sbs :vwf: rb:o53husc* eries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total sr 5*:3bofw:usb vch:of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take m yo1y)kpa-7(mw: hwzkultiple readings ooazy1k( k) w:-w ypm7hf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplg.5 xh ptuy*0ling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cree ebhqbc1)lqv t//4beb ac) u3;k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two i:m bn owwcj- ,06rve.parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for spfrfkwaqv:q(f2 h-qh( w a 757ampling m5rp hv7a wk q-:2q(7fhqwffa (otile (moving) specimens.