What is the best definiti*zgislcvp7 d45* dor/on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita58co6 xgz cm 6by17p91wi6xum) qricsly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factoj m/he1md+e+ a k5sv4tr 2;Factor 3 eej m/h+4s 5kmv+da1t?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populs 0,is zqfsj9)ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie30 1g5gphg ss39uu+ 5k5c0xhx kxr ylgs



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-5v2bs ff)+;q:inwa t*acd 0ok sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can if ;)c*0s:doava5fkwtbn+ 2 qbreed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of o dnn;n6 q1g4rqrganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur ,7p: pwi bzcnqvy,l 3-naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may q, ,blzywpn3ci- : 7vpprey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovtx+ci7 m -(x w)klu5nxer time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites 4inma+q 1x e5fw/*e6:b e4l qygfgpc7and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. nb 1eq5 /4y ig:e+*4qg6flxpc7e fm wa
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxink h :wzrsub:9ud 8xh35s in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livxr3 u 2ovr3b0lry.9b( * rymmbe and interact with each other in the cold waters of t3r r03 r9bv 2brom*lmx(y.ubyhe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lo6 kkzg0 fci+l;st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees *n wh: ;cki,ozq +q*qgand a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known c q+*gh,qk*:z;noqiw to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct74 ij+/ /nvqsidq4ocix08q 1qxun(v h description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nut+;ur yl aiq5c l3ntgr .we)wb3x,l3 n:rients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb3 ug.,ncl xber 3nl;i lwt3)war qy:5+ the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivarym..w1ono3k tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ pf/1cq etokt.+peq/ i0du0 i,y.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nirf7q9 ,ik tny n0ma2r7che.What is Factor 1; Factor7n,9rym7tna20 kqr fi 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the jeb s8 +bczg:1rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system ;lijuc -6r)) l4p,yga)r vojm.2qt / n)ttjnd


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like,e 7nb/vf qe;;yzc,i f a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, zqi ceyefn f/b,v7;;,they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energ73 omijvt8dn 8y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webqqan 3dfm304i



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cora edkskuei6 (d g:+7 o4rxlv13qb.u- cll. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxideck -le rqouudlvb(i46ek3. xgs+d7:1, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi ,vmb;dz00wm;z q*a4 bh;nllecal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagri.yla;qb0yxm rp*: p8 am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d8-72 dfh4c- rbu slldkescribes organisms like earthworms that dkl2sldu -r847f hbc-ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrahwiv +0sux4( cmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey u9qf9y5(c;rr0q (gji uyq0wg


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlort-z4s7 nb (7z cq)l-) wsgsdtnoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fimz7n8js3 (pqjlled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following sta738js jzmpn( qtements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforpfj9+iv 3pie y4*)by(m;c u ymmation.

  Figure: A natural ene*bgm+ysw llnm) :+sekq) 2de* rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo0 wajv,qa a0a2e x;u-rd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing u dw1.nzr 0t7fo j1rw7a pyramid of biomassn rw7 u.jfzto01w71rd .

  Figure: A pyramid of ener1eca 0-xesw7zgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi:m; :t(q qamyktu6m, j:er2ci ty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine*k;ute3:m a4bek- 7jpg5rf ln food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soib.,ge y, g1ebxl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe ah -t(9ypvrf)o food web.

  Identify the pyramid of n atzbhec;zrda wzb)5d+ y)) ;2umbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likehzwt 5raeb ;y+zzdd2 )c;)a) b the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis7i:cb )c wawz2 and respiration correctly from the options below.What is )z2ac : wc7biw Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT a)c0 vdfc4ru ) e2zxfc/s an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losqx3 ti-8abor:e3 lhx+t from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that cozt k1r-albm73d/ t*1zg l8btt.zvfx57uer5 h nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates5ke7 z h713/tdg. lru attxbf1brmzzvt-l *85.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other caqjnw7 c fss9l l.;v,j-rbon sinks. c .jn9q-vf; 7s,lwljs
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon v+i9o ;qk+gyp cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area dkygm b7- dg)sj )un-*per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true d hbf h1b)d09-vu99pzxhaq)q.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pfd2p);/jln .t)fesmk1 wi k ;wroductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc.vfo8 yombo08gp sz2)5wp f8 xvlju-,le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the w* y s:4f9e*fwcjitx+carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecoso( 8r( pv)0 xgy*vdb4 vc7gu)jl0crr yystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te0 gjyg :k*gqa(rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bac6e5d r7))dbfhckgp m3teria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effec4 uki/3 c8vfnu-.45raiqgm act on the nitrogen cy5vk /iacciu3 f-4. ug8anqrm4cle.

  Figure: Average per capi jm*)iueu 4i t/h4cv5hhjiw3,ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP asj( 0ms pa18qmo7cd* fc primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli8cqdsc1 m0f*(ajo 7pm max community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folloc57: 6y+yqds y,vfc 2wyq;o ctkm/gq.wing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per f1+jh he 5mmg7capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in hxxp4(m k*b*ts-n0cam 9, ndu water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlesn-m*x 49*b akd mxthp,0ns( uc.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anv4*9eri kbh75d2 fix4djcpfk8 6a5 dznual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re6cx,gqm9+ *vdzm d:su 3tm 2kxgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fowk48 ;t jt:vmbr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro.*5h.tk-mo os nc)o rxlm2swam4 (0 vame, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "z ,-oh5k fuf;nbonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fol-,bk5ffn; oh ulowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by67:;,zm 7 y+mnv nxyfsjc2e,c1-rdc qj szu:z climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chara2 7 6zmueq1vyy,s+:j;c-x,7nczrfmsjd nz:c cterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the r re( g7*oozx)b,q8s 0b7p kvblainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to x.d2 .u69sudhz85ua mmnop ftk2m6v 4diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italylz;ll8 hjmq- k;c4l sbbtk 1hv* t01r;


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary p) t/gqj g:uw8yroductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes )gug ty8 q/:wj


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prwzcake*wu/f04pq46gj ubys 7x -- 6erogresses from a pioneer community to a clim jeu q6ka07*px-wc4 /ugbzf4 ysr6-we ax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following8 4qr x;figr-r(z,g3chtp t0d statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primaryg -g4r;(38dxzpih ,rt cqt0 rf succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure.6d 3.+y)zceyne,aw 3ontqay d using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect o oc z lz6mt-25c ztlo1ey6b7jf+2+t9f wzqf 0nf temperature on the rate of photosyntqct6 tl91-057+f+z2owz ojm e2lf6yz tf c zbnhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in alncqv3:z. w/*utv ep/rzm(.n field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a q ew7st :u+(d5(xorh8n) .wpddc-mox series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. Txpco m7tn dqw-:wd8.u+x() d( eosrh5he next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability -( ;zbroa dsk72xalx :9brfl.nf4m6 lof the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the l :f(k r;axl4bn2x79rbfs.ao-d l6zmsame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ed z32ep2ktc0kc mi.2z-viw+d cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twodmzh. .l5qssz)(rv 4a samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pam8oxjh qqq0m0*4b*sn,ym f0crts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techn5s)x( *ket eexiques is not effective for sampling motile (movings*5x ( keeetx)) specimens.