What is the best definitionha.a/: ;bryae for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R,r ya dlt*3n ,xnz0cf+ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche5oi jtt04f 5we:7smp5ex.n li .What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;f.ies4w0l5tnjo5 i x:mt7 5epFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve oi.8zvay yru*; f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist2mwd(w1/v;a;pxzo as osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks likej1rso0 wd bgm)3 sc)(d a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves anmj d)wg)dors1 3c0s b(d buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a n8p8 8ji. addyu f0 -xhqe0c8zpopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cantki qa)+9 b .v72rinfnis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the Eu.kt v7if+b9a) qrn 2inropean Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over 6df(,ezv kc j3*e6ljjfb k/d)time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dea1sgu bnd7zggs8i 35 *kd plants and animals3z kgn *gs5subgi8d71.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foceupp-214c b xod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer:oa 0ixvfri+hn62xq 4 whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocvif4ha 2iqxx:ro0n6+ ean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enes :73dx,v6lsyp*(baqdp lb 6rrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are knowncmtzy, uj85h912s b rn to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions harnzt1 2jsc5mhby89u ,ve been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fooda3j *86ktwc2tx3wc k/ v3byy f chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digrm1h7am :v,dpka dk2hw 05c;oestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the pr;h15:ak 0r2, mv apohm7ckd wdoducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation -i scvv.1,tq+2 ocy ossystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerr:ed+f 13- v o)uiughagy.

  List three factors that could de 2aa7c o zlo)gn3lc+9o-w4lqkscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factlc) n7goacqz o-llk9 3woa4 2+or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different te)jpz4t z-.ig omperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cb 7k geifng*+5*u,c+hv3nyq ejko5,q ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that cqj bs;;ir2j * 4mish.resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but onlys*jrmq.ij c2s4 b ;h;i with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a 5r(l vsnxsy2oek +7j4 terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web+oz4janb9fce8) ua3j



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insidcijjw;ya3+rck,rj5cm 3 ap- :e coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pcic;jpwmk : ja,35rrca-+3jy roduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical ry7 kis33uuml*g3z ) qfeaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems d f6w4us 2z 1k8as+yvjrn*otk t4e3 yc3iagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like69e4m zgpl.ge h6en *e earthworms that ingest and the.ge6*nhpzelg 4e69e mn break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number7af(i )86sl aqmv ,s2iiig e7fs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator andnib qj2i,ue+tx pi*a9px+- /puil1 ,m its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorow l5ootqdh/v. .sz 4m*ethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic:a-dibl6 o b;e2:uy9*+3dx moc:igicvx g-lt mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the followigoii6vi:xo bb:d;3 d elcyx*ul--acm9 +g:2tng statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transg/ 2tzbef ;8wlformation.

  Figure: A natural energy u;ou4en43q kx conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inatc) jijtk x-34c-hr :i5il0cns3+vv food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follozg4bjj z m);s*wing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaz bjj)gs;*zm4 ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy q1yw6hjdnd / uv.3ky4


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity x1j78 xwm5b-d 3hcimz in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web ler-zk5c3kw l x1)l .f


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so5lbma7y z.y ma jc yk/stj03,4il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement 1yt-d6w9jz,w u 0c7 q8av tublthat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coul apbep:+w,e6 vdcon 5*d exist in a savannah system with parasites pa w5eo,n+ *ep6c dbv:on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration dpyu+5fn. s;1;uiw2uz7v ( act gqzo (correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirt;gf;o+7 .np u(quwycz1z2u isd5a(v ation?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticiwjt , +rbqff9 n8loj,(de.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost kggs ne/7swd d*9qk-/ from ecosystems.

  State the name of the proce-* mul/w 5sy1xuf+ipp -2ehj u(wv 4gess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrauj+/pv*h(gy-sefmp-xil4uw w 21 ue5tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphn+sjk( sr cy,,+wk0peere to other carbon sinks. +kw0ssp+ n(,reckj, y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rivk/lbj7;x -nq0me8h ynt/v(equires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ac:hz9h 3n in,0h3tj1 sybn1lorea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement43b wcp+cl:nzs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can j :scf 4k 2ry70rvtt)wbe calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cvcgg/-fod16ofc 8b q6og. z 4bycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycldg cr ,pr-h3+ei1ngo 3e


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in :cb4rz*isr,70r v* w qcsib5oan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrihe)fp ap-5m/ 9o;x)/aqf cxqpal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of den s5m*al(gftiof-* (ccitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followioy df7 1 ,kw3 (v6lt fyih6vt.fiv62lgng is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyh vyi 1iotk wvdf6 l,6v(ftf2gl .y736cle.

  Figure: Average per capita )a jvn8gm4* is4mho3c$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successior uv9:/avswv:n progresses from a pioneer community to a climax :/varwuv :v9 scommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followio zv31/qr+ ,el2zy8kim.y2 *ufi olrlng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capicx;gj0( o/a gixjp -l j.7g(wnta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant inx+1lvxhr:l*e7mi i 7e 5 byf9e water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning ov+fbi9e y l xhe1le7:xrmi75*f the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbs wb6 vr:tefuk7y4 d8;2 -;pvki.npng on storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries :mkp:c/d7we8vrqr- q by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome/w ei:v obua3/

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ig w: -5zd; lueytz2b-rtaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one op49:e wee6;t cjtn ek+2kxjb;r more statements from the following:p9j +6ente4k;j w2e; ckebtx.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by,,t5qr dlvgq, climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main farlg v5tqq,,,dctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raip d (/ 2t0ob6jga0hrcmnforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to*we4 9jh iz;rmfa;5 jv;vx3a/hmkf*x diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro 4e/ch 07wtjq2aokikh+,.5ko s9 i fbxme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity/ ba ,rwv8v1ei and biomass of two herbivores in different biomv/braeiw 8,v 1es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in ))c)ftdth q tkr+ h:7z mnta*:biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community7m)kn:dqt+ trfzch*t ) ta: h) to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the kio70 b9go(ucfollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durinoi0(97okc ub gg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi di.2fg xyje.sw1 ug87 avsk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effecp;7grlqy1 fpp*11le/atpma07a tv6 et of temperature on the rate of photosynthesapefvypp prm1g 0qe7l1*17; lta 6t a/is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a y1 kl(rlw 3lt5fs3wr+field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. v vyzxn bl;xv9;w7(31*qj fakOn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps v7v 9fk3v1q;balwyx*xnj z(; held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, ipt*,+: z0lgxh)m9qus0 og nj kifbx67r7t7g xt is important to take multiple readings of the same f z+qr* x)09tujphf760losnm,gxib: gkg7x7 t actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi/gr ,+p+y.l(wk jbt 7a/lpwzecal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data6uks/ wz0aeuy57cr .qw fkn-, for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crekxec2 xt+,i:a ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fsd 4 v)lporeg8:: gtd6ollowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movinglsd)g6r 48pv::det go) specimens.