What is the best definition for a sp )e70fx hiih.secies?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro. vl3k q glcxv,q v,;pvhc1/avf47zc8me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could go,o o vgl840o*-qfvt9tq5ccdescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa*cqo05vl4-ft9ot ,g vc og8oqctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio)c qbeu.,riz vws6 (c9n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species xnq; pr,04qensi-6ix d7. oav



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and h+ a8.2y9nds*oan zqkhas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s miloq+n9k ya.nh28z* dsak for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of oru/llk mv i7idl :3j48slyj2b y1*lpa(ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerl1t0cyya2y5 0jdmw/k *md p6f ica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boa0 2f5lyy/apy k dw10ctmm*d6jr and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth ojv qk1.r).t*x)x jhi r 1nj1zff a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead r 1d(.bl9 de 2tqckot:plants and animals.qr9te12 o:k.b(ctl dd
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to:i;-y 3mhqhswasd 9/mwwk1uf g;c *v5xins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and oixlhm dvp0/j9 9 u9tj8sjscn-8o h4z+ther organisms live and interact with each 9/ x 84udhijjjs-z+locht9vp 89 s0 nmother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ene+i-hw5:1iag b dye t/irgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highoy;jw9 /drc 3i productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envir c9w y3rj/di;oonment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cwp+f glc4x+yy6la5 -; l1sb fm) ajs:qhain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releas b(tn-w:jjoq/zak ,sb;)(dw king digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the bzn j kwt(:a-) ;kb(,qsw/dojfungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricoe9. x8yc,b yp2bit 6ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofvviv w8jaus,nkmu2aj)k . :/ ; energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whia20pqk6x zxu(8- 9 3xda lffaat is Factor 1; Factorz9 -xx6( fpax3ld028ia fkuaq 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturtf9 1 xctus,9:p h0;jxmily a,u/g is-es

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri2p a6jxo aba+e ky.4l o(d85hvce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resr:nh3yz7 9k/o;qd tozp/ u: lmemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic nzd7/yu h kor/pm:oz ;:3lt q9Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descr kuoj+):h3awo iption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food ub9 +a5;jtr* tpeg5gy6z( ojuweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals o-w7lk7o; yvxfeed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunwl k;ox-7ov 7ylight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingq y:6nk5-r:2o sr wsnj chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon i214 nmgpamj9ar22i1abao gb; n the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earth2hfye 2kzq16a eh(b7 nworms that ingest and then break d6hf7b(qhyz aen 2k21eown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nqirsd:7,yie2 sr lf3 c al*l.4umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densi9 ua2puu y7 cp2r7r5l4yqsdr+ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true si:66sj pkk*hdb41ugs . 4exvabout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciallyz17 on)i4cka/d0unw a available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algw 7d i/4azo1n0uacn )kae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform8y0i6kug. u3 lxuyy ia,.i; jqation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi0t++ch -t (zz +vukkadon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tovds ):dry.-fv;ahq p 7g.cel) xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofk ngg)5 oaz.o. biomass.ag.)zo. og5kn

  Figure: A pyramid of energy)6.zklli fej 3v9bk.i


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyjqg1o:llbg4 2m u+y q8stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wg)ybv5v ,t yq,- axlap(8c2gneb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ayl e-5xld3,b/y7 wn mx soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratq (-kp+ah mlo161lyj4-ympx tely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coulda3r yvk8t:bh( exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like ttk vra8hb(y:3he lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the bg11ywad2i *h.+ja pwoptions below.What is Photosynt+w.21b*jwg h1dapy aihesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticideyfu hk3ny7 *;l.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost 7k.gmhbe 63ah from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cal*by ld13n a5drll) gye 8+(xqhz.3 forbohyoqx*+3 fd(3l dg l h1.ezyrblnl8)a5ydrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t35 r5zx. xrq1qnmo2ps he atmosphere to other carbon sinks. q21zsrn .q3mx pxor5 5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processenpv)62 ui f3vrmk -vw-s in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy ivzpx7 eln9; k*fc e*-ks 0:mmkn an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thavsn y t9q9eg(1t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivo 82h4 7zgb6gwwetot)ity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the -:nan1gixlndi-y5d z3( km6k marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclz 2 ,,,+brscxjjfns4ee


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysu oq4qkv55g ,ltem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecwvaa s.1dq9x b4s)eq5osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria. uppq8kcp4shvp:moo1i /z-, 6

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitro+jpsi:79dr t,axz( iogen cycj d:z+ii79or(p sa tx,le.

  Figure: Average per ca itiu3fc 8p22hpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in lnz or yqoqcn xopk. p.lhe/x --5+3,7biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer com oc -oln xqpzr,q.l3n .e -7o5xh/yk+pmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.kv k g;1ng/hs5yc -h(8fc5at h

  Figure: Average per bcno qc,n/au 3zk0,h*capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out us*;mta zgn7/l; ,sk ftaoh,+iqing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolvt;af q+h ok ,sa7*mtlg/ i,n;zed oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagev qi.vg gf;lu3rq46f3 s & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2028fwo oss-l ;,f0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for rpqu+t4 1xfz2 a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom+kjl6p (-f9bj4mp ml ue, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsr4h +hf3qcer. from the folloh+q ecf. rhr43wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized bwr*l8r o-uu +ny climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesu-n u8*or+wlr.

  State which is not a description of the rainfornx hwt3fcer ,0593 lfaest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecovg1 0+b xcwqpn4ck9:v system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romepz s-i40pmve;4utw:(o 7aza w, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen3h32 sh dbeg(0znuvayfq1n- (1xh e (ft biom-ge n 3duxb3 0 fq(v(1zfnhhha esy2(1es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim:jqzk9gmi,.;i (chxv o6izp 0ary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax com:hkig(6, ;09om i zz.pcxqijvmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is+k 8dok-d:4phxep 9m c not correct in describing the changcx: kpk+o4m8ph- e d9des in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measu(0hk5f)q: oua3cgxkt.h7c ek red using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the b8mnjt +ht0,ceffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis c+t80j mthnb,



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi 54x awzxf.q8iq6 gu(zeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a ser h y/8hqbzn)85alwlq 8jac.l( ies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The nexthb y) .( hwl/z8q5ja l8lnc8qa day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take m,gs3- pnlq4a9giik 1 nszl6fv0/l-c wultiple readingslfqgva60-in4 lz1pgs /, c k-9snilw3 of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sza 66na -p/uwtampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W1n au4e8caa l02nr1/u hbnhl )cv,9 mlillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two part4f +58 sr,evait4tvufs of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for saa k9 7glwumcqm:sb2.xt,f 8/ jmpling motile (moving) specimewjm: gx7q k8csua 2b,9fmtl/ .ns.