What is the best definition for a spectrnb4ase* 79,*lyk ydies?

  igure: Climate graph of Roby,sshy8 uh,3t h. fy+me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichsoeu6;r+ 2n yiyw*. kde.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;;iws 6e *yukndo.2ry+Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu di((t6efgv,flation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp (ds(w5dtrp3d)f4qo fecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thefks gw+ .o8z1 rc-9vho zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary anim -8+.fw zork gc1hvo9sals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organi sk .9rcps ijb99a6ms 3ze-rre27a mk:+i*wavsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves a*;kb;6 lk clbs6d, cyoccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wo 6csc* ak,;y lb6l;bdklf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a poo i*4cfqe8j 3opulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead ldcg.*) vwnq7 plants and animan*)v. cg7 dwlqls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxip9qv;tt2 6 gowns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killwywys g(euq 2 bf6r)e*8;v5hy er whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcti e)wbuvyyys hqr g (8wf25*;e6c Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from xcj;qm18m0dw4zf-nn 5a k*p vi6/kjt ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prod:ke ewbrcv,/ ews-s(/ uctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit. es/(wcv- e/ kr,:wsbe
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct +l z*lu nij1+9 (vbxytdescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive uthl;*9 5xoelenzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayho uexl9 *l;5ting leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated)sd5hhh9 hki64o:eu f rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids5tksm --3aln.tlh0 myu7cxlj4dt,t 1 of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;ouxy t.bn,mj3 td62i6 Factor 2 and F,t2u. xynobim3jt 66dactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate*f 3ac 3mj 7;sip-amhe of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s -;q-jui 7al *pj(z7izvb v3oos,jt 6kystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smallm +xk l4).lutn j8xkl4-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they aretkxul)n+km lx 8l.4j 4 four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ene,a3*r(se8wk. pqy w6 gxiqn (qrgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web 4aj9uix8u v w9,*d wt6p5yuk 94 blvod



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live in4)u:6c-;z33 gyta;xi hiwya zn5 r eywside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wzyyu6w xcwri;g;a)3 4ih5 en3 ytaz :-ater, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ch6ucpx-4t *j dhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov 9vu,lxao/h2 qement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes o b ; 2be)rmc:mc;uy7forganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down andcmue; ycmbo :r )bf7;2 digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid j3ayk,f apa 16w 4pb;;mr8(w zkp)dve of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population defk /3 +kt1wxf5i3ga1m+b/-z upy0crbn se -mensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodip6kcwz;+l45kl/sa sh hhenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a c+j8s 2hzccw 5tjrb6v6w8* ykk4yn,2g b8mtooommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed , 6t+2s8y6 kjhy4mwb* wgctcb o5z2 o k88vrjnit near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the f run z1;e-jv t-i.kz6vrkrz7nkzy*5 c,4 sh+ jollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers76ot *zv(pg4z- ebhzg /z9i nfion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox -pb;*pz n(wdpins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussfjoc3 en 7.3chu4w;t xing a pyramid of biomash;7e4 unct 3cfo jw3x.s.

  Figure: A pyramid of yyj) g*4og0n x.9pih dr8hha*1m k8 wlenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representin-h *kt*r4hmbs4 m r-wng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f8lx6*w s2.i f5,5+ ipz diingwn2nlu uood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i is;do/iafgqnt3:/ 9bn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.5 8t l9mt dp9dqmtof,b3i/ yy;

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i vi2xzg,z ;:r4eb:gdj n a savannah system with parasites on a cox:,4r g2givb:jez dz;nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthp +(ef5nw:yzfk;ovy+sp 35 m yesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is y5 o+5nyms; (fvzp3yf:ke +wpPhotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticiz*r3 eb;hkq*pde.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enep1yt7j k/+is/ hzu 3pgrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the azf:a-; kdn,: oq:*dksws1jjq ir to carbohydratew;q,jnodaz:::- q ssd* fj1kks.

  There is continuous cycling 2, f3k vxd3 )z+aiagcey (fn*vof carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ,* fdkifv3g(+ nvcx )eaay32z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqi ;ky 6vc;wg0eft9,1dgb4 qg euires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per are gxm0qlg43 a6ia per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are 4-d 5q -zyjtuotrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producn 4ioasyt,i8aw + *9ketivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diag6k:*b m15ddb)wyrh/sd z c a4hram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car m ro8 1*gucdyq*ag3 rvs216cqbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow y 8rcu9a/ (0vxnemq f8in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a t vwil6r zm efg.6 ;2.g,pn-rtverrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacoxe .-5n+aip4 w p7wpwteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effectlef-q xx 0a;wb/+uhf 6 3isk6u on the nitrogen cyclf/b60f ix;a6ksq 3u+ xewh u-le.

  Figure: Average per capa28u3 ykko or49m-ddzita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as: e:z4pgp ju-s primary succession progresses from a pioneer community tojep:gpz :4- su a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of tht:p xgvy;gn-4 e following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit z t:c9w4f.8ilpf/c wca $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usinuxet17c7hq7 )(:wy( hykn;bjqhd tp/ g bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the :7ty h 1qpe;)tqkucn7xhb h/(j(yd w7other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows ino4:5 b lk.uqto GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20neuy/,5,wtc2bgv xj zg.2rm020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for acl u .7.8ytu41pls af4qfb 6gh biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of; *nz;y najray+(tq,g Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatio-v. 47fk5vti*bd t dxtn’’by choosing one or more statements from the following. *btd itvvtf5d 47x.k-
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other + /a5eidvett)physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terr)+etda e/5 itvestrial biomes.

  State which is not a q21lskf visruv;d3/ , description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecos m(pad5;vk77yxyudep6 f5i37ox5 wxuystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, zy2-h45 6 -mkfyvsmmh Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffe* 9 v96iesakbn6 1qurzrent biomrbve qkis61n 9uz*96aes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as 41nm8 gebfn)cicpd+hmd- i31aj 5wj *primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli n3h+ c dp am4cb8nedjf*5m)i 11gw-jimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementn yj omnh72w -9jj6+xis is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succesnh- nymj7 wjo+ij9x26sion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bar(p 7nr)5ho ox6osp5e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratb3zv*p th8n+ he of photosynthesistz nvhh*8b 3p+



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a r+o am*-riyf50 /sb5nfzi dl, field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimeneimefdkjw765 o/t8*em 6je 1ifa2 fr(s of beetle A. On the fi2 7j ke5f jfmdf18me(6 *a6erii eto/wrst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of xem* v hq6em f.q 3ns1*5rk(ruthe data, it is important to take multiple readings of vrre m fx5(**mu63s1ehqnqk. the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicg mfpy306ynjh zz5/1kj 1 7dpc 8)serwal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sabpse e42rw7 43wi/dmimples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplexcrkdpsyni86 q 3(r*; d in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sax( 2 u+nn0x q1pfesx9kmpling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specim 9sfn+n( 20 xque1kpxxens.