What is the best definition for a species?ka r evn)8 gie.u yt3bs,d8ikn p,emiza,2 :36

  igure: Climate graph o ld -yi nl8*kvegoy*:7f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could d-: lxv c lcgn2zk/xn7+escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor z-l+l cck :nn 7/2gxvx2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu5 (o ) (lq0pgkivfh) dykfi+h,lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiln3fu7wb zcrsbt bhec 50 1:fm6y p6+:stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and haek- 4nogu*r9cswe5 ir1/k ,kss stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns gk5r/e sw9k ou,ce4r i*1snk-and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popull;7 ;ibkb 7i;k 4knb,kbwj a*wation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameri(.z h aklx g573q0.jguujpy0zca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of t50z yg0ghkj.7ujpzu ax 3(q.lhe wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that beszqxa::0 w udl7t reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants4kqh 6kaft)) gtvo3h7l n3,uj and animalsa j)f3nkk4h tq) h6lg,u7 ot3v.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo10m2loalym 22 zr7dn tod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed i ziyj9hh v3*uc+u/:kseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters oy/ch h* 3u+:vjkziui 9f the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy iv a )0qd*er)lz 6z0nvys lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lag32qpkz*q, ,idmq*x)* p bshurge biomass with high productiviksh3z2pg )xb, u* qd** ,qmpiqty, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descrd2 ln+x p;7x1nzt )fnt9x+exy iption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ine q bwpf::;7dvto their surroundings. The enzyme:evbwf:q ;7 pds break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivawvq(6y g:/hp5ddn ;u htion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyr9x2fr) gz 2hqyppdgy:(7fb :xamids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is nmwdz ,glsjxw8;5s8/ Factor 1; Factor m;n8wxz,8w sg5/s ljd 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturze 0 nax+w5kmam2tc,6z sz *zkew*y1- es

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice mr6 rl4e w4jy9kpt j*9cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes /d/ 7zb.a1 krcscv ltt jjrr cv:9h13-that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of1tdr 1ab7v. -c9rcct3 h :s/zl/kjvrj trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrip1ceq/ yxcaj e)-te8 z7tion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we)s,tgxvu3 zz5 b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on theex7n;fgf **c v3. ljli carbon compounds produced by zoox.evi ll*j3c ;n fxf*g7anthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacx+1+k 9uou cnuymk+(s tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagr1zsbkifw b( ji+. x.l+am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following te/j2x+ a* ,k f ksadfr53rqcj-jrms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest nojq5 k,-rr k*/3fad xajfj2+ csn-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram j- *kuyb3q 8zejy-;o2keb*w(uh;bb kid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and 9tj7f lwdf5ias s5:zh3s5 pa3its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Diche-ricr vf cf4ft3z7) 4lorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosmpvu0cz2n5 mz6 using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed itmvu cnp256 z0z near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is q vuq9ao50fkvb -y kar09.a(tan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convzp sof-0 +yj4-zd1ze tersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch(oqv muo4h6o*;5h om:l(nm byains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following state6xn kl(jciakk* ck* .8ments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.cxja.likk8nc**k(6k

  Figure: A pyramid of/nyee 5p1tq-3 wuikeh y9wa;) energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units forp- ssm+ynaf(un v+:e; :9vcnz representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web ,54why*bp- yhgd-4 v)aw y bfj


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 6is.awamlb *;61qxo asoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f)x*dw.i-bd9:nmx 8ense* 6 i b xnqq7dood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i ojgcx7/ l*6cqcxa(:i n a savannah system with parasites oa/( gxjxqc:c7* coli6 n a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bel38q 5bnw.k h4kfq3slgow.What is Photosyqk3w5 q8nskhl.gf34b nthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectioflwn 2: j*fx5s) klm/cide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecopl8)qh xuhu4 r njk3;.systems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon7fcptm/+8s )b tkhu) nn+6wrr dioxide in the air to carbohydrsn8tf)nwc/p6 7mr+) tkhubr+ ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the ata:*a+p8k fmn88bu qma 0.xxspmosphere to other carbon sinks. x+:mmuq a.f 8pn8aka0xp s *b8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thae;err f6p eww h30. s)um(8vqwt requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyst3mho/x+wymk.4 y;t5c/ neipp em / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t f:,+4z)optpbizp3 cjrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can wx:c cg 7lne1t5m d-v2be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon dm7 - ,cxv8 8:b8qmrcvr-t*e sby./t7mi kxwgcycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the l+bref*h a(n)carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos7t6o ;lq4(ta qfp/z) 2jhmozks xjz-0ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow wgpr .:t;/mub5an :n6/ kzxu zin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is bpkj 1gp1 p cp3m0ng+8not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followjc4( uj.vhk0z9)aov v ing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycla vv(c.o 9jz0vh4) ujke.

  Figure: Average per ca o71xjoq- 8c8yn;vktj pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in 9sq.c xp3akcla 24-ajbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climc aalc x-2a43sqj9.kpax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folqu:4 * 19+uziw rozynn uwyk()lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca.*p2uom i ,rjple5f9p pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. On/z zyekvq6d sqr2z;*6l(av3 n, hyb 1ye was kept in lirqd s,v z6;he6zz 1*l(k3vya/2y ynqb ght and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages nkrh c/j :05s3l na5vr& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regioncq p8 zb79:o boal+tj:z7k)p p 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi/q 51smzi u7mvome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, fvdgtbmh7(5v )y t*,dItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more star/b 7gj/ 1xv8a:ykt)4ven. dk0viq uctements from the foll r g/c4k8tjv1u kv ad70i)qbn./yevx :owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byc y1he-q6jry1 w j(f7r climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the m-e6j(7 wrqyjrf1cy h1ain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptnn*0 -+ui;dmqi b0tz cw.;mi oion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement r1: 5bm ay t 9v4u1h5-c,k1w yiqenas7bm 7vhyuelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 3v3j sxuvfes8.f(c (o of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bi p;c7u m65 iavxj.es+homesv.i +me5;pa h6us jx7c


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP h0gm . acwcpj 6w++2shand NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli gc+whp w s+6cajh.20mmax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following3bmddmn y0qa 0:fx+3a xmt *-gz)qt4p statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successioqx 3p m3am: z0gfdtym0 dn4*)a-tx+ bqn.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factoll+j p id h-a:c,kpt)cw18wv5r that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effecljoypq 4esk.s9zfb b4n -3 ;0ht of temperature on the rate of photosynthes0ep4fks s b4n3jz.-lhyq ob9;is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 9cg av zdw55:(glz /rya field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captsgfh, :lr62dsure specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 l,26:gs fhsdrwere marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takwp 95 gt. d+clgo8k mmu4dv2r5e multiple readings of the sa wd52 tl.ugcvpr4dk89o+5 m mgme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedp0rc mq*atkv 597xc i2 in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow9n;mmm 0n n;tf Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sp2r2 zpxg5b ibwc q/:1b,kv887ywf1spx +fcuiecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is0a0akhuye rd 0co-/ txtz5- 6t not effective for sampling motile (moving) 6akax z5-h-/0ttor uye0t0cd specimens.