What is the best definition .)m0.b9 rnkrq+kdyy,qp etk5 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom4 8qbw5om srt,e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 4m di-,ob :lbg Factor 1 ;Factor 2;di b,g-olm:b4 Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve yc mh1sw3rv50pc 6w 6.jxpgn8of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a 21 hg,kqp ww4*vv9 j3tr9qj/koqg9tmSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe wlzn,9nd6fg:g:6l l svg :id0and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They an 6llni fgvsg:d:zl 0:, 6g9dwlso graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsss3fkby5ztz ; ;*.add of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canidc3 f0qd hq)xl +kqb4*s lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves ld+qx 3b*) c fq0qhk4dare territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over timxk te6 zppq75.e.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rg(,af-ja rvy5( .f2hvrb 6kk semains of dead plants and animalvb gav( - 25k (fy,ha6rs.jrfks.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ahf8u 5d mv-i1chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polze/g l8k1 fes:ar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wazflse: k1 8eg/ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy(*btj r j/kw9;jv2nf k is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bi)w7ourghj tw+ ru)+8a omass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organgw )+ 7+wjrto8)aur uhisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descr6to/fs0y :zejiption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surri gao4:jqw7cg60 i i hh2+nr4tr0on(f oundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fuggi42fi ( n+4r 0iwcotnojh: 760hqarngi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sqc0dkkf;m 3i/+xyeo-tpt(c *e t6.u wystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraa .b4*4 kktna9yll0h hmids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factog ydoi-m6a6;e r 1; Factor 2 and Fac6gayed6 ;iom -tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffe ;a ,rb: 97a)0kxlhm bmv(hbjk t+d9wirent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation0.*8jrg. trlwgru vh0 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesyy zsa5 +6-l0bd75qukncs e9p that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns andsb9n 6ks yzd q50ucy5l7+-epa eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description o2.s7iinhis t1+pppdlc ((zp +d98hpof energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo:fly x;;vcqd 2 a5neqf1f.s3jd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live ifljz7 q4 4;trm 4pjqcb/35 jhinside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxant/4 m;qfbq4tpi73jrchj 5 z lj4hellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react4ijbro pjggnn67r*v 9i:.bge7 jbz:( ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemdq d11rx ym5 *(jnl3crent of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follo nnuo8cl -sm79wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then bnl 78o-cu9s nmreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pypqiwhp,v) ( 0hramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities o;mgeh(wum :u* f a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)m t(;cu:omdt w7vz7 .t:
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mepda9vxiok lc7+zt:a:7a: b6l socosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are ::p79kc: dl+6al 7iaxavozbttrue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following isc,wwkf0 zc3 o;2 qjn(x an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy k*c2 sb.vjo(gconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in c 6c,6*u)b2rwanotyh food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrami( 0 n1mog7hvngy a55rsd of biomass0m(sy 5rg1nhoanv 57g.

  Figure: A pyramid of energz l64eb 6u+ehoy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representifxxx 32nx0+vl ng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w; hjxo6pimgw.(iq h;:eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosan j5ja io lz4b45/4(xbu tgx:ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that dysl+w8li :7k (nzv gyy xg-1/+nmwjt*oes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanbq+jy7z8vksaxvb : 7y a3)8ei nah system with parasites on a consumer likabix 3syv8y7a+ 8j)7qbv ke z:e the lions

  Distinguish photosyn .h r -5dw5nhbd0 wasdmaob6b6 z4k8p.thesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is b5 .s-6ohwb hd8654n0.am bzpd wa kdr Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectic y6;;ngfey , oydfd 1v:mu,aoqg)6wb5 ide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys ngo /2(w9nh+-r. imiecolm4t, .unmetems.

  State the name of the process that converts ( xr::+,i-pgnxz,yh,c elek m carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratk:he xci-, ngl( emx,rp,y:+zes.

  There is continuous cycli eo18wf t+r3njhre*)0qm rvt*ng of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. j*81mf0 * r3vro+h )etreqtnw
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rc x;fh1 k d;-4zqjcn0pequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosh99wtliqq:/v/e6in b* amg( vystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementb7 xo1m 4. 2ixq1fyvwcs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (No4 x*.yt pn7wrw* rsf9SP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cap - ;y0 r-v8eq zq,hffcu5esv;rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of ca98rf/x7pfjet+3;cmbvi /u h f rbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow infn(5jmtvwxap0o; 3t df6 *-kf an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem (e 9re,g9c-*omzxp anin kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tru3h up1obo-3 wouhg.p6e of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followx md,i3gs//ri. 4lyk bing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc i4 s, /igy3k/blrx.mdle.

  Figure: Average per capita eodo + 5 ,:vgb,jts8rd$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi6vq/l .om av6ity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communlva6 v o.6mq/iity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following i;23axvg+ew4tc.qah m+tg5 oqs an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi(nf2-dl r mq,dta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried if1c.zyo+s077o-5mooi fs ap out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottla51+7mic-zp0is.osoy of of7es.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carboi;d8 pgyi 4;dcx(er6h u 3y)dtn storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1987qsek5 th2c1bf5e 8u n8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for amirbq .ky4g/nys 7 i8d+f-6o; 7qf zw.3pw nyo biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itcoh2fiurj9, 0;8 7ebsv4haw zaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fr0ce ul )dj5ky9 qy6gy8om the fol d)k 0jyec5yl 8yqg9u6lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat283dgnfn 9ix vic patterns and other physical variables. List the main fac gn3v9x2nf8d itors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the jm75 /zvj5 )v lwbnh/irainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversi+nxyz n( 9 zs o1xq7e9ntw8, pdpmv+-jty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofqeui- 6gti e783tn.fpb h ti.) Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dif-+.ve mdam 1xiferent biome1ed x .+im-mvas


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prii/y)6,e0d ftrpxuil o3n7h / mmary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a hop ti xnylre063)/idf7m/,u climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describr6,zc*br, vq. tzhc5ning the changes in productiv.tcn 5*6z,vchr rq,bz ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor 7oytzya brdz/;lwx0- b;d5-fthat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature onvy su *icxsa5ft-ud8*: jnbo,4a8ji 1 the rate of photosynthesisaio ays1 cj4 8u:tb,u5 di*8jx-nsv f*



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieuo e1 t5-jxtw5kj/7oild



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used ec 9q3.7fuz ch2rf sn+a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, osfe cr qnh732fzc.9u+f which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im-9qtghm9p+k iuy.pkx 7r5vmfc0 p *a 7portant to take multiple readings of the same fa7 igq-v.t+5f*r9p p acmmkx79y u0 phkctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicaskqq:t1y 84ov/5 j/ u mg7bgi1fggr om ;5mv.vl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cr,5r nf+aeu;gs 0e 9uwmeek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creekgfgl:1y7v;uw.uge 7 k)wqv+b 8 v pvl+




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling t7 gbx :t1 a*k8ggtals/4o3wt ypn)+st echniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.g ts)/4t18:k7ya latb+ nwxpogt*g s3