What is the best definitionn 6 tg3q2/ceho(+r ugpinj0m; for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I*v0+. ec3gaz6y mwk9yp vhya2taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichj,1 i 7tve*same.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Faca mst1ji, e7v*tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ovt 15n.gbwn cq:/e;g sf a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch;- qfp+x vm2nvl7+s thistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripepqtk+u/6 dq4 ws that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to wt4+udk 6qq/pone offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popul8cr2 o2b7u 0q xsuw*rlation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natuz +u8l;ibu8wbh8 2kvj3 .vppi rally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans havk83 ub;vlvb ipz h2ip 8j8uw+.e hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a 7 hzromec *05ppopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed exqxq 6/i8 2jxon the remains of dead plants and animals. ixe/x8j qx6q2
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 8 rwm1od0eknk,cg(.u 5 )frii


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whaak63 )ai49srx ny7vqa le, polar bear and other organisms live and inar3xq i7yksn4 v 9a6)ateract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy isi dzta/2e4ai0obt7+bxmj2)r u0 c1e x lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producoig.0g65lo:l mnk/ jmtivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envirogg6/jm.m0olk nl5:oi nment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descmh4 w x(fs6m/pription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rel:ot nc1 n0lid.wb 30cneasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leave dlnt31n. coicw00bn:s, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivnf;-z8f, nlslation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pynu zlcb-5c47gycyz 0 q((co0gramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faic bd*8.kk r9bctor 1; Factor 2* k8idr9cbk b. and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaakj /5uwjwl/ll -q 4y6f(3eoftures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva e41m-abb(*9hhc5l/zma 22or lih hjetion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe ac(f3s *16 yds; 5dbp p(otpnfknd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapi*kd s p3nboy;t 1pf(d6cp5f(ss eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flo*j koywb-8f ,ejpy,j08/ud2 :zae nktw in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web hz z0e1x2is m)6q9v tg



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralspnw-1bneaa 9mjzp +d3* -/sau feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae frund -bwnam/a s-zj p139+ p*eaom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ch l 8swj25;*kt7iwc lbtemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the wsh:9nh7o2b3els st)b9 wq9cmovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms1mxy 4dvkqd3dxq7x * or5 p1/y that ingest and then ddo1p q3*r5qxdx4mvk yx y7/1break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe: sl +8w3qvkcr,ik 3 g:g9ckpnrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities d.g *q2 6av 2zh3x-n3myy ohrdof a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thathfw .tbqd9+op3ig78) 2 7hxgxiz x8yk are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usin/*7rrfyy2dwe e us b/3g a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statementd7yf b/r2y u*we r/s3es are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is 6o 0:c vnltkhl11zx i pm)e(be q819nkan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convo h40vg/zr:4 6tkm2wb7lr rto z6)z+vp1c vucersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch,:qut3 jaex ;aains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discus1yo/evt.b3ead0k8 8 m ip d1uzsing a pyramid of ba oky/8p e3bd e .iv1z8u1mtd0iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ee8 n7e;ow-jgc xl;x/hnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units f j7s rly hwx/nj9o4xr/5;l ,ofor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo.z, 8) 1mx 7ukgsg8hpf6zdka3n zfrm3d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecozy;4:s 7x xjt k5yc, jryky/9x+tyov0system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food56igj xgt oe/qg.blm5 +2ump : web.

  Identify the pyramidz :w(pr1bi;y z of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasb: (iz1ry;pz wites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis wi pp1 cdf;hoh.;9l7t and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Re;9l.ioh7;twfdp ch 1pspiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inseco,o /npt* 9gscticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enersp6lw* n/mf1 ojx8b0 ygy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procivl,g ecn0p xo 7+c78z.jom r:ess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat0 og:n.iojvp7ml7er x+, c zc8es.

  There is continuous 1p-f7yvaq x/e(:a3l2ijx js kcycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 2fl : xx-ki qj/aapjyse1 3(7v
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes i7qy l*0 wkq9k lo,ztj19 -uypen the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy i, mywjvjp*62rd5m py ;n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tuh pb+090qf h8lix bj;hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculagp m1gdkk r7*.ted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle 34g6qur u /k,a g27f3qfunq mu



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyciw lh).b jv.t9le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eu3rm. q ( e7wm9pcij/ycosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriaaq b)3mvel(-i-d-nb ol ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that w/bke1 yo:m9u cvsc1k9 ,q xy4is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the8ie7:le,j4dib g)0hp1cm lvzed r( d3 following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc,e bdm0e3d pe:(7 1cdl8gh4vij)ilrz le.

  Figure: Average per capita o jbk *kc/ p78gt hz4w.xt9n)mt;fjk7$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succh77iemyy56(az lw- wq ession progresses from a pioneerhawymq6 z l(y7w e5i7- community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati-la90lnc9vh jon.

  Figure: Average per orv j+v2qgy24d0hma 5capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an ,r: r7 q.*hwyiehocx0Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolvr x hhwoc. :iy0qr7*e,ed oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon2l p+etf w*6h hnz0uzc6qof. 3 storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheral 02zgnc11d ties by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for mywi72zc ag* ,a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita 0-/.. veg1o7qwliszz ;h gzpcly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation.w/, s4cfj bzk’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.s 4 j,z.fw/kbc
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ofid* 7 oroqsj.ss4 umn3s-.u. lk4k*pther physical variables. List the main factors th* .n .qok4if .jm37*sk-supsol4dr suat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ,d/wri-j duy(rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct slmdr 8y/pz5 6n l4d6uitatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph0w ji7 cmo, x 34uhejrih2/n4w of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivop 1 a3xgq-8 zpje gwr(d0xp:p+lh 69pfres in different biome0ppa f:xg81q+9 zp(dr -ejl3 pwpxg6hs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and7t 0gj/crqmr 4/nw lo; NPP as primary succession progresses from a 04/oct7 njmgqrr;l w/ pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statem,7fqcs,i1gtqts6l. t jk9: ympbn 4x3ents is not correct in describing the changes in producti k:snmq4tgx9qpbly,ft,sic1t6. j73vity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meax ec.a iupuvlb(gj/l gh3( m);.q*bw ,sured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phoznm )mrfk*k;2p3g 3ahb x-o j-tosynthesishbazjg-3;pxk-rn m2) 3o mkf*



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiee(i gbm7/on 8 npa55rvld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. fw qf3353dr5j+uqn/ dypk+x zum3 vq/On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total o/53rqqupw 5 qddzx +f vn33k/3ymfj+uf 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, 8.idkiey 4rzjp1 os17 it is important to take multiple readings ofdos1e y4r 1pj7 i.zki8 the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingj5cka/rlnw1jbeanek,5 7 71b


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creeiil+b*tb qbp32h. j+4b ogz b6k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp oa5r o 4of2 b j:f1sscjmz2o:b8by/2cled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqufjy+fdqczzq hc415h(wm.,k1; ixs *ses is not effective for sampling motiyq(jck s.dwf; ,c *+4z11f hzixh5qsm le (moving) specimens.