What is the best defini g+d k7mjeqcw (u -4l-68luprntion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital*h6kki 8we zp,y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descra3me5) 6: vfuxqulegvnr)t9+l9;c c vibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2 gncrv6c ; fv9uu)laeq3+v)e 9 m:5lxt;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati6ozuae7w 2k uv: e9vy8on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle os;;l0:yo dmucpl, -pxf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girwz;df(aw (wb 4affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When theyd( w;w ba(4fwz are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups pg, m8fjjp2/pof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupushsiui61 1;gvnk0q+ v2sz no9 y)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild as6gz+hun s q1 2 ykon0v;i19ivnimals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growthxeg( w;rm /klt,:qw6/1z 4 r fcvrhnwm/n3fs/ of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites a:if st7k9 607n9zyyy efkm z+x gel5(wnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.7nt5si k +fy9 ylw e( exgy0kz9mfz:76
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai.4yv;i hz e-*llu hs7tjtk0:nns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otht5p cmo8lo .fis7 6qi2er organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Ar8l 26oq. omtic isp75fctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecomls1,go )2zmnxx5zw )hwc:i : systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with h2cv8crk 3 )wxkigh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environmenk)3 r8cwxvc2 kt they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriz q (t lnu.,.sxs0+vdyption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing di hi 7yo+w-x qa7nl2ce1gestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fuwoaqn - i7lx2e17yc+ hngi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricez ;aibdt g:zbmsi;5o c,d5h.1 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofgwgabgg 75 -sq/yba7 1yrv2z* energy.

  List three factors that could describe a sps 6, bs5p t nnixya0(z)i 8js0lv),fvfecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 andx0b,js(fn,ns t8ya iv))0sp f5l6izv Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differc1 u(q6j.vcsr ent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systexwxfgh v;7g0 .o9f-tmm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble i8s wlb o450 v*n;oxspthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be ;lbsp*8 xnwo4v5 o0isdependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrec5hry1+ib5hxzwcxb8( opms*i2 w 01x mt description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webl( 0v: m+jlhdzh4l2 vl



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside corv 7vn(p4 /ojnpx)y)f kal. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon di4 pkv vnj7 /nf)x)ypo(oxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:uwv b.,cav*u8gtrw5:3p k 1u b


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementg refqns3 1(a 4h0(qet of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms v ( 7+mf *rs4di8hpsufthat ingest and then break down and digest non-livs8u+v*hf (i74fsrmp ding organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra .y-o- v u-8uyxi.ojvm-k/ ahfmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denf624i )1b 7 qwqg8likt uc6qlssities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorobgrx/zjh.o:sd0y04-6m vts z diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially slbuu76-o e; sd udh--zkk1n 0available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals-khs6 luu-b0eu1;o7zsnd d- k and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an 5 jt ;khc kho5k: yh)f93+lyxfuxo+4pexample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energygq3m5*no:f8v m lk0wt conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooe2i+z8vr 3 8gri3b ucrd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p*fhl) 9m nj8k68kkpn dyramid of biomass.9kj 6 kdfm8pkn*hln)8

  Figure: A pyramid of ewki f2:4fdaf - j8sil(uf 6*ddnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unikxwgku .u- 1/ats for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web( j8xepj)ik9x


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soig-2)s i* kke:oi3y xval ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web79) sq-ql)zvuq *rql2s v)ad6.puvri .

  Identify the pyramidsamo( p,8 2p-:phhml e of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like 2 lse-p pmhmp,:oa h8(the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fromgdmgcn(/7/(cgon nb . the options below.What is Photos(nm g7n/c .od cngb(g/ynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. )za, t5bb e3jm
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losy0wjfe:4a w* 67ybtsbt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the processtnc4* **fnmfg7em9 ui that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat mc*7*m tg* ne4iunf9fes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospheruq1)87ky(mcsizaz7 (h wa8 n ue to other carbon sinks. 8k( azzu8 cu7nq)m(w7haysi 1
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requit+st4o )pcipti g2.4zres the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /v9c/ ua4zwb; v6wox (a per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements k);bn4j6dw twp s8q/ jo2h9 gok pb57dthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity ( -vao; w1fmz4j4dzm6l NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl8o,on .z o3vjle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carb43-; p; 3djtxopj h*lr7,e(gsadghfoon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst+0a0gq(dxt(.rg j p l*x;cvthem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosn r2s52uqz( 1dx) wfqbystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true okl5kjaqqd 6hkq,q27 +f denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen--b y r7cg/:qmwc a6 /qxof4rn cy rrwqqbc7/xfam64- g ocy/n-:cle.

  Figure: Average per capita ijigk ;y/aw./ $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary 7+uy qpglb6e ;wubzo 2f1nw k/q6/ ia/succession progresses from aq/wl //1qzifwyb;u6ko+2 n pg7bea 6u pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma(it ryt3*w9y etion.

  Figure: Average per cap(ldzud+ldp 9 q*9dl )sjfrvm 6g)+m*qita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out w m3;q .jtc.dzusing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in z.mq 3.wtjc; dboth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows idwx )d22gacii4(h cay/ rp+l*n GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-25p 0c,lux xx(d020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f1j jqdifkc(.8t)/j mx lnnxq *-* tp9kor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of R e+z hzjnl:;bu) su)w)ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosinga qlmt+ vb0u/1 one or more statements from the following. qv tblmu +/a01
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and9lxi5j 6htemux,0) u3yge de):p t7ps other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomittmy,hlu50 g) e:e9d3epj7s )px 6xues.

  State which is not a descriptioo +mqoznwr ; tux:e5xn ,30y3vhq9 :ovn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity5zp xayrw 27i4i1lym - in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It- nvgyovrt(r07:zc-(q b*,mc o;hwvy aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bi bthurtcf pm 0q3(0.3jomass of two herbivores in different biomes0 q hp(03.bjt3frcmut


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversi58*x0kn onokss:v6 yusm+p n9 ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a vn0nosk* :y9pkosu 5s+m8 6xnpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in debrbl 9 e;tdt+(scribing the changes in productivity during primary succes;t erbbl d+(9tsion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor th h o3t3g:1 6u 9h6hnym2sthmj dldy:m+at can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigatd f,+esm66*f/1 nha bjlrdg+ttoi 9:ae the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis bd6h lst *fn+ea1fmjidr t9 oag/6,+:



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a25al eknis*6: hq( hlb field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a se 0-nf-fw*noh sries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and werfnh*f 0w-s o-ne marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilylj;dp p/7ngux bd-9sfxtf;:)a9- qfity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same qdl/dx-:p; npsfb tg7)9ff9-xu j;ayfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologhk:.yf:n j+u mzp-wp7k )0ay aical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofom7.oo- +ybuj+ncsq wk,z)k ( Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two2sa.ch yx2jaj) 8d y6b parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effeymc - g-rj -dbwht-b24ctive for sampling mb 24dhb-jwtrc -yg-m -otile (moving) specimens.