What is the best definition for a 9tw6v * xtuuyy 2-qoz2z nt7k(abz.w5species?

  igure: Climate graph j0b-dwr:9xwi2aa v+-y;gvzp of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factrec2 h)l a7 n7*akgt;gor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 7 ;ae)hr atgkcgn*7l 23?

  Figure: Growth curve z.bl.lvn g()fza-w ,,8et nrwof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speim8i/9)4wmbm:fz mm kcies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraw; c+l v,rdn: iry81ikffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they arelkc,1ivnrry i:+ dw8; mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of oe c9(*i0also:qc/;e 5 hhob* oed +ularganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu- pu5qxeqr.6q)xsh5 opus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union n5 s5. e6qqrxpoq-)x huow protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over timexadd4fyki*g 6.p:blj z2puqew7s,* ).

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead nvkw;)4qiabck(ql/ uus2 z.* plants and animals.lukubsi. (vnzq c; q)w*ka/42
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofreumu5t(dr4( toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l, 3f5x w(zv aqu5r2 w;zpko:qrive and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oce; rq5vzf:wrq z axo,(w 5up32kan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyvw;-zf-uzxuy v h 81;r eexi:*stems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and ar): l/o7oud7gynekqnd g 22m7 large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physicaomgd)2qngdr/o2 e7 yn7 ukl7: l environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dbl pdrzr vm:+8bt .cy 4j-.aw5escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes i2271k qugo;m zwl11gq6aism p nto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayingl;1z2qw 6amg m1o2 igk7qs1 pu leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syr smq iizya.8r:(hi9t,s l94 hstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids 9 orxw7kmskn3owux 1pp,:e-+ of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatu3cb* du/w2zbt+e ( kb is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor zbbe/uc+uwtb* (3d2k3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different bv,np:-mw.4jymzb / tw r(9netemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst wn4+ 5:.(zva wdmzhrvem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the 5jm q fi8ov2a2ve -jn /1rnaxkw0mz/(zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mon01fqio r vmjj5 n(kena/wzm/-2v2x8a ths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in axbpwy..yn 5 2n terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food fnzubi+6uj+;im 9x/ xweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algatpczgk9/q8+hn1k;q d bo4h9q e that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaqb q48 +n kho9hptck/91gdzq; e from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chn-0nceha /. p168de8fh fidtvemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dn1. bxwg1b niq,1wj 0uiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworrfo 8 gu :ryz9)5o1itgms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livi:8 uirrto1fy 9)z5g gong organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyij ;nhhg r3d;eh+r94vwz 8/uiramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dekrjjm 0+/ dv,tnsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodipo ao(5-lwl0vwhenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquati;9p-gvjna a )grj9se;n*t : egc mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some*e 9 v;;atn gj n:rgp9gea)j-s corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follo ,0f-kj2yhgxr ek -)wawing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversieuhw / uwn lid(9k-r k+eq4u2g5a: e5pon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of t gb-/;lj v4jayoxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussinginy.poc; r1pl:vwt8 jar05x9b shu,( a pyramid of btnrp p(5vxlay,s9r8c: jw.;u bo hi 10iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enep 3thxa8lg1 +nrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosy)ct. ;mk jtg r7dq)hj7stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food xyg/c blg(m 4hg-st5fp t59m 6web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilcfgf: u th:8p-,re ky( ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doejqbpxfnke 990tk, *(ws not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of w 5zf)d+piixc/wk,a1 numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thezd p+/5, xi)kwcaf1w i lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis-bpc, f :t/ocq and respiration correctly from the options below.What is ,-q/ tcp cof:b Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticid(( dpu6c+c 0np dhuixl(p-f ;ge.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromoptkftadx 8c 8 k19i)4 ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to ca6vt5 nynga ;1o.uvi ry,2 yu:orbohya;.o:inty,gvvo1 ruy 6u25n ydrates.

  There is continuous 887d sqqcvx;d g muy,mpc.a 39cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 3 9y acsm d.78q;gc p,mxdqu8v
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle orgjsa9 cplc40.,w .qthat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energ d-x-dh4s(ci v mh+9rjb+ ogp9y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru 2 5wwpau+o+fee.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitydxy, mj : jpicahl8z *44t6/3akmj0hi (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl5 lbqdxdpd;cl;,5k b ,e



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of pha t:3e/z fpw3avc+;carbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a+vdf/ (kw)pelth a- v3n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemy2rvpxi o 21v, in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th ugw2lj0z5e: gyv 31xnat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not ;ra 1 tjf2d-gfa human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy-fd ;rtgf a12jcle.

  Figure: Average per cai5wby/ei9tb d fu3eqy9m5 3r- pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitzw-a-f .c xva8y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax co8c.x-a-v a zwfmmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trac5+ elem/o:fgn r j,2ava g)u(nsformation.

  Figure: Average per cq kj25m6rws4i; x;yck q 5ytu(apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was ca-g l6y .gc,by5jy;lisrried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept ic6yl;b.s y jgy, -il5gn light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fln71uet/rz b5/tr6 dzuows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries lqc-uod 01a; (fqw sd*lc+r1 yby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f) p ;qas9-. w;p)muxef ox,e54rwornbor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome35ibfv;ui;l;v cdqoe 1m* fc4, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemenjc4 so ,wh.f6vnja( )pts from the foo,ch 6njw apvs4.)fj (llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot:uxq.i71 rbrnher physical variables. List the7xir .u 1:rqnb main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a deuy n +,hz1s4nn;r kor2scription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit.8 7zuam j9cxixd b2+fy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,p nwm+ywo9t, ;cf6 8kx Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivor lc-nr*i1 fj+xes in different biome1x*jfic rl- +ns


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarokf 1cxrtg397y succession progresses from a pioneerckr1tf39 xog 7 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followk13rh.jkqol a2hrg68u vg b.; i4 c.nning statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity dr2a4 13h. qj hk ig.o c8lr;6k.ngnbvuuring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a la03xvdu p(8g Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of 0ou 1+bregelq2iz1 8t* ex)ybphotosynthe 1t*2xge1)ro0bel8e iqz bu+ysis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field ;ryc.ybop .9w



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series 7:q1jw e1 vhgaof insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individual e 1awvgj:1hq7s out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importap l(xl6gx0ft )nc u8j mdh4,3qnt to take multiple readings of the samxldtp(386hc gf4xmj,)nqu l0 e factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sam hxqr 311wjenf*nr+ *epling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sag6f4m9ef: v 7eowmqrvr1w* v) mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par91ag,bas(, vsrc h 7cfts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecj)4j tgg,boi1x5u5s ative for sampling motile (moving) spejxas1 oj,b5t)gg 4ui5cimens.