What is the best definition70 ;v0x qg/qv ;aqk r5j;ghlre for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofwp45bnd/vg ox 5i w52lg+; l7swqd7dr Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor xrqr,k7 iz-p065srq i1 ;Factor 2;Factorrkp,-r x075isrzi6 qq 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati3*kjvw /h hnynbb9:j57 v -zfmon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specilpco*hsw a:iq: 6nyf 4e1-l8rzm y0+u es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe 4x;ym mapa+ ix:1zo* pand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congozp: xo*pmx4y+mi; a1a. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgttz)ypq3tkiex1j+;aq-+6 ev 5nlgp)anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis luwgjz0)ceggj ; s.x5q9pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolg x;e950wjc.gg zqjs )f may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that 45hadd/ f a,udbest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants an2xelz*+pth ii/b-p s/ ag5rt4d animals.phbt/ pa 5 - tiexg*zlrsi+2/4
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxihif0i7ekx31hiey . c**l8fs mns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, ppz ;;g a+/ i5mfj7wmrgolar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Ar ;gz5/;warfjimp+7 mg ctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy5gv( uj,z4l;1t vcta 1c wg5ba is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tree3-*xw).r(c-qwqje3aklkmd *wtkg . z s and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presenc.kwlrk.d- 3*xekw j c(qm-) zgta3*q we of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fo0d,. pk,pq ce)p bfpj5 b:1qagod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surro..v6v:w w/awj7zvnu qundings. The enzymes bw6 .:7jvqn zv/.w avwureak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ric41syo;,akg .t2neb zse cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pf*yjckw1j 93o(r096bj x cbvgyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is (fi b4wt.u(+xnwgd1ec ui6xtdoav e7 2w9)p-Factor 1; Factor 2 ap+e ie(u1(n ).47 ti2vwdd wuxax-cw6gbf9 otnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the r5xe*9mtta)o4z g se 2imu ,jw)5b dks0ate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riz)abbl jh*8psd7, yj,ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girkwk7*ts9 z-i jaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animalss9*kz 7ji wtk- and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow inczq 1jvb8v2s:) ljl:w a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooqgswa9w,+ (um aqv) l8d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon com4u7e cn)p g)c7mwoh3zpounds produced by z 73h)cg4zpw)ocmn7ue ooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemiksh2l 4dsm: -mjm1 an6/m4bkxa8am6pcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mn 99fgn+ dgjy503 cbox j424ofvdfz )iovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thljvx4zcmy2 q *0 h94as aqyv e)wg 92h/s,wh:aat ingest anawqy,* a hzs4cvxs9h v/w j)l0 eqhmg22: 94ayd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofb4en)e*n , owo numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pe,zoxsuzz2h/z:6z 1 iredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphoejq) 5d3p 2dzgq2fm8 enyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sey ykft:w o07,s2x wa+aawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coy:k s +xwwao7 2t,0fyarals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation. hi uozz,gqo-:ko 4c+57zjht)

  Figure: A natural energy conversiog v)0(;yabb qgn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodf7+9ak soslgxnh7.m , chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fojlyh-ws7ppp+z. ar3m;mw1 m/llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomw;zlya3jmwr +1-/ p hs.7m ppmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene 5;zt3kbdk;kzg uz f.1rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosysmq)y* g cg p4pr2:hca/tem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f4li+obxho6 c 2dy2 v8eood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy l.q+zmip,p s cg27g:: cm1swxstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acblj2c8csj;. i iaw4, dcurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbwqe44fixtq 17hbs36f9l tfk.z;w k/f ers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lis1kz 6bfq 37wwtkxi;q/fe. t f9 lh44fons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirati (ltwb,lop8k 1z0woc .-,fw pion correctly from the options below.What is pi tw 1-w o0,bl,(f .l8ocwkpz Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDj:dz ql3-7o -ct lvzl/T as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frn,c3/g6bn a4a7y1ldbiiy,dr om ecosystems.

  State the name of the processn3ha r pdh5g+, that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydra gd3nhrp5+ah,tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere t(eee s i3t1l6vo other carbon sinks.s vee1it( 6el3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the car 7;c3j35yjttlgb cfs 9bon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy iu jeirz85o+p ec5 ;la-n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar 1 ps ,yfm96 9iwzbans1pgq:a+e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.inldj ..ys v-r(d 7.un

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinq;r 0ym5z4 ibsdbc6)s h3h l3ze carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo+ nemj)m4i5xg4b jpdkn tgr oy)w,*8.n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste2jkdt f8eo5 zh (:sra2m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terresxqq x q/p-vw m(-tnd6ik.dx)3d 8k8fztrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteri5rfeulqa ) ge71*:vba a.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect onx*w j j: ey;)vau*fc,vl-z2mp the nitrogen cyclyv;,a lcfzjw*vu ) p2jx:e -m*e.

  Figure: Average per ct)+ec1j7 nm77 kaw1vcx(fkf sapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodip, q vh+1mn fel7)q(xq+ey zw.versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. 1pef)x(h y eq7vzq +qn,+lwm.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin(b*ntbm)ra n-ghr:5t g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca sv:mcvsl0w k2d:x7mc d*at, *pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with kcp8 fdh.:n2d lh3wc+ an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of dn2+ fh.:38wc kpcd lhthe experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon st5j1pufvo23 e*oz *m *85 mjwqs dkzp(sorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheo+w9 yigux 1;cries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom8m2x)rphn n4zx( nn 6zh vas6;e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, tu7zzhrh2ga4q;u : ;w Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one o52r/r 8ao/p t0: qbpehkibu1kr more statements from the foli k0 bretoppk: 1q/ b2uah/r58lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical va/yr bme /vbz;,riables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomevmbzr ; e/y,b/s.

  State which is not a description i0s z8*v lyo3xof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct sta6uow e(x e/-qpehz7b8d(,fgbtement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italymuqycc6*x9m m q8.y g672fh3bpnchc,


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivitfunvj4jmn:g50bt45i, 5byivz ;er c5y and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes gfj4jz 0buy5: 55ir mb i ;vtencv,n45


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresseo**haf e+is 1ps from a pioneer community to a climax com*s+ p eiaf*1ohmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describinc(r/vc2(p96:lj g 9fw bmw ukua 6lh,bg the changes in productivity during primary swv(pbu9k2llw: gh c ra9mc jfb66(, u/uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic farm f2/*qjl0- z-pqtvhctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ofd6muxg w9b. 4nt4ac4 i temperature on the rate of photosynth.mxw 4 494tngai6ud cbesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in wpby)*s8j:meo5npy-q e5i 8+go5ne8usy0 w fa field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to catdw;z8o mla 0f/bco;gzap t3a7;)e 1dpture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 izd8o;aa0 f7;co;3 mlptzt bega) d1w/nsects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, inuidg/iku5 1tnk ;2wjev x5oh 4r m0rn;h 51u;t is important to take multiple readings of the sam nk uj25 noe/uhwtrk;m;r;hig xn1 v455iu0d1e factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in o (sb/5ck4 *k5og5u1 zk3osqsdm8c)ejpg p+w ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tb*nwlc c00v4qic 5b, two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow5wkljb(2 ,hx i Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques im8/z,lfw ;de js not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimensz,/8ejm ldw f;.