What is the best definitio/mzp vw+vv9k;nent.w5 + g/ /rak sjs9d.g)xdn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph oqv3o i* kda7k:ys1laxj6 -ha24lq4e hf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fa) ,i 5pm30n0xqb v3se: ihsevtctor 1 ;Facton,e0iixm3vb)5essh :v pqt30r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve 6fw)5ms k6 c+0 2epw ,algzqnrof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso tvx:ybh/ ni: 8.*qpm6 9mvtqwma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebd ,+ )fxqu reuxyuz2s9pc*yd /5+0zmjra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with zr,xz/2u9eu*s)u d+f mcjypd qy+5x0 other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms isz-0q3r:ogtn i a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup a4*e,enesh+ nfr0m-eus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolfsn4n, arh *f +em-eee0 by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growf0qse0nm 5m+;44 cuzxth ,cbnth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dc,oly8bs6qmppa)o4 ie 268n d ead plants and animals.ep6 b6maicospq dy)n , 82ol48
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o wpvpb,gpu6) /5t 8gimf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pobpw r:i 0 /w.hqmbv1b7lar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the :h7 bpr1w0 v./qmbbwiArctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energyqd v9etbwrp 2i16;n8d is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producti1wf3m9 j.:wz /s coujcvity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditij/ f.o9c3uw1cm w: zjsons have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corrn4gmz9k vk :3em5o nv*ect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int,5l( f6t8kyd89:vez c.y x3gj n:o3yktf qaelo their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, aynqg.jl e:3xvlz8 ( ktaf9dyt 5fc3y,8 e:ko 6nd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation dr1u ymi,t7kq:v 8k myd *b0w*system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy gr75zbe( h1pmmr )6kddk .p;l.

  List three factors that could describe a spec4ex3j*e0qcd z/5m ulnies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F3jdeq0uz5ec /lx 4n*mactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis a/u. mj gp-994betppcpt different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul:4mo rv d-/bquqdy: 2otivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble to(qgx-wxu:nv 1ma /.f/ )::a t lw)eodvk7vd qhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to fiv7ndqwgvvko()o- m/ )tlw a:.dae xv xq/uf:1:e years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of eneyj2;w5hjx,o qh6g jo(lm.n7w -/dlva rgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodbf+3 rnx1 i(cf web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that li0jx i4+ax /f y1:aa0)yumji vqve inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producedy0 +j4iu x/y1a avq ji)am0fx: by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiyz7ov 6:c* rubon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbhd*a 3k74qfo eon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms l3r ko39l wm)cu( ss ev3g8b znx5a3ox8ike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digewu8lre)s xsz3 8nx(33a9oc5g km 3bo vst non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of num)5.z uo(zw3 ywc v5qpsomr)2s bers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densikmz o4si2b. x/ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true a+v p83d*ngsd - b4ibstyo: 9cwbout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commeryjg ;vng/4sjgz-;8f e cially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ligh;4s fnz/;-8vej g gyjgt source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow bq1.a4ac uxgqtw m n4h04.xu)ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energ6p.6lovf1 aet8nui5kz- cn g 9y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of h7fi0p 0nqk7,ib jup. toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the86v2gwytg yqqx:/5ay following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassgy/wq6q:g82xty 5a vy.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy;e z*p y(*wvtww 5:msh


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units foat+7 ya/ws5enr8zr++ l 9ataor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marixlw-w f/+vj v*a7hjb:ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a ssly62gbrc( +)fjwb5 hoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not 1;sppav9b 7,i0d lpxdaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a saw;gywn h jj- n,g3vzv,4i mk,4vannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lvwwgj,, 4ni mgn;h,yvjz34k -ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fromj5np ulvrz /ku-9p b;0 the options below.What is nub9r 0pzj;-l 5v/upk Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements 7db9vct+tq f 9that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost6* p 1)tea7cfcfhxjy0f, n8rd from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process/xneo6odw,g: e/3jr y that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydraw:nr6 e d/3jyoo,/egx tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to o+o.+oom71 glmt1fop wther carbon sinks.wo o mofmlg7+1+.to 1p
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes infhf ste:ro +23 the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy 8t q1s x9ctiz0in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are txm/pzvu ;h* *crue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) b(v:p8s.mob8qz 4)ey kedni :can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine wt e-n2:+bswucarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throue55yutjpv*2blta h1 1 gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in 2ctzlckl+y ,/ t1o0jxan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyw+ pnrdb*uk :7stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true qmm hj pl eb+xgl.172stk7l:j n*:r:u of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the y y)pocnxmz9p; 5r*+qnitrogen cycle.nyxr 5z*o pyq ;9m+)cp

  Figure: Average per cap-3/fn1ru7bt pjs0o gz ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NP ancov3 2z4f jouw8j+,P as primary succession progresses from a pionee4+fov2 az8oj,3c wn jur community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following h1x2c,m, (boz.r o eqiis an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cad3 kq gkwx8 ,e1s1/rmipita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using botx7k+2t0s dike tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen va s x2ek0kd+ti7lues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages *u mocmb/ /u,lj:nr7j& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b72- wxpvou*pt 4gq h 039q2hknu .khtqy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biozc7vic2f8ls3 me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital/cnpvl92w;bs 1gmj4 my



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cc0/lq9pw2k h qw7 l8vgb;i0ut hoosing one or more statements from the follok vtwg9i7082pl /bhlq0u w;cqwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns zx8yo22jgv7o ehjy2rn9 ce;: and other physical variables. List the 22g:y;jyv7eehrn9j2 z8oo cx main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptlm 0*--sz bwplbv3w 6fion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversiaya 7ju9sq .c()j+p svty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 8t *v1z jwv *dobffw8-ebg.)a


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pr -i qa):k3cd25ix pmkuoductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes-ka ckiimq2d5 u:) px3


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressei5ka65 gtni) em4pvp) s from a pioneer communit )ke p v45in5)gtm6piay to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in des+bh upvdv8/,v+ a; u7ata3nh dcribing the changes in productivity during prih,u+t vu3h abp ndvv8;+aa7 /dmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured 5bb wfc( ,qc8lusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of4vbmwd bs n-c qqt6 qn7)8: *th8r-bfn photosynthnbnhq6cvb -7 rns:8q -t*mw qt)4df 8besis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 1 j*h44bstznrr1e bnrjn34 l+field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps togrz1 q8/ jjccys(s69 i capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this specieis/ 1(crzgy9 c6sqj8j s.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is import2i)(b9yk ;f3zbxna9nw i qv n(ant to take multiple readings of the same fact9(fnaq3wy z) n( bn9vxik; bi2or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in r4ep09okmt .f ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sa1f uuw3jl r2d,mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creekpe:w1 van u;w i,*+cza




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followingl0omodfuou)xw( i00v ooj (+, sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mo0 0)ox0o juioo d+,luf( o(vmwving) specimens.