What is the best definition for 43msiwqngw, 57v/ ldha species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romz ;--fo5cgor;tlnh7l lx3,ag3 wc/ gpe, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe - 7cp2w/x4 styrxma*e a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factoc /mr4sa t*we -2xxp7yr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofgu:v dg-1ea/v0h gfhyh60 v6cgu 9k7f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma)r-r/by- ydhw species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf zb3ym6p tu1xj(+n g2yz(r:x kfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns a:3z2nm kygxbu +p61((tz jyxrnd eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgcz w*) ;bgxr76cgnwm(3xb 5rmi) *orfanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in No8vzpw m(ugxd+lv zd mw2o:(03rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in: ww u v2l zmm(px+zv83ddo0g( the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popuw s qbr9z /80xtxa6/5 r22ex8n cfkpmclation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deaaho/ijktdn00fr 5h44da -b0td plants and animalk/ 0o0 dtr0hjfan-5h 4tiab4ds.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains t3; fudsn.vu2


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othe*+bdk/v oq7 qu b+o5vcr organisms live and ino+b vduoqck/v*q75 +b teract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoc*sclxe;:d:6t6l sa r systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hgmp ogrnfli-h-86 *-zg3j u:e igh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species gi3-jm- g- nzpge:u*r l8 hf6oalso interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is vx, wx gwxr0;(a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientlb tg/j amjiuziq4w; *+6f6:w n-4 vums by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb tm+jj 4 mzw-ln6v i4;*tfw:ubq6augi /he products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice c hg/3 8 g zd4u2(p7b5mexirkqhultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energytj0)mhj8q jkt)r;+ blwuv9 5l.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fajrxk lt;)9 er 70zfn7ojk gbnni,v9 (1ctor 2 l9kx;v,j0fkn7oj rn7 ng)erz9i1t(b and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photoiqua3befl: *pt ze 8r)p*p /t;synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri 3cet,zn iekv-7albyt 3jnh 0ic12 y+4ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thas1+ovgi o lqww9vs 1:5t resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one ovi1lw 15sgs o9oqw:+v ffspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy fl+;r4- pdo qva t2kzyd-ow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w ht/3d gdvg95aeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alglv9n f: /h:elh23/vxuo hjy e dd;bn+1ae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxad9djlo yhh;:+2x1:fe3n/nlhvvb / uenthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: ;.jp gki-x h9pp1yzq8


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of ;h+ p4yl.lh2j7d gmcw )yu)p(,fi rbqcarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organ tz,o/uu7mn: -nt yof/isms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living,7ut: y t//nfmzuo on- organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid9r+ j sfibf r4c:*s:cd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d5qxzcsm 41.s ixgh)z8 ensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trueoejya. j 875me about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawe sl9wl-v*yo7,hb7rq ater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student pl lby7olq *rhe9vws7-,aced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformata- abm*tj- )ction.

  Figure: A natural energy cozls mxch*)g dm6;w)y 6nversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o8 gzyf/ua( zp5f toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyravfoci8 m(c), l8l)vijmid of bif(vci il oc8,) )ljm8vomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enexmo*7.7,pmnk dm-hb orgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst,wolid47te .g0 p g3mgem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food lax8oza. kz5( j7wn5 kweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem 5j4cvm9phv -hvrgx3 2




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describ2/- fue5kum/e ymq y0te a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sayqf m v5hulw 9dn(frb8j05:z4 vannah system with parasites on a consumer liu5wfhrm4 qd0 v9 z(5y:lj8fbnke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thrsu iaq *j;z;5e options below.What is Photosynthesii ;q r5zj;s*uas and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the us-u*-g d0;z6 oaqw h*inv 1e;f xz6tigwe of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is s0:, wynv--/fgnzz qmlost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to,qn z k+tc3 dv6pmtwi,yv2 e51 carbohydr5 2,ty6t +i3vvmwk1zce,n dqp ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbo(:-dht 8rlfjqn sinks. thd8f:jr( - lq
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carb-shg(:yyk2 fxqd. g w1*ftn5 von cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an3wtmpt2eli,7v s o: p7 ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trwi4si. im/7mng64e; : qzyvrfue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity ulzl qa)n;c1w(a 4hog ;h5(gk (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the 3/3guwjtf)wo+pep p2 marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through th c) jf*gmoh/ 4cvi0;tee carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow inl)+h p7 t*zceq an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysteiusov2wgy61d s9 np3/m in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tw5hr c-gyd:34rg,g rlb/ 3yidrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the ni0s.*)pkg vrcstrogen cycle. )s g0k.sc*vrp

  Figure: Average per capits zh-pag/gnp4qw40a . a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrewv.2mf x6o5db u5q; pesses from a pioneerp d5e wov5. m6b;uf2qx community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fts88ubma e7 go-,p21ncrf lf 9ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cz6 0. cbzqn t7w./xigxapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea3s jr6 e:d1j p9fioc*c plant in water. One was kept in light f* 91se jr3i6cc d:ojpand the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows 7 spagk0v 3ld98d, fjoin GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988,tf m0gve w6bs3hf 7im+ofkw1 v1b 7c8g8qnj(-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for o2krw 87o :sdr5busgvkaxredai ;xpd6 3+( /)a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofm .)5u/paab(;w ptrdm Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onel-4mnuphn e,xr4 ils*),pa/ oj ol i(/ or more statements from the followin(ujm*,/ )ilshlr o/n-4a4o xpipne,l g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablewpler9 yn5fxp+. +6 zns. List the main factors that characterize thex++9 lrnnzw.p6 fype5 terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiot.j4 3v pfln82 zma5aqn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement 9z 0vt k.s9ulsrelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 6ku:g-ljpeam osv)c;t. f78g Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two her4h,qkdrg),q;s 0x j+kkyd5b88 pu dhobivores in different biomejb)kxd,kh usrq;h0d, p 5dq4y8kg8 +o s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bioskj(,a.m,c ws + th adi)k9*lkx+ 2cpzdiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to 9,kd+cl.w 2izax hkasj ,p ksmct+() *a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in desc+ 0;ivsu+r9 l x1bryjaribing the changes;r+9 lavbx1r 0uijys+ in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk(dx tvkfh)a6 +lt uq7..

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temp+ ycl1iuun5i )9 ot7f sayb(1qerature on the rate of photosynthesiitus(yl 5 qbi1ac)+79fn uoy 1s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiele -c hn60 ai1x/x+n,eimwpxj: d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimox5 +(leg f( 3v)h2k/xvwkh toens of beetle A. On the first day, 16evov+to35(w)x f( hh /lkxk2g 56 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rehgp1 .c3egbm)tx +)nb7 k 1zpladings of the same fabggc3 7 1pel1mtkb ).x )+hpnzctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin8p jmbwts f60ny 7,rz8g


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek3(j.nd a ugyd:53s.n))sy ya0itg rh z




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampf) -ew0nzsgk1 led in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling m )vm yy2;nztc)s+c1hpu4pe-7rb *uxu otile (moving) specimensny)m71vu eu;z2cx4-)hr ctbpy*s+pu .