What is the best definition for a spesuf6-zw7 vll5 cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romq3: n;v5zv;0bzw v+ uj7e dejye, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fi(tusicu;) c; ra,sn bnw( s/8pb-rd: actor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorcia;r;c ds((-pru: n tbnu)/w b, si8s 3?

  Figure: Growth curveq6ws5k8p ne 9f of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specieso cjwn*v;zb/ 8 2voyme. (eqw:



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the z .kd +e; ikx,6v.nhrhkebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues k+d;hkk v., r.nhxei6 to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of re4da1r1j 3 auorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wol rfc+ r:-z, f-cqjkq5yves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populatedf : jqrfzc-k,yc+rq 5- northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best :l r7 v,cc pwq:rr.b(kreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on tl8ao6xkp8dkk:* jlnn0/4das v 0a wi+he remains of dead plants and animals. 6/ld psaa8kxi*a:0 v04wj lo8dkkn+n
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaxa m)fdol6n8oa2d: +q ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othau1b*p:oc2iv1,f0zg e 9sbw , p-mjkner organisms live and interact with each otherokbnp j1mg2fc*:b1i p- 9v,uzsa w, e0 in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ey kxtj6482qovcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high y3q;e7rdane/.2sdu4 iy c 5cnproductivity, despite infery5;2 dde.nr7q nce4 usc/iy3 atile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thy gsgy38db;h.;*i da ( nb,qfyat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy)dlg 0 0t2l)v mxgbz7ymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prod0g)d mlg70vyl2z ) xtbucts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricgh+s6 r/jaqg7 e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrswxacky .c,yz 3+h. v;amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niyr *zh//l1q(og y (*ioc y2ybmche.What is Factor 1; Factorrqzy(go*(2 mhy1*lcyy/ ibo / 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntm/a*9oxozm s (hesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice curjjtoq/0y)s;i q:qn 4 ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ,jlq9tcy f (b,t wdx l8ne7lr2w8p3px4(d3gn has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democraticbnglj8,pl4p9 nt2qdxf33, lcxrt y8d(e 7(ww Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptir0v6*f,7yo rrq lwum 0on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web jxa8,e s29yu7l dpk b6 dk;(sy



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live faym(k*2sydy ry x5z- n ;dp,-inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carb5xp z- saryyfd;2(n k,m d-y*yon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reujirg*w rl+ 2q+ y9x.haction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mlulcm8. v ku5p22ds3y4:lzch ovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fol9ny0tfc- hx/fz 9 rdj)lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orga)fn9h -tjy/rzfcdx 90nic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers rwemjn1rf/,p/ux -ppa7r9 9a


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pre 2p)zgaf9,1f 6(gguif ntang+dator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dicuqd eq i3foqlnx zy db))l/(n*d*b9 (+hlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a a1m.y8 54483amzickbviv tob commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements ai ymomz3 tv88.k4civa154 bbare true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampl6pbu) zs (naa 9.d2sbve of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste0)z jk v p 5*s0cb02za,hxkbbgm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha(z vhb8ziui(a8nm kyy6( i/ 3vins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements 8 1sm ra0ycoe :p2wtb.is false when discussing a pyramid ofca1w.28 s:t br0ymep o biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy *pu8f aa5u9 qhu81k dm


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producrj)psg8l i1- occ 50;e uhc:wl 8tkf/ltivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo0xbqha 05v 9o6o ,:cndcx;b. il3/3x rxppttod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in c68 yceicy9 gwy2 .)szs oze*7a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately*- nx dkv uvrsa3/h0*g ni2z)y describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with p9icur 1 4rk(y.-hysldiu)udd9r,, ynarasitesr u,,cyu)y1 ri h9(l-u n4i. 9ddrydsk on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options ;uf/nw8sw mk (bwo/j/below.What is Photosynthef wo(ms/wuk w;/j/8nbsis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe(+3ybm2y qaa r the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyxn b,)4xjc+)u1 reub 7 up:ynqstems.

  State the name of the proceskb935n b1o yukb t6a8ys that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd 35nb ubk6at8yyo9b1krates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbo 01xgnf d3 vb6+0ggovln sinks. 0xgbd10vo6g3v+ gn lf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thats 1yv0xhd,.p8vbwr/ o requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in aowl/sr i-:yr :tkcq 0/n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thay0eai oc))1f dbussc0qr*g; y0 kz p0(t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivivm+ i-e(f5aclu2n5 s aty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagr4z+zt:r)gty d0yv/k nuij b45 am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo *-w0mpm(0phz/u kkg jn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysvro j,kdh,w /2tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter +tuwa(vx*vtmjnu+ j(* kzt( :restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bax n tvp+cb3uk5hx2:h4cteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indua a6+qu,iml1ja; nq:z ced effect on the nitrogen cy6;+, :a1iqzujaal mqn cle.

  Figure: Average per coe fbesk263)c9mjpggyn9 3) kapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre ,o; xfaws24fbsses from a pioxf so2 ,w;4bfaneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranbrauvz;ph7a0xj*dbsg c +gp( 6j/8l) sformation.

  Figure: Average per capita* 6gnp/7tqd mz $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elo6.jpl9r6s5vgg/ kxsvia ln+0 dea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two d66krsp g+ a9sx.llv5/gi0j nv ays in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annurae49; fb0t b lmhz)4d2q:vrual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishu *hk v*gyr/6series by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomecl-ik84 lhs8 z

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy6y4ncg stiak01 t33 ujqrmdra-1kl68



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choo4md)e:m5ond1t ;cfpw sing one or more statements from the follod ;e4fpo1m m) wc5:dtnwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and o07a w7og xdp9other physical variables. List thew 9doo7a px07g main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of sqk5vrx/wq 6. the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relateb76wbq r*4 ah dfsr; (xxpy/(nd to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, kv5o-a9 7js 9d/cfcp8pc 9cq uItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivil-3+9x1yrltf3wpft i ty and biomass of two herbivores in different biomlf+19txl3 -t 3fyrwpies


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivers,rgoy/m fl9cgp-d 7(vity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax como c(-y rv, dlg7mpg9/fmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correc5a*i mkzq xfx1y*wx1 +t in describing the changes in productivity during 1 *mfx i+ak5x q*wyxz1primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuigku zly7 h u6.:gm*e.red using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of ph4o4.o 0/xqpmg;wwssy-h ti3 zotosynthesm3qx s tzws.yo4 h o4i0pw-/;gis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielbf. y;nufz:h5d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insec-ge;fsbbdbj ix 42;4qt traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469bbg; s2 qx ej-4bdf4i; of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the w5 xr qr3i3j)z qz4n5pdata, it is important to take multiple readings of the rzq qz3njw 5)4i5rxp3same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi6 kt; zpljbd,7yb3 -jkcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples o6)3s+ 6f otog5i xwqwof Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species datapsee2(ghqo:zl ep n/)8 r9yw9 for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecti;n uybo. sq*ol9p l6xja. j2v8ve for sampling mot.jj.u6n9 ;8lv o2x* blpaqoysile (moving) specimens.