What is the best definition 8lxfwoyay9* 7 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaeymvf,u r 6me*:/sg,xly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe ard,ctsg 4i;bj)- 2egl species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor,rs; j2i)g-ed lt4bc g 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ka i1 uh4*gintr ,*oi1of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specvn* lx5+xi;axp y3v57if 8 eysies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gif7of7*i*f bidraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Whfdi7*7*if bfoen they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populaj3 sq:ojg is.4qhj63yb d aa 8rj47.altion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canim; levx. 116ul59 q+ghycvodds lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a facu9.exl5+d 1goh vm6q;ly1dcv tor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bestkdj.qy x3*c/z4:fy c tnlfd1- reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites an9m9r (4 wncfqtd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima m nwtc(9f4qr9ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fgm0lh. :d /:7pwzl r ,hhoc8nnood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalrp7c67d 5 +*/vz l ksz8pkalbye, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each othe pz/asrd*8pllv76b7y c 5kz k+r in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems. z rqrosx 92w7pu+-7 lexi6o.e

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a larg4*y2,wvnzq7atd q7 m de biomass with high productivitmyq2z7d,n dv t *7waq4y, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de 5kcw:aat o fu*jhv0;v;, 0xmfscription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundij* *njyn89vaf ngs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb theaj *vnyn98f* j products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systet40t ,e0nkq e3vnpl (r-wscr9(g: edem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy. oo2b7k+ nxcj w 5x8+,gxj7akn

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.ou l.z0 0 5ixge6fjq/jle2e u7What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Faco/jg 2j0i 7z xullee0. 65qfuetor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the 0ae5 q9uhak/- 5albbkqo (e/hrate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sycp*;ko.pxgvsg5l 6+1s m 2dhwstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl4zxbpmyh h0yc-78k 0y e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Conyx4-b8h0kzy7 ym ch0 pgo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecte)ak.4ad s: in description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webth+8b ;8yhrvb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coriwda0kc vh )v (nbx+yd4*: vj9al. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zo(y9k0jwv adix)4v v+:*dbcnhoxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: ;8 kd1b fb4(qyx( pr, f-ieuwr


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems q+s s/t3nqfw70:mfggdiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descre 4fpns 06b8xlibes organisms like earthworms that ingest and se 486xln0bpf then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of num0qoeyq sl: 28ebers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat rfo5,lw *yx4sor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichloroic 8s3a rv ng,,il;s)vdiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an ad*wy awm :4w8oquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are truead:om4w* 8yww?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example :zhk f)g) g -0a70hg6vhwjdjmof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi/8 odx:ligav9ny (nv *on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi ;bakg55k ykh8ns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements iznf0 w:bh y.ai um,53m3vx) dts false when discussing a pyramid ofay zf5 3)mv3:0,d ti wnbmhx.u biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eney,6af y/.binw4l2l s ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in ak0b )ak6eh j8rn ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinig2x8g;lyd *l e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosub7a( m/ku)to cp,pkt2* 9age ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does notm,a w1 cpu x9s58ozz/s accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with p r hz(3s6dtzs6 gs2-lr +nohy6arasites on+s6s(r -zhyr6 gndht3lsz 2o6 a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options t (olvvp8 r,a*below.What is Photosynthavvl,p o( r8*tesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the us flb dxt0s4i 1+w,oje3e of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losjn+.79-axm i imnwz4 st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the2tif)7 .- fnhok:udx(qy0e ip process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrafqtp0e72d h ki)u( : -yox.fnites.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frommyhny x/ n(. rk y,wemcb78056:cppov the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 0ywm rc/v,yx6k: n.nomph 78 c b5(pye
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requir1gg 1ymyq4j);sfs3b ix c-*5vmiv 2eves the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yearct(td 7wmknr(i az 757wiw; .g


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha.-x dm: xayyi/-kc )(k 2dokzot are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can )6tmyfbf*ol tqc6 6t1 be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclefnly;u vt t6cnm(: o11



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the nsv(cwi f(6 w s -)kidgf:w p(2j55hjc):cx locarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow 8nfzy3fcv,tod+g(7 cfx u*5rin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a*umrw3 qw7/q nz. 1xzytp:v1n terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying baw0+96nci o vevcteria.

  Identify which of the fo,u( 8zfocqq+3ylmtp8llowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyctflq mq(8,3z8 ypu+ cole.

  Figure: Average per c xeod(u9z qr .j ;*zd/x6cmx5gapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gt /*o-b/,*sp,sjr ntmhmx u3b PP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioouth,/, bn*3s xt mps-/m*brj neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra to6sxl u(fa6(tmvj hx lt./(7 exhz-24hh ;jnnsformation.

  Figure: Average per mkk9 9e2m c8 f3nci9gecapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wip 6c rvk5zfcqp(i-zk 64,d*rath an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolkpi 6 -* rpdvfaczq,5(4zk6 crved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & lm1r4j ak9*yw k-xv-bannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rtr t:iss 3fs x- nqy7x o.zng6ury4h4/a9 ,7unegion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forz5f5o/nqyn :b a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita8pkcgo: 4r/( y x*sn8vmtt9 shly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of zc4 yiz2;n arm *p,o*o"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following. n,o4 mizpoc2z*r* ya;
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characteri iigd,v6 6pu,l 5/ai13vjtmeized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biaep d,itigv/v, 5im 61j lu3i6omes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomef4vm .to7frn 2.

  Identify the correct statement relate/h9yx. (ezb zid to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 3ys7qkuc/ w7 x


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffu :vlb:d/jqkaz (7b i,erent biomikb: 7,(al b/qjzv: udes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession 5vd+o6 kcr r,bh,3kt mprogresses from a pioneer community to a cbh6kk3rtcv5,, ormd+ limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the j9ag9 6sju qygak k057d c0v0xchanges in productivity during pri g 09da0qs76yxjkca5 kvjg09u mary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be+tm6ec7bxgz br n7a )1 measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thcqt) 7/my. n/x;o hzyaas, 5j//bgr mae rate of photosynthes amacom)ytz/ja rb.5y qs/ x;g7n/h,/is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ayytmt m.a4;a/ field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of b+:n sy bm8eai5x;bli0gb:6 aieetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 bl n:xi ab0 a8mi6:beyis g;5+of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mult-pcf3:d nmyb1s5t:v t lu4x(e iple readings of tx-4sempln 1:v ctd:t f (5uby3he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolog k1 s0m1q8psjt8g t.r9 b8xvhwical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C e 12ta7e-s)bia; btrnreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pa tqv 43/(5 f(evgogdme) ;q4hkkkha.crts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques isgifok0 o1vm.yq5frl*(m 7 6z 1xd8)jpl j 4ysh not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimr6 dov4fip o gqym5xjl (kz h.)ms7f1j 180*ylens.