What is the best defini(* xlfp.yuntp ;-uf7xw/ gk/ ztion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph o4.ag3vf xx:jwb.rz g d0 uatwsw7:5(rf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatpl kw/ fs5poj095lf+tlw0 5o 7xfww)p is Factor 1 ;Factor 5t0w w9ll+5pk/fspw o 7xw)o0 5lffjp2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat50-copn,hd i,l*efk;;lanxocjw1 8sion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a .jp -.b )p nj9 rzahk4 4nf+,iop9vmtuSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble gjs12qva-t 1y hq;n3jthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on t;qn y2-saj1v1 thgqj3 he mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pop.w(sxovzzx6r*kiok )ys+ 93bulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (C0f7 8qj,eeq( j:xkq clanis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population7,8q: 0ele(cf jxqjq k numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflnj /ju /ga61ojut 3+iqtju*j (ects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thu 3cr*qndk6h4p+pfo p *4dvo/e remains of dead plants and animap+op4 3hno*r/ 4 f*vpdqduk6 cls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in (;rp+eqc3a nr7d k;jrfood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,q ycj-ubrg*zt01m45 3s3fmsx killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in y3sszrm- m1fu0tc4 xg5*bqj3 the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro 50r/epvhjou:)bn o/dm7a .s km ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large - bz*sq wty9i d7fe3n3biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knowny7wszb*d iq3fnt 3e 9- to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cfd y45 t+q-lkqry o.2eorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivek ci 2i0:aftk jbq)(4e enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then c(keb0:f)iijkq4a2t absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivathqd 6yx / qnw-i,/**ws+th frtm 66zi90bdaleion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ene hxvvnjos5z )b.k9-2ku)0gxda27usc rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factocwb5dt/rn t b(n1 9j7xr rbn51(wtjtx dn9c7/b 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis m dlcp thu0ei .k23zit1,*lv9 at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratesh dzjlu6+hkm d 2pc+ 0a*)n/rd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t)u p9wi;v+ rs0)ybm hdhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which cohb0r) vuwdms;piy9) + ntinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestr2ye.a+ qgzskyrr dv:.7b(/j vryx,e) ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we y37njl3win4.t wy b/vb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon2e3wwn l66v4ecjr8ar.t j: sf compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlighwlf r:j6w8sa6j4cvner2 t3.et.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinqg/ +r -vlpcx4g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems d2: 1loyzaw+1ltg.* spbcrgq1xdm :t ,iagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms th974,o9wwah glfo gyx6at ingest and t yw6lh4w 7a9xo ggof,9hen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ocw 6g,3iye) cff numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesjqgd2bh4( x:) kegj4g of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutnr o +- xrnhg,8 pth:5sdib+vpt-4 fall;jj(9 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a mi aj tk27ct(vv,09z hcommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, s2vcm9zj t,7 v tak(0ihome corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following ak5 kg9)x r: v*3eebbaimc5 9f7 nn*euis an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converbip2x9 1 msmxd;rl 58asion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainn,zz1 ax q3fie(s6/zjs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following staov/ gef9wk/z1tements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomzow kve91//gf ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e jzaly )5:ld s1xqx)r3nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct uni/j7 *o gt;hpaits for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinadb0hel t8r9n0*h ovuvx w7a w a/(,pd9/- vrte food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s7jno tw, o8oj+oil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f tlab/-v0ca2c4a7y z- 4krkdaood web.

  Identify the pyramid owi2*f .*qcbhj yc:w c8lt 8,lxf numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lion8c ij2 lfc**xlc.bwyt8,h : qws

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirationn h m*j4:fex);/yuq hw correctly from the options below.What is Photoe*/u hy :hw4)n mqxj;fsynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that pp k*yv7m-ke8 describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frolnn2auilf-)(k9zct/, e:b b dm ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbok*xaj )ppmr,3 hydrates)a* pp ,3rjkmx.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the at .pn k(y ;zun:clza60nxj-kq t1,.okumosphere to other carbon sinks. xta0-(upko,u nkl6n zc1:j . ;y zn.qk
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycl.ihr(g me e2d e+.c3q,tdq /bxb;0mxu e that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecoz de8k/*0dvx isystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arecpf+e10qobu z r76pgvc/ucpwa.l7v76b6 6sh true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti 9,fgxwk5i f(m/ako k,vity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the 1gt+(8sq pj (s le,ae:cqt-g1g lmkh: marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclky:d ai85i1ib3d k8thp5m yp uo72 p8le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a ei41lsocil; j6lbt(7pyq6 a .n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in5k6 sl 4 7yzb.skrzn0c kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen1ke tne-34njgr1r/ ,sc3eshi t that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-pq9va1rjxk 0+ hy b5n-induced effect on the nitrogen cyb yrj q50n -9k+1xvahpcle.

  Figure: Average per 3v7f fdm6 /-w:2wufkudx qqc ;capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodive 3vc8cno yif2+rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer cc2yof ci+38 vnommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of th5f22zduf+y-3rgq p xr0vj5kte following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap 2g5msl *rnf,j)t up9 e9zilw;ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usods9l,i u7d)o eoh 62 g--xpneing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottle i)es ,2 -dogoeuhxo-967pndls.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbot-teo* ab 5v0r)kcky5 797lzkz0egeh n storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20uuw .x k3lw25t20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data form d.zy0p ( e4f7 sh3((bngvjta a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap vstm25 xpd-c0h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ofg(ff zkg0/jcphh,8 uvxet/cy5id . ;/ "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f; kc(hv 8e ph j,0/c/5z/xgtuff gy.diollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns+3dj reuq7 q+o)jjn 9v and other physical variables. List the main factors that character+jo)u jqv rd+9eqnj7 3ize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfom2oq p;8 phh 9tg:;wwxrest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an2 tzj64z ga c+ee;4k y2yiqgyd)g,o;n ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 3iphj4emp-1cuhm; *o Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw/xyo66 jj,td lq7x*ey o herbivores in different biomes qye j6,7/*6xl odyj xt


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andu1:x+c9d /vj 4inqdm s NPP as primary succession progresses from a picui xq j4ndsv91m+d:/oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol5 hpil2g(lg /:fuaz:v -uhw*6(x igtrlowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary: z6 gx hvf/5ul*(g:il(tiuagp2hw-r succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sezynany5 tjj ,9b3r-; xcchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invessg *zwhwjnb . /xae6 k3:2fx5gtigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynth2ns w* /a5gjf 6hw.xx3ezk: bgesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fienua4 6 )zg x4txxq:e.mld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series.i va+bqz) wk- of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On th)a+kv.iw-qzb e first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to tvv w/+ c (*uxxfv d2w4ztd+(qoake multiple readings of the same fact*q(wvv+td/x+4 wcx z(fod 2uv or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological bmc px,8red )3*r/h hssampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of hql y8zs75*pw cjjj*6 Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data foryi:iy b;,h r f0.fbe2v species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling t 4e/l oh6+cgvyechniques is not effective for sampling motile (movingc /voyl+ h6eg4) specimens.