What is the best definition for a sp/ wuqze:h:bj(x(lj1q ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itak pursgztxja+h gp,lox0hc+ xm1u4-/ k/); :jly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What )qg : tjgb5a-,+ leg);lu ejolis Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?gq;t alo ,eb)+j ul:5gel g)-j

  Figure: Growth curvefxg(4y a lnj1. of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spectpx/x5s 59evo vv25cb0 zu4-o im8aklies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripu)9hzre 9 :i+u8kaw7j v6h kjres that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can r6 a ku8we ki)huzrh9rj:7jv+9each. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gro sncp *)a4hoz0 o4w)xiups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North j)v +tg6jf3a/af5 trfAmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countriera5 jt f)f/ v3+tgjf6as in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects tl 8hgi2v0n7c phe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mitel2uws1r bo p,gwh0c*2 *mv jg8s and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals*2 w8pro,gw 2sbm*0uvc h lg1j.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 1/kknqpw0) m z


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, s(fjc+o vvdfo1/ 5yo:killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th(ov5 ffycvs/ +o1:jode cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ejd3 kuq94fs o5t1qhpbb,uh), nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highkd/scq3-p.c r productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the phy.rk sc3p/ q-dcsical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that cdd) p c-xj7i jrmh.:-is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients bb: ; /6r+u-5pmpvmrtrgz r.q1sv.m gjy releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such asru5r vm m1 r jvbm/gps+6..r;gt-pqz: dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sse rkl6fpmd(/5 o0vkk/8)mm bystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for+oxn0oetct9zo p6g5 4 pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.W5)e p ;gxdzp8zhat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F8dz zxpg 5);epactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthm6:n c+zg)rgdb35gc(anlwm 2 9pdd 1desis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rv+5j b)o(nxyvice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblajg;8 ne/) ul ,exu *oejnmed7c7l1u4e the zebra. It lives in the Itur*7x lnnuegcd4/e7,e8ao m) ;j ulej1u i Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energydum tnv)(h - 34k-4zmqio) jeb flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food .hrn9r b9ck ,, cdtw vn18c(wcweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedx p ay/.jeehkoa2kb ici+tc7 b1,/07y on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, watery//y b 7pbtcjahxk 2ii.o1 a, eke07+c, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionh nz//(/(byzsa n9nssyq. +c p)e r2ow:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sys(xsv8d7h157eusq kk atems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followin(bgmm wus pz4t ,5t.w3w7nyl:g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest aw 5zu,n7 (p tm:wt3gl4bmws.ynd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberjys :mt4 +h0 dfcp4lh9s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pbc1b rzm3q8 6cbuj hz ;s-(a4zredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arefziy3y s0l fg; 58ofr. true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater- :6ve j950lebl1e) piq2on:klcr0 odofilled glass orb, which included algaepb6) j d e o2re0locilkoe :90q:1l5vn, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foly 5a a(r0 vtbj .rj87d+4vkyqyba56qflowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerl pj7 +9u9csxkeu6))- 9np5uqncpelegy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha)9+5y 2e)b hursfasxd+rt* c x5ody(xins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements i 2;ofm +tbaoo*whut/msz0;, )acxh f1s false when discussing a pyramid of biomashot2h;twoamu mzsxfa1c0 f ;)+/*o, b s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy y:y lgp0rj) -etf .5vu


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.x ub7nhlrz2zj0*2 qj8

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wes*kyk0 .xf- nnb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys4:z jpesze u.z nql-6/tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe acdt pg qw)*fv2ho4adh*-a9 f2 food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sa 8 8njz5 -z-pmdeoa+s3;uvket vannah system with parasites oojd p;-eu5an-zsvmtzk 88+ 3en a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from th rrqx ,jfh,i3iqsv.1y4 /, umie options below.What is Piiyvxhrs1 ,q4. ujr f,i/3 qm,hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as anavz1 :snfv: v+yzb.g, insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst nr 9oyhzogmgkh2cf(i1:4**l ems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dz 9 ajg ;4ck5szgvi*b48ccg1yioxide in the air to carbohydrates.z*igkgzg894s cbca41 yvc5;j

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbonhk , (bhtr8-zp sinks. 8thrbhpk, -z(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reegq+4yvwc ;fs-yr -2bquires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ec)jcj oha0 lzuq(8+ooi3+vd 1 sosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tr7douenuak0 .ju .98jhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produhr-)s hse9: y.dc h:isctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinc bgzipos)5tud5/f 1v, ,hom-3w f qv.e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo .jaxq -3f7x8e( imiafn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem 8tc6n irll -v e(tog2.;jyf8y


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysex 6gflxw,.7k tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true(4/ameebvjfiv)7 *lsy pmn6 , of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitmxz4/5siny+ p rogen cycle5/sinyz+mp4 x.

  Figure: Average per capita w5kw*jsh8s 4 ,hym o i5um/,ys$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrmiej12h; x c6jesses from a ijehm2j6c1;xpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran f+;h,uc,k vq -i*sthhsformation.

  Figure: Average per )8ujgp1g q0dbvtwri45vhzu/)-: t ct capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elow :is-ukdn8p4 m w- 34(ru+tpihnwgv4dea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtain4:-3wn8 dvsn 4p-wipwk4u( iu mt h+gred at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Guqpv j3n05tg 6T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-203moutt 6u ;s:bg4 ris ah, k5ugs5ih.020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for yz:1nq;cam q- yc ,eh9a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I( 6su-t9boym mda - (0yxuw7svi6t(lwtaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosinh4e hska k:l.9g one or more statements from the following94 hk:elhask. .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicallaj*)l:mn xne2abf/3b (8wic7 n bz0 v variables. List the main factors that characw c8mn 7 *bfe:labx(bv3n/n aizj20l)terize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a +x;-v) 7ucw khd q4bpzuf-f/hdescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement ,e)fat gjl-w:c s4 trrjf2t*4related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 1w sd i4vuycx2d inoh:2:q 1l3dre6t7


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivyz)(ofsz a 7a;ores in different biomesozz(s; af)a7y


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andyh)(z1aixwa pskda87e,eu- *wwr 5 4t NPP as primary succession progresses fr8e)xpr45 y*w dia7taw -ea h,wzsku (1om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not co421jpr.r1 x)c4-go q ffvejwqrrect in describing the changes in productivity during prir r2p. xjve ff-4g) w41qoqc1jmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usinxu y.0 g)z*svkspgg+ ;g a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempx ub31es yps;0 x.x.pderature on the rate of photosynthes;p3b0s.1yu xx.xsdepis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie/l2qfp brp ;c;y/ca;m ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to ca tr 5fjd9; dxj5wiwc.)1lfl51 gf9xw85 sxk nfpture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this )f gjxclw9f 1t5kdrdfxw iljw9sx. ;8155 5nf species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple r pongxg++-yw)eadings ofo +x)-+ pwggny the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in efy6y btkxoo+k,f8- ,n cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fo*uni5p9 0 o 0ev0lplwur two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par3 y 6agr7 :(tzo6kaubp.:ylbp ts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techni fk5gu1ua8q 5vques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specime55kuvg8f1 qau ns.