What is the best definition for a specirhf a:p :l8wp r -(rh(v1fw0pges?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itp l(nz xih1(0dx) ng h367cnupaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n/ 9c;0g:rnsce feo0j) kwf4gfiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facjf0:re0gng9;s/f)k4 wo ec cf tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve e.)huyqm*ep .of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosj-x)n l0bu a6loma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblegd *pnh7e0 jzfc/j) /g the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depgg/) hjze/n7* cfp0j dendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org33ssb t(,.uzz yn0jyyanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in j:xd2+nw 4a; 3qzvvlwNorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is pa3q+ljvz vww;nd: 24x rotected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects t nzw6+1g3hy c;ov9o*upqf u3the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anii oo dnb 6/9tn3fv5/scmalstv/ o/f9bo36c n5dsni.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tovx4 /nfy7jex*h-p1lo i9+cmxxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and sdb m(xsm 5bqy mg 2tmjo*1d1ep.(1h -other organisms live and g pq. tmhm d b2 (1yj(mesm5bso11*d-xinteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en gci )(gwf+)2wbh q6ekergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high 9v j.+p;rd5vqik ud l6productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the6i . k9+dp5lvrq;u jvd presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food ch;jpng car 3,s3js *lyrhhvv4k);5qg .wxzx ),ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rf,tv6zjz6 h2j*muxdbt 0.v l)eleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such ab)d6 vfmtxl.6ju2t, vjz*0hzs dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva 1;i+o4p xrvbetion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ5 hnf6iooi-1qy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicheyyrtvz+-l 2l0.What is Factor 1; Factor 2yv-yt2zr l+ l0 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures oy)( ;mtrit.s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation 4+rszvtkxq 6(it (po/ system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ;)r xkj nl+v7rhas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. 7j)+;klv rn rxWhen they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemxh)i) p- ok*zm.

  Figure: A marine food wqmo u., o3fx4c.j9ond a5j5v keb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that lr+,sp2f s3q2ax+ dwiuive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbo iqdfsxa+r+2 2 3wu,spn dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following /c +e)1xvju 3u ;ex/rejp -qzschemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the,iui2 q3wxtbv2-+d c:, jfezp movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d- a6)fjkmvkq1bj 3vl.escribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break dojqf3. vlm- kkav 61b)jwn and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid yedh73h y4 h:;zt1zirof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and5 zy06gni yo;sf qkv,: its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorose+4: sy6 /x;knvt 0r mc9cerldiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avail/mvyfa lbpz (i80bu1qx v(h 55 /;rpcwable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The stud(y8q/mlp5( f/buhi r1wvb 0v 5p;zaxc ent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the n-t6ms35lbfif6z, /scug 7 hbso /:x ifollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conhd 2j0f n4uy5qversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of t0e t7 c7v, vnn9xiadiwln5u0(oxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fij0 fa*p5w5iq ollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioipw 5i a0qjf*5mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyv4zfe 3 grjk:el22sr .


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit wzbx52t:x.tdf z ui2,y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wt/ec3wje21 z web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soih 4253 pzobyjol ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foodk7v+7 ssn9hzs web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with par/f;a) ebx bj-w psk;s3asites on a consumer l3-fbp x;/ ;wjs )sekbaike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and *oqo4eci5 g 8srespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosqosg5*ci8 e4oynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statement 1fkfhl/ci-jd lf5.3u s that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystedvoe4 p(j+( yoms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to x)u*mzay:akucb)m+,g a3kc +r g2c5q carbohydrates.a2r+m k)gcz,+:xgkabu *qc ycuam)35

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sin61nded b.d9off*ywm*ds+):cimz : 7 anxw do3 ks.*bdwc 9 ns7od: aond)e16f.d 3mixmf:z+wy d*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tn, vo0j .dgwhj23uj i4 dv+mj,he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in 6j9q 0kina6 eaan ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr(i jyfc f9)xf 0f boa+dtf e.k/6a,3oque.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (v,da dq 7dd 9s8bw(s9uNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagi8nd;jf4. cufwlzh+6 cxb-y 1ram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through is *u6k kteps7xdd:9(- 3+axqj mme5fthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys e l7xseac b04p()(w0u3l nnhptem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terro0u5w4psxvt1chf6t0bu/ks) uky+ r ls o /8 .sestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is e e;mt2. l 3lzb7bz.fqxc+cq/cn9dk5not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc 3 m 2idc(mkmqnwm/3(hed effect on the nitrogen cyclk/nm2mmd(3cw i3 q (hme.

  Figure: Average per q ya1k k bi,v)s7c/kv;(l0lxn capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fp+f,i f,j/i xn6uj h;urom a pioneeri/ j;f ,ph+fnij,uxu6 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an d;+rt9* laao mukf ;-n;mvse- example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capito8xs 87wglca: t2h8x;vv *6)injo i uua $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pvs;5i ( fi*wjclant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxy w j*(fvsi5;icgen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &g hdy6xsd,6:l annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byxpcpk*n5t; v ;6p,qxm region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data4qa cgdi/m64 e x8:efg for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itai:7l4t( 73bucn bnpa zly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosiv17d60zwz-olh 3ab srrv ),p3*woiyung one or more statements from the follo s i1by306 lwa*ozvr3pu)vh 7rd-oz,wwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatiryw,h,itsesztg(p;/( ; l *v tc patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize ;slw,(,t/ hpg sri*ey;t vz (tthe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfq62 s/bff 0 2*fyggfn0atqbg )orest biome.

  Identify the correct statsg aja( vv6e(:ement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy )iho /ur:l+j-nivez 3


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differe 29pry-y8ii .vbvmq7 a7g5diunt biom m.b vyiaug -75rdy897 2ivipqes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivqd wf xt-.+49wgzq5ag e;t)1x)u uwhgersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuzdq4e a)u5fq19wwg;w-xh)gxg utt. +nity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct injk2efn*3v1 gs5q 5nsb describing the changes in productivity during primary success5g5es kq23nf1ns b* jvion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cann9mbr9i3 toms)h7t j+ be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pho/ 6+pqjpj s1qdtosyntd / +pqjpq16jshesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field /9y/hv- f mpnt



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series oaz 4n7o8fxexi (nx5ak6k*1+rp)yr n mf insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of whiza8prx n+)(m4kka7xenxo in6*r f y 51ch 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi24.u k*ouefdb lity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same*fudk ubo2 .e4 factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologm5av, jeb v09wical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wi z( -;eyuky11z th.nzkllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample591hixhbe ) red/z 5xxd in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques,dywoed w1+b0(lt grd8c+ qq3 is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specig+e qww0d dd8,3co (yq1rb lt+mens.