What is the best definitionjk8s7rv+:umoc. ,ltp.n/g b w for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita)n. zgf5nsq7; eilc 7qly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spekj mvv5vu w9i:jz(1b2cies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor vi2 wu(kzb91jvj5:v m3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatij:ak)8da-j9 ke4x uh uon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma rrmu;f il0, 4vspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe anjx // 2x 1ckq(.bclulvd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit/1 vxxjq.ubkcll2/ c(. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organi-p:; f t oq (anqa/o6lh1n:ldzsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Norrkbm h-yjqgtmx3w,r)o 375j 5th America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or ano,qry-obtj3g h5mmkrwjx3 7)5 ther.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth oab7bh 6. 3+bileu,mda7a 3dtxf a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remainsa+ jng. +ktqp0 of dead plants and anima ++ 0ptkaqng.jls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodkd8ouem jdh4s.e5ruko08 )7b chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pol720s5(i.kxdssc i 1u 9vq vpyjar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other79p idxjsiu k y(ss2c051qv.v in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro w8yk*sq- c0hfwy+nc8m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largk zsi50s:or m me944qr 23bwave biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have bezs bq3o94rk4e0:mr 2mw a5visen known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that l 8fm.h1w ij3tzkv(b5 is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasvfh3qe :9mj-i -h2rj:mwc4 be o0f ewsa4.(qbing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead ai--vm4h2: we:oshfaqb3 9. q0j w ef ejr4mcb(nd decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice z)p v/i ybusbo-7 j(w8s+tl0d cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used*mdn*i wkc7cwf1nn /lxdz5*4 for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F.+,j d2y:9:azkggoep fx3l ivactor 1; Factor 2 an pgef iy2jazlvxo: g+k,d9.3:d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatu*ivly..06 ipftme. 9fnth dv .res

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system t7 ny94i+vif6 :fkkdm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thfofq 9d,xh+j 69ekgp 4at resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitaf64 fpdxk j9 oh9,eq+gry animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy+o ch-cl-0 in):q0btje(piag stem.

  Figure: A marine food web +d; xl1fwmb+k



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon cxxj3tusz2lr(i a0etwh-* +)orz pb 48ompounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon d b+e)0iwx4ol -r 2hau3t *xtpz(r8zjsioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following 1wt 2j)k+bjvochemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diaga;nr ;o 2j27 hnk2hibzram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tehbi*7a; ;8enkgcttr* 8kw ro;rms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest k8tt*crh7rai w;n8;;oeb kg * and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nx,p*4ler yi s*y4jo2 gumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator andq : +nh*aaj0fbn)hu vc/i;ky: its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Di kl2 csh ;fxb)il/e-y2chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercirp;o o-y da 8msas5;g.ally available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. a mas -s8;5ryopg;o .dWhich of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ex1j :nau ved x),ciq/kow 9d2pl/.mm4pample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversibd) va u:n)3frju- vn vea*b.,on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fj-u 1 is.lnc0food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falseu s*0siq)o:+ ls mj0oe when discussing a pyramid of:j 0)+*si0qlos someu biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy jun,*k-; +hqo.en tcw


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repreruu+ ropw je 0h61o0yp;nl46tsenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo.,*afxmp 9 ciegr)vx-8cpxr; d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soivjtlso0q6(ove3) zj hn 05r/ol ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that vbzzf;x. 4m m+does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pa* 0-hdf5jaxof rasites on adx0j* -hof f5a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optionsyn) /3wv1am occrh*9f below.What is Photoro9 f cnc/v) h3y1*wamsynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT gj0n9u-x )jtd8y1 a qpas an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f+ng q/*abql 2o,9tzvsl-l0 n uz1e0farom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ai svglzb+rpy8k,w*f 5p(8 id0er to carbohyefsp8bz8r*0 5 iw ,+dy(gkvpldrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other(eky-vhu.t d00pglz f :1ct/z carbon sinks.t0kg-pdf/cuez(:y 01z ltvh.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in t r6ahg4 la2/5urs4csv7prp j2 he carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pek(w2l xm/d;l br year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are c-4xg)37 8xwn *dti po voxxr,true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cay5q/rbl9vvb- 9wqhk8n be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycleeb s9qnh *:+.a 5 qzlo*lvahu(



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the hnbnyp**s7 s29 xn pi+carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys no7 k/dgv+,r80 kpmxqu*2 ltwtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestf3 b navve7(0q.j /.b,0ba4 dlhj nmr .l/bhttrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is3 ;2ip ;g6pajlfe nwq5h,i r1i not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is no 3n/q rqdpfi b;y -oul: oyw03t ,cgcof24,l5st a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl30;sfoyow,lq td3 gqfor l5/-4: cbnuciy2 ,pe.

  Figure: Average per capit 4 vbhru5mc-i5 (lmb8pa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim3o7 gukq0k 4tbary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climauqog7t kk403b x community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatio3 9h3a10diq9yd uoqr zn.

  Figure: Average per capitc5.u g;+)r,qca qujy xa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant k ;wp0q 5kkf 4q*zx- 9edc1io0vopl 2jas*r2j in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the oa* 0o02s wv; xpkj1kpj2-qd 9 i*k5qflzc e4rbeginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & 7sovxt 7 af4 juq+-6xjannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rqtkpf7r9e a57q r,rmfy8yy 62 egion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat8d7 ,npa)jx mwud 0lrcc30w wc h(cb:3a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oj0,v a):5bn5 vleu(njyuh(lq xjcrj 1327jrqf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "p fo5qcj yq(w;).gxd839rsk o zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the foll)dyp qq rgf3ocx9(k5 wjo8 ;s.owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and dsfb2pq g4 y23other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomessyd3 bpfgq 224.

  State which is not a description of the rz.c w18xanh4bud4i +f ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to dive-wp d+o6x5 qjwrsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita )q-e/g+xee ifly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differebw p:8l)adiw/po6h*p 4nwi md7 j d-:bnt biom wahim4:n-p:io8d jb7/w*6p lb)dpdwes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andd jvigms0:ozt :4 yu-a8rm ;u. NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxd84:z o u tr0mg;ma i:vy.-jsu community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi(r 63*y3lyun:b dhhywng the chang( w3*63 yhlbn: uyhydres in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that ca k(e 7b3i7x*cs.r ite+p+ wrsdn be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature o6zhg:b; snylyx w +d,6n the rate of photosynthesh, w6yzdbs:;+ 6xnylgis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inb n8zallt mlrh7ns5)h6- mk8: a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapsht udd u+/b:j- to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and wered/u:jht du -b+ marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple )iyg98 j ysqz1readings of the same factor. jzy91sqygi 8)
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplijbnyj;yof( 0.ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two ti/u.yp 3 slg-tt u4x4samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wib2mkdy g-bv25u9h.ej*q+2 frprecd1llow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is nud1dc t7)hw o-ot effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens-ch7)w1dd uo t.