What is the best definition for a species?a eo+, 6ze. a(a.2jnxjzlr1z u-rr-r o

  igure: Climate graph of Ronu* p ,rqk/dqd y:i1(jme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that coulg a6xa8 e5ty aq.x,uqw3g,d*bd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2; a x d6qbewq,a.t,g8xg*ya35u Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatz 3qbji02i( ncvuvv0xqa-shn0b7v 03ion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle ofzw.lq8z bw))igl u99 r7vil.h a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zxb, 17huz vl.pp+bk,o ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can+.b pz lu1h ,okp7,vxb reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisxl1/tg31jq xer-lwhio2 /kr3 ms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur n89wwnjt a 3q/saturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans haw 9q jw83t/nsave hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population o d*rk 0gomu;;g*+l yxaver time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed og9nn: c4 tfkl-n the remains of dead plants and anima c4tn9lg f:n-kls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in nturhnd 8/dg/2i 9v1ul:pi;a7 k tfi6food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andnp((l uqr.8 *m.dwq ye other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocenp 8.q .wryu m*((qdlean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fr o:*p6dch-xefom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass w-w7qjo(stvju v. u+ a3ith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with - q+t uj .j3(vv7uwosathe physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description y dll58v(cu8z0 q/f xyof a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relem bc yac, ;b. qb(iopd;wc22w7asing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaymc;qcpb( yc2db;w2wi, b. 7oa ing leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy :l-a((nfa )( gl4h8d/2oaatmpavovy stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyr-aj v+k(fay uj n)*lm2amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specilb0j/()xw5 hge cc e*pes' niche.What is Factor 1; Factorxb* ece0 /cgp5w j(h)l 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at ii0 od8 x55i6xb78prar9ks:ub mtsy4different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric n6. 3dj2-qzkzb2a-d s n)jihle cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble:ua wn*fy)e, a the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tenu, efwa)y*:nad to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enmo,1us.ps h : aaqw17qergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodg.6hp 2 us4yso l;gptt:e,9 bb web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carb(c(q4 zw7e -4y8 t lri*j(gnswdu8ajp on compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon d ujjc(l-488tgn awe wds((qip*zr74y ioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chv0s uvb(8 bd7a7n.k tnemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon 8 f-sl fcr*dv*(6gb/hpkr nr*in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follolb:;hiu5 )r35 *b7refpif e iru6-j lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ri-6 h ;bjfb f)irrleiep7ul5u3o 5*:materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramizc)us 3ss 3v6xd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a 6krcj6z+ pzw6nd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abo/ls eu *vf)xbh z7-x8tut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquat;2 hge v.uo(p:ovo9keic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glasso9vg(e oo2 phe:vk;u . orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following 5:gybr hz ;0kwis an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysesru+v ;qk, uh w92d+etem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofh f oh4r)(och2 toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss 6qjn8tjmm1i0/,qpv vin3ib/ ing a pyramid of biq6q,vni/b npt/3mjim j 10iv8omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energm),5 etwcce ek n27e7b grj6j1nu,defn)m/ r:y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity 9po j):1 la9jw;bn wuzin an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mariwfik;+56lmim4*lqj,r; wq ywne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soiwj6jp;2c42oxmh fr 1gpg,d9z l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food w*zj80 z4qepf)hpkz udz3k.:s eb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a saovv -be5mu f-f wn8:loy c)k*1vannah system with parasites on a consumer like the ou --) vn8lm5 vfybk we1f*c:olions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opti hi/e4 1c)r jxwj+nzl9ons below.What is rej )nlh4+cw /jz19ix Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidk8kah b9-loctg i9bukp*x6qw w- h,,) e.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyic;f2;y hvx oq.ip+os3/7fx b is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convertsm:l-os:8p9ftb( xx wh carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.mx8l:owts9 -(:fph xb

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the at8lfyv y7d- f22*prre.8n lutd mosphere to other carbon sinks. y2lv8u y tderrf2 dlnp.8f-*7
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requilc csq e,igtb+i k+2bdn9-;r)res the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ;rpeaq( or9 ukr .y8c*year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen zhteruvpp16o/h )i+0 ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Product iww1k;c+7 6c zgmx6zkivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dc2nx fr5ob6e5iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbo4ba6 +s. rxs ;q-rfwtjn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem o9) y(f42.zg zwmm cx2ebn5xr


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a/zq,82yanza ch2uk l- terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denrx94fdxfc0n 4 itrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-ixy vlxy(asy1 1 pg+7t0nduced effect on the nitrogen cycle1xsty+p(lg 0 yxa1 yv7.

  Figure: Average per cap462t whrvikmn9o,g9 xita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP d 3n 8fjvetv:06jvr,ias primary succession progresses from a pioneer communiti3n,jfjvd0 rvet86v: y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is auch5ycj )1pmt2--vp g8py-. gr/m cwa n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitwoy1ci1cad1 17y:.0l kn rj eba $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterq6y yru -xpre.ntg sp(d;x:+) . One was kept in light ry(.6xu psg yrd;:x+tnq-)pe and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual b5b rl(r2ppi ;flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2+0 jt:, vagjagwy(nw +020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a ;/y(c2u gyo0g4iyypr biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oz0zk f. ktp;gwp((l 9sf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing ong*s..b1r 2 l aco6 ;pgir1gdefe or more statements from the follo pfa1.r.dr *c g6;2e1gsib olgwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph 6t)sw0 wz05k- tj6 wjw1mqwfnupps31ysical variables. List the main factors that 0zp0kp1s)wfum t-1 jw n5 ww63qtj6 swcharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raick9* dosq4)q (vj7rmtr jfz21nforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related o;(+ q wxmwt wflz.7bwr98p.d to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph oc s xo81gxme*d+ud onz.wp.4)f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomwmh/zh j9t/ 52hc1wpye 1tmchj9p/wh25yhw z/s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes) ep *v 6qefivwqfd 1h57zm96 maoh;:usion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax 9u o qmwa)1q hf6e7*6v5p e;f:ivhzdmcommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following tdz6,xa f: v)t1d wki, 2acc9gstatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suagz9id fvwcc2)t,x: k6t,1 da ccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meas*b7v0 my7osxoo hnaimm3 8.0 vov-3ytured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on t77wd5 xblzz, ehe rate of photosynthlw5 7dz7xb,ezesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in af5 443 ra85 pz xtqpr:iw:e,nzqodwtoqf*9 2e field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturs ir,2i6gxeu97 h-ysj*quo h0e specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were markeirh suioq2y h g-*jes9 06u,x7d. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impu/o.xyk6+ael, g kp 31ln-cv qyxq;9aortant to take multiple readings of the same facy k-kuqa q.3 ;/+l1yxaen9lpv6cg,x otor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi1i: s. u2/dzswz j+m1ipe ln5acal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creelvr k ukxsw0sp2*.3 *ok




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two x (2r o7t 7scchia0y.hparts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecti0b an,nm/+jwvrm 5 im:ve for sampling motile (moving) specim/i+vb:w,05 jr mmnnamens.