What is the best definition for a s6*sw6)f5zbr r o7terq pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaco-hl3k m2s 9gly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor pm4.e5- avhx 2 -.kvxjw lgc-q1 ;Factor 2;Factor gq-c vxlmev 4.h-2ap5kjxw-.3?

  Figure: Growth curve 7p08cffzcqv ;v /:bwd9z q3 sgof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomaa ,ut:k8spe *b species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hasptu26/s cyq r* stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the*su/tp y 6qc2r Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the6 a+r cr0f c6 z)yec(:keqx+r 43yvddug,m-vj groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nc8aqe k;4f 2zzorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protekqe 84;ac2zf zcted in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bestoq-/uvfbe*) q2c x(wk reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remain-y8j 9 pcwmrx0s of dead plants and animals. mrypc98 0jx-w
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 9lq :-auycrf2snn fz+t6-;kefood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer ;kc b.w-iu,zofw a pr( sn+8e1whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cs8-fa ww1e(bzuci,r p+; no.k old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy op1 zg 40jpzrnxjd7 cxag8r+ 5ea;z2 0is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall q0+8rz. hf6d(-(laehc esv/f k jj/gotrees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact rqa.(hos/fj6 j(+hd8/ gz e0v-elfk cwith the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that isc 6v iech7f8+ly2yf(o a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digesdnhp l in 8tk09u/qcgico,1vjv92;0m tive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down thinilpu2h t09o8;cjk ,ngdm/ 0nic19v vqgs such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu pak*)fsf( h625qa mpqltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of 4h1il3rd2 vyscd+ksutwy,.8/v c+b fenergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faoon9j21vu l 4r84p amgctor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3? a 8opg4jr9ol124 vnum

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentkdd hqi)/z6 s i89: npo+vomz. temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rvwne* k 4c3as2efc 8x,ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gira 0,.9hvvr)u esd 5qpzf z+ei tbrn9n71ffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with oth+zh fri0b nn r)1sq u9 7.vptez,ve95der okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste0x ntr:*svv,85jxr avm.

  Figure: A marine food web5 eqft( r,ihnww /fs,id2r/ j9



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoa v-l ,sn6b;omv6o, f*fc)tn dunds produced by zooxanthellae from carbvd6m bc* f6f o) ltnoa;s,,-nvon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicst -kqzo u9/)q, nvpo:al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systdrjgg 1nnqe:( i*7y0 aems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms be dzl (acnp::4sst describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and a d(lc:4:nzs pdigest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o9o h9;emj pue(kl:1iqee0w7 hw,k*lof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator j-8sb3 di;xg pand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ab- 4 z -hs 5kn49gj;cix8kjdswkout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawc6ly**hy2ic65ak1vf hx u5l 7 pim: ovater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ligiluhla p26*y*hm7x65 5yk1 cvf:vicoht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the aaxxizad5yn.)2 k;r, sl 0lq7following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energfw+ (f o,,nwfoy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai rvzt84 0jxfs.ns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyra v4tju .,bg,2 x-ueqroxf60yjp: n(ahmid of bipa-vf 0yhbt 4( nreux:,ox.qjj , 2gu6omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eq2; x . ja7u)lnaq,ylqnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for + v(fry c+kpsuk -v)+xrepresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine p.7vygu y4cs9 food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil e2 7z3lqte jch,cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thatpux67 mqqok l2ji h;67quxf32 does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist inhgm;c,9k5f;x s qany. a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like th5gfxkm9s;nyhc , aq; .e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fy 2,vm )r3vm9 rv7xd+,md do8xymt5 aerom the options below.What is Photosyntvd+)9 ,d, e am27dytrm8m3ry5m xvo vxhesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT jbg 6hd d-6k-ras an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsld*q wl-l sn;i9z qj.6.

  State the name of the process that converts ca st.d)ak72bnx rbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd) t.sk2abx 7ndrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from6a2 dvibi, ifom ri xle:**6v( the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. omii6rv2*b6 vae * ,di i(xfl:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in. xnvy l+)* argn ist)b9.:u i :afqwbkv0(8in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pr5jh93js8 x xupzk 7chq *;p7ner year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arkvrn h3f;wc d zdg53q966scp6e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) c2er(qdvs d0)o h)nx)v-azlxew)2i f3 an be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diags*,qgf)b(q7a c a erwlx1.p* rram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througbk8 v,i4ez brr.ctqy6g l9((ohkpq:-h the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an:*jz9 q,yu(-k8o hb4o*w mbd:kip bys ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ib(r,8f n 1yc,axjt8k7 syk s:tn kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacte. afyau- jlh7/h s5 +qobs;7deria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen s vb9/) ghu*w k8ctk.,lqdwy)cyclew8 t.skq, hbl9g)wk*cvu) /dy.

  Figure: Average per hxf.s l1i9dj0cnw,w ;- d8 brycapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession c/ :xi gcm.6h.vnh2z jprogresses from a piomnzh/:g 2 ic.xhcj.v 6neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example o*kkcr 4q .9lx9mttw,s as 6p7bf transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita s(x t-tab u h1v*g(ix+$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodfojprd z(hdy6-g*z )o k-nf /6ea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days i -zn *k- (p)fy hr/ozg6jd6dfon both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon sto1wcm /p9welphyj)yc*c+ wm7 ( a 1w,gzrages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheresa ch99yd a1/: ;dpngies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 7jcox,. kkf :corlt ;23+bnfgfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphzv)jry g0 ;p0:axp 8ct of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chxmu/*wz0w,qkyo*n l de71tm+0 ,t xfloosing one or more statements from the follk0n ,0 mx ll,dtoww tmzeyqx/7 u+1**fowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical*pvv+v-st ccn9r wlg3ou7 32xle b;i5 variables. List the main fscv u 3pie5o*2gv7wnbr-clx+l;vt39actors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrt( v*ty4rnzorrf ,3r8iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity inc3 e6 /3yveskv an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofh ys4ev 21pqo;u-x)yp Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbiv5dg-zzvma4 g* cw; 0avores in different biomes d-zv;c*4w g0mg5azva


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as ocvq4lwe0bu-r8 g6j; 9lh+ ofprimary succession progresses from a p8lv hu ogo+e6 l;rwjfq4b-09cioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sta- ; h2z+9egvgfurp-n0 1 6x6wnxjh pzxx r,8rgtements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary shz, rxgx2p ; -0gu p6fznerj-hrg69+x 8w1v xnuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuredr hg;.: gtr93fo(eju a using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rac 4jkyiq d/lo3jy(*)zte of photosynthes 3zljqd y k4)*/cyoj(iis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field u b/5zr44t akx ;plne*



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to c+9t df0.utjem( 5jl o/c9of /yd;ikxrapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individua dofy do ;ec5 /+x mr.l9kt/0u(9fjtjils out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to t f,14qt2;qjyi( dm,kv . ijojzuceh r-x71m* dake multiple readings of the same factor. ,jm*x14k htoyj2vcuq,. z1 i-f mdejirq7(;d
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological,lmo-kkx7)a y) hu8tf sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datax au8gvmf.: m3 for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts *cctkqin9( c h8)6rha of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplic a,iaovwh 2r76o9, zmng techniques is not effective for sampling motilao2,rh iw za6mv9o,c7 e (moving) specimens.