What is the best definition for a specbc7 n9 b6dt+jv4n-kli ies?

  igure: Climate graphe bx+zg 8coyocew* /75 of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wc60da 7 *ui- - a(gx 6v9+whpiljwwloqhat is Factor 1 ;Factox wpwh0 6+ad7lq9wjc6v(io -gl*ua i-r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of ffp(s6qv/ bfc1 ypt8m5 rolr7c3 *.u da population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomaslp;b ,x6 hm,s8*af,bj(ewb y species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smal bbz: q8rbx1*kl-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Whenkqbz 8br:1x b* they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the lvd5 ndvb; :h6groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natu*gc3g 2:dht oned, xdmo5:q5prally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identifdto55og: ,dh g mepdq *x:23cny a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time.zqywi8s) :p 1l

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails eatqxtn9z 65x li-vtr91 ft)/feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. vr ) fn1et 9xtt/lxtaz9 6iq-5
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaye 0i ;ip 9.ij2w+phkoins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar be z+r0 1yz1qwtngm4g6u ar and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Aruqr6wzggm10nyt41 z + ctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.vhl ruhcvl6kld, ; a,hu2: l8,yw27h r

  Rainforests are known to have t,7 ,mt6+ka,,u 3ify,dvu:r mttkbntw all trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been yikt,utf6u,t, trmbw7nk d+v a3m ,:,known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dv 1p n3/r;b:mow 7osgf e9(pkdbwkh0*escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nu0lct,arc/n-otm, qh+hxsn(/ trients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The en m ,0h h /sc(ctalxn+tq/n,-orzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systiqu hkf,ho.:bap07 .+y v *fiiem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener .3f86rnk u oes fis1b1qv1gr-gy.

  List three factors thatzi2 8agt zxdvg -kocg1; f9r10 could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor oc18 zd-v ;0t29rg 1fagigkxz2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntwxg+yl(v6 ,vthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaot7gqm+7l8h :mjurk a: rkn(( tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thfg.1v nmz 70fhkv 6xrh) u0nxwsg62*g-m0 ucfe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be nschrn0m f-wgfv zgk6 2u 600mv7). 1uf*hxgxdependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial f637m mpkskt*ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo swnizamq:129g77esp d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon co)9/gslkhn z8jz64maq mpound8z4)k n/qs69l jazh mgs produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following8)5 vaac8t lyru*zny* ,c/bmj)y u e-p chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of cariw*)qoi9n0alsy ceug 1g6e 70 bon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms that1dnv xawjn9kxp *);flj8*q;o ingest and then bp**jowax;jkx)qf ;18n l dn 9vreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiq;2 0p.yyeksg9tk 7 kupu1h.kd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of aeb m.2, dmxu)h predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroe7dt +7kkaj14wuerdeh ju, g zj0qb/dh :8x,c8thane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm us6lvr;jo;g.aw ing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it .;logjra6v;wnear a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followd:s7mwt:p )cvnpp a2knm e8 h (73r0zsing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy hx 5 s*s3mn)dgconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin a n)6rfz:h.q)7dbm a*:onq k8zaub)i s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following satmt8 ve+a,liy:9z lga 4,5dltatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass. alza e4:tt l+aimg,89,5 ylvd

  Figure: A pyramid of e )svk9pp)knbzf ep z/2o1rzfq41i)g.nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ec pm)b uorv5djn3d:hg * 2go-i k4g58zi/ahg 5aosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine :.7 xp sdjdz+it(wnvm l 4*p*bfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a b5,gf m szq85csoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.yg7:pxwn:izqpiza/ ei3 r g78, onhv.9aiz -(

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para+clapzj (4s ag:d- rqu/zs)( esites on a consume /)zjs(:ra(a-q+pu4z eds l gcr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and resds:5x j4i979i lzccxkpiration correctly from the options below.What is P7x4il 59dczjc9 ksxi:hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as ano9 v eik 1s-(xsi+vck7 insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ebl/wifo asgpd. y/l;h0j9 u7.nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i8+kbec ex sg60 9xca9nn the air to carbohycc89bk9x+xnea6 s eg0drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbot7fzsl1r .ws 7n from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 7fsslrw 1 zt7.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lo3mj ;yt1.8hbq em hk1dngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inhva , r*i+nd.h an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are th )ct6aq4hp/ yrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP),+(vki9 xb fmsb-v yt) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine g-(-eckgwvi3-h8pnd carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thg+kjw )fr.w v4gj1:r yrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystets w3*/mtoe r8z. pynnk y,7z.m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ml*x . 85d nsl-2zoxl0ja(tl au10azh in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true o y,;suas,zl q)qi y86bf denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thvt 7t3 8wua3mde nitrogen cyc3a8t3 v 7mwtudle.

  Figure: Average per capyfl d8 :q3lh vb5u)3amita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s9tt e8ziqsm4-fr-o 6+:rmkp zuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax e4omtsz6p8zi: 9f t +qmr-rk-community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example omdh1 l8amt-c l(0zem .f transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 6i0gt ce 3tkl5eust:6 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterl; yy otks*i90 *y8vtgek-oy (. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved tyv y;keoos8y yi0l-9 *g* tk(oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in G jo,di 2i8sbr(T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherive*2lbsr1zuz;3l:0i( i m thues by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fonm6((rmj( u3 (ageo6y:g lvnz r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofq +rew1qc0 kn+wx zd,6 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonat1szqqz8dep vv3a+ t2.jdyj , 8ion’’by choosing one or more statements from the fojyjdz2ve s1tv. +q8 q3 zdap,8llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized b.,gdkpi3g q q5y climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bi 3qqgi,gdp5.komes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.8h /)zh.su a6w)mm*ct(wjzpl ah2a 9y

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an fblc :bt w*0c5p- )hb cd3m0ocecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, m;r:z3 o .knsaItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productiitunoj 0n6ywca 9z.**vity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 9*.i0w oztncjn *a6uy


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pr(+cdepq z 0, lm)wt-hhogresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm mep cw)h ,-z(q+tlhd0unity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chan m(nq.6f.qy9m e v476ujhisj dges in productivity during primf.ies.q6 qj n 4hm(79yvu6 dmjary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fac47b,y5s-jhs a wz.r4 fm aib,rtor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate lhpa,ar.v6f e9ppc6z v3 )s9 othe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthez3p.r6 pah)o6cav9pl sv,f 9esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ax3o.5y t(k vpy field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series ofnos ay;+tmokno( , b*ko,3(xe q k9+qf insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 16mt q9o(+3 x,oa bksnk ey*nk;(,of+qo 56 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabigdae 2 ,y8ofvjy0v 3k9lity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of they28g9k ,vyoe3jafd v0 same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicalei2t.r fn 6l)p97ok dlbds1a geg:/(z sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplfxo xzd0)5k92l h0vfbes of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wis :je qr q/nq2/648toy+gzqtlt2 q- fillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followi ,t 0;y3utm6tn ksz(m knwob16ng sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s0 bk(uton1s nmkz ymtwt6 ;6,3pecimens.