What is the best definition for a spewhrn13r4dc 8acies?

  igure: Climate graph oeqj.aobs/;+nn h66;x1wu*m7os ar wwf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe he:h-8az-2wg s hbqseg8nk:(a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac:swhkb (e2s8-gha zn h:e8 -qgtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop jtxj 3gp8gp(:9/iyfhulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sinm 8:ukv*h9/kl j n-5web)cochistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like zp*k+f*q3owq :mi xhd )2 )rvd3ay0yd a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo2 vy+d:zqpi0) h3kqrw3a*mod fx)y d *. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsju+uv c-oe6irn,;w(vi)b m+h of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oc+yfg5. ikhqv7s13n lucur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals s+l3fkn71.vgiy 5ushquch as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thatcdyi 2nl:u, f7w oc ;s5k8x2fv best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remai2jpk yhhuk*b etaiw;8/ 3 6(nsns of dead plants and animals. 2pea j 3iwh *b (6kuy8ks;hn/t
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinl*cg cz.iro b1b4cw:e7- 5anos in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms uw-, .qstl ll;live and interact w;t.q l ,-uwsllith each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froag/dtcs8 v,7a m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pr*zn- lnnz1 qu- .vzfp3oductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knowp1-l-n3z nq. vz n*zufn to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corrusebnv , i(pni d01,: ib(aev,ect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relck3ef :g:4fbkeasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayingfk34bc gkf::e leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systfsd p e.h 1o:jf4f**uuem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enzq)a 7.9+za9zonnqn x ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor a+ 0xh 1cg6joip1st uwjs 15d pm6e+n*1; Factor6e51i1dcspxw6g+ phs+oatnm*jju 01 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rates hy.-gna;(/qspi + 0cx)a zifnfs48i of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice c.v3,a)gz ub 2pqc m:9xhll4gm ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized fo 0ddsa7, b*cgiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring,bcd* fd aos70 which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ;)r/8r djkc x (7,.hty0g h h/glckotmterrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w vk;*w9ppgx-heb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corah5uz 3(3b 3iqo7psz tels feed on the carbon compou3 ti7zz35 3sh(be qpuonds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followins-hw32y 3l uzl02p uxyd.en0p g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oam,u . ooqi70hcean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrqn,h7g5q, n7f7bhx r1 o3n4 r3vpcdlribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgag4r5 fbn1n,3cl h d r,h7pr 7vxn3q7oqnic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbdxuak z )tl6hiv7 6*)rers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predato) y82tbhd ; onxt*awo1zf v,v3r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroete9pv6x+. 1dkdr,)sjd -xgf9u y t/ywc, orl/jhane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatit)fys mg)ol(, 79-.u r iazhrpc mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light f z prs)r y)ith.ul7 ga9(o,m-source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma )+n/ rludr)ejtion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversio05 p;2n ykttmen system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to6lmdoe,enwhfa;f+0g+3 zy * jxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when disc3 ,j,v1mbwbju d( tgrk6qcy: (ussing a pyramid of biorw:bj(gc(6,t3qmuy vk1d , jbmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energi::ukf pcmno g)v*3 *by


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystqk-7av +j47nbj5 / il* vuzyarem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fc8xzq-nulxxt ji +4c*/ : 2ckuood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil m:a xk z;ghm) :/ /qbqasc74leecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desq b*bi9shv5; ncribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou8/zy au(k ebe(l87sapld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumekeausp le8yz(ab(87/r like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration ykj5)zdbxj 70correctly from the options below.What is P)d0y7zk jx bj5hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the u 8s l-hm4ufu6use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fro99-oqoxmm5wv1a4k bg, xcd y/m ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aid/njj1 ikyf 1x+c0m8a r to carbohydratjdy1c0x8kj 1mfn/ a i+es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphefxl: 3evb -pd2re to other carbon sinks.2db- p:xev3 fl
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lon0plrnozv.f fd:q2)u + gest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosi9vs5 23vka e- uqzcx3ystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatn)czpd5 o1a2j are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be z.db.ae h 0kdd2 hxc1cke /3l.calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m-8 dh ) (wp ,ua6vlhwnn52dpsvarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbonaa..bl4c(iwx cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem 08 91kqubsawl


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terreq p066s 9wbwa1. trzwao6w4n ystrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of-nsv cer k6b;o x6el47 denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is j+g9 r6qhfp;pe -s9fw not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cychs6pwf+q j99regf;p - le.

  Figure: Average per co6/vrvhx/,y o kjqg39apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bio mh)j iruqnvglg)/f( 210et -sdiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm/jg-( e)t)0m2ni uslf1 hvq grunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foll-;uia zmje*x/owing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per c:gf ph 14u8n,lr fwujar/y92 iapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using boepx/g;h tom+5o o 3*yvttles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experim+p g/y em;5oohot*xv3 ent and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual tg4t vqc 79r/sflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by r 8cv0 wn t2/6ieegynv7egion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fow c64h6izj -wir a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy dz3w4qz2mgfcft1 s2- (fiv4c



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one )lex -p5p4b tr/zcu1jtz2 ke pncbe2w4gk*7 5or more statements from the followinglbtr zk2t pune2pbejw k5/7c 14ezgc*px54 ) -.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clim84,a:goycvzd 5)ydtcf7fek wv n5 3u8 atic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the t)u oeka54,z38fnvc:dcyy 7 v5f wg dt8errestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descm /g*gd5 hdz0e z2,1tlwk) wagription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related t+h:.yix*bm rx o diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of qjsy7*g ;pu*2pfm :vrRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivic 4zmxqg33c fzxscgsn5 7dk/(l8x.2wty and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes zc2q/l5xf.(3 x7gz k34c8sdmw ngscx


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successedut o*c8x cgikr xt-., 50p:pion progresses from a pi *i8pt ckrd cg to0p,.:xe5u-xoneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi .mw0) wqx (mqh*vy22ktjf(oxng the changes in productivity during primary xtv mo)22q fjx*q.yh0w ((kmw succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using ul)6hra(b5 u a8or;tea Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperat 4(w--ef ictqki47k3 ufopkg8ure on the rate of photosynthesikck fept-qi4wof (u3 i74g8-ks



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a hb2*+62* ntj 4ekj qm psjrsp0field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beeto36pa 4c /gvfnle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were ma/f a 36n4vogpcrked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it jq4;vulhwt7u.88hlw b4u yh8 is important to take multiple readings of the same . uwwy7l8bh 4luj; 8vquh8 h4tfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolo0b5v skb;a74bywp 5h xgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fq40 bub5qj/ m2adb6zt 6/vgpc or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wiqt5 xnb. jwraadw **2+llow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling d(imts8- v,f 8wrwjh1l;s d6v motilevr1( jl tw8s;w,ish8d-fdvm6 (moving) specimens.