What is the best definition for a speciex.u 2ut e4dfntlqv4go y6 x8*/s?

  igure: Climate graph of Romm /0qhlgo/h1u, xzez/w75) bj rt3 mqze, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species'l7rtw of-xy eg(m -65q niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto5(gr e yqtwmf-l7xo- 6r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population, *vjxbrpnn4 /m41z to


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomatrm,nn j,n .-d5w0nwvdg ,c*u species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stri rlss sxxx*k8z(f+-w)pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They al*sfl w ssxx)rk z+x-(8so graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms egvh3gitv8 m ;dkyo ,v6nf kjz a.1,+-m xxb;*is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf n65 7;ncll.yvz;bm f b(Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated n 5f nbn;c.b6;ymv 7llzorthern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of 9) /ynpl( ezcta population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rk7tfru -d;7kldfm4 sc.cec. 5z8i ho,emains of dead plants and animals.cdl 7m u74.8frcc iof5 kz.-;d ,setkh
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofanmedb lu.8 tfdhyiy168 7qnz9t) .h. toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killxg79c l//kn:r9gj vvw9ne c+ler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact wite n9wg:/v+lcj9g kcr9ln xv/7h each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosgqp4/m p* vnu+ystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treesf:t /w+owfy c f83,xyl and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The grof+l xt:8y3,ycowff w /wing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food c:dple 2j,,; qgbaw2xc hain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thex(pv- evegd1 *ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and d g1vde-e*xv( pecaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syc,o6 mn3cj 5hpstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py*94 bp5wjpu/k( *kc ku+s ba.f asca(eramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whafkpdrj hb84wf vdq+2+) 6i*uft is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto48pkffr)+h dqjdf+ u6 ivbw2 *r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differen )5ne 2gbay-l0quzoq8 t temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system 5tkzv6 ;xn29i r:ysed


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizew8q. 1sg8pcvajyc h2 9sgr*g7d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to onec7s ghgjg* aq8918.p2ry c svw offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect4iq0 oe kfqa2/ description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food:z dbh 8y9,zlw web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fjvrc;+neds(et- 66g oeed on the carbon compounds pro6 (;6e-v nsrc+edg jtoduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical r/ /a:zgqbrpw 5 cxt5n;eaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceah-6j/ u2podj twq l6n:n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwo qb52, y- v2swcaydn7arms that ingest and then break down and digest non-l,y5 -7s2ayda2bvn cqw iving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pq8-mjmh -*bdg yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofp pf, ( f*quvv:a (6.,igo lxxa0is5s gnmc5z; a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodii0 c.oybs09t y 7jl7kg)x,nkwh5:l tg phenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawqds3bm0oro ).x b8.:f vdn;woater-filled glass orb, which includo.r;m :8.3xdov)nfqs0bb w oded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following s -jt40iup6m x6lhvo) is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste7g ,*cxbv gw*d ykee uh*f)0*xm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chk)5., tseaj xmt5x d(vains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whenrhjasji ydrvp;. 67i8 q8+c 1r discussing a pyramid of biomassq i.ajsc r8dr617 rv8hiyp j+;.

  Figure: A pyramid of elo5rqs4qb ) 3lw b0a:xnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representj:+0gwkif1h faz+ st/ing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinpce -2lk-l)mnc68cxl 8gec7pe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys vr17z*u dmnh0- 2tm 6fxwwzr-tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately deufuk pa.u;39hp/x; b r3up/rmscribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i :qits80c lj,hl8xb *cy4 eag-n a savannah system with parasites on a co4-c e:l80lasb,q*ygj tc i8hxnsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the lvo8:/gyfg)w options below.What is Photosyntheo/f vgl wyg8):sis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an*td a(qm* e6jn insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems. p07n1;jq.qyr bqmm 1d-+u xvs

  State the name of the process that co*wqqq-a vzb. 693e m/xtqxj,pnverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat.6qzx* vbm3qjqpq-tew,x/a9 es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to wbfr . 0cly1ol 5(w+kfri3i6o other carbon sinks. iof1. 0r kl+c(wr5yoiwl3f 6b
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tdti ic9i8a78a he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year lzo/,gm h(qj)


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that m*;f:bovzk * itvwj :aott;7*are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarwmg p kd1l;),mn-/ . arxtz lus+)(kaiy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the thu8)b(vmcuw/ tt8)* gv*zbxmarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thbc8 s8d(8njshrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem (bmt t b 8blz-09r0w.c .adibx


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tjtxc yv1 -m6pp. i55+bisbo39z.ixly errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true ouy1, .icyh 2vrt cnb7h2zc:.wf denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humakp*pnyrj:6k o3d(xx x 77 14 nqgvqt,nn-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.xj nkpxk14r3 v *tn,opy n67( 7qq:dgx

  Figure: Average per capikfukp /imv 70a(c 8qs6ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s lmp (c/07cayhuccession progresses from a pioneer coac7lmy( 0 p/hcmmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingt+mdbpp7ad 36 qk*c8o is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capn/f yiw0w::audfa3t-ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an m)p9siq7c;k*lq: c6zh -svgd Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in dpzs6 mcg-7*vqlihk q9c;:s )both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ansulv16ytgo ew8xg8o- :/9 gy ynual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishero 5;63e euqhejgu 1ke6ies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datj mhtn 7;)v7r8e)ocega for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap4cn) ,-ygzt)b,zugl d h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosihnv *2vz.to935hk tlj (l nlp-b;0o irng one or more statements from the folin2ol(lt9tzplb; r5h kj*0ohv-3v .nlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vjtujj,,l-43gwp),pk- d kege ariables. List the main factors that characterize the terres,-,tkuj4ed ge-w3kl),gjpj p trial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainm.a + a:hts,fpforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in angu:3m0gk m(lw:arsl30fq )we ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita3zuwq;5h )cc g0o x(pjly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass6d9z ex,gl(jq hxz85 g of two herbivores in different biomes6zx9zdeg(lx5 8 jq,hg


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bioicxv8+yb 6g,ky0 epr/diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneep0c 8y,x +y6re/ib gvkr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sqph+,wt)lq t- tatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity duriq)l,tptq - w+hng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factzxm mosxx*28i4 ;n yb 1,ag2nlor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature cp7 r,v 6mtk/ekmrt3bp+.b7h on the rate of photosynthvb7t+k,crpbp /h 367t mkem r.esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in fvfd + cgb7 /ll*0ppx *-tp(paa field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapsz7 acx a bay 5j,.wear5p,17gbhn*kg6 to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps heldan,w ay a1 gz6p5xb7 j,5rbch.ea7 *kg 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ofehf c(( yy462 ali23 mswd/ lvi.m/bot the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facto2bs/dem a2vh(w4 3/ly yo6.licm( tifr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecoloq8z,3u2 ck5l ()yp wln0a nkdjgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples oche m) a*0tfqq1g;a5zf Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts o9mitu 87w mx )8ja2kzdf Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technhco+wl. hj b: kg(k.hvo6d( j+iques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens. h.c +gvhlb(:j o+k w(6.jhodk