What is the best definition for a sp3o*i kxa* iej;ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romebq+ wowgu7wah:a-i )., Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Faccx+-7mxl)wq 4ftvs- /8 znd i7btpf:etor 2;Facl+tb7 x-)vwc/spd ftqnz :x47mi f8 -etor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio ckrb91g7a ic5n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosjpy2*dj so1yur bif4/v( 5kl7oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb8k.ymoc m;8v,joo1j od 3 kzav)*x5 ktle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Rezm1)ooyk3 v*;k j, cvo dakj8x85tm o.public of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatia-ms /n h1(wmton.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ame6)t/,sb h oic6u4ebndrica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protecb is6hu,n4c)do 6be/ tted in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over q9gv (n/gy5y7 d ss8qm1lrr1gtime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants ang ;9wmwkr *l,md animals.9 w wg*rkm,lm;
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toc6obk06txvj j8t8a ht; /8jetxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wha(k2g u)bue txj jp;2g,le, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic2 ux,tg ; p2u(ekj)jbg Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i3imk 9w/+:/w iayoxwes lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high proxf0ipx /3:ij+ az7p4fj, tynfductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environmejxjtfp,y+0xif 3:/i7n z4pafnt they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiocdx fy.d8lpec/9 ks)8 n of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundinmi** l / 89zy7mjc12eoe q0,fmgraa8mfa lke0gs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayi 8emmfojakr z2fey *7/ a9 *0al8 igq,mcelm01ng leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system 4s;83 s8rlernipj ka5


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used g 2x4 djj9c29spdo6 (e mr8ckmfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specievvp-xb u 1.vj/s' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3u/pj vvvb-x1 .?

  Figure: Graph of the 6 sjbjz7nfi.2rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated r0 kzabaa9+nl3 ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesn;pthox4bbdz(5i; by 2i/f6 l that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mothex5(iflp ;/dbzh nit;4 o2b6ybr’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial edeusf fb c48) 9fvfg/x*1z m2lcosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webo:ueu j+jhz 86m* 1f;jd 4khyd



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live im t8q1so2dnvh anmy sy .21)9tnside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide,2tvq91d y1hntms.mno a 82 )sy water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem1o.s1 n2rjku nb3+dcadk z ;(bical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified syste knyz,-vv dl5::x epz*ms diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms k v+u9vumcs +8that ingest and thsv kv c8+9umu+en break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pihtih ie43 8s:yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itcuj(5o /1xkiejr2sx q g,.*f gs prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodi,y* +: bm mwj9lqm+bozphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using ba8 kj-nxob7fxp5o-d0t52e r a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student5-ke5 o7 0frb8axob j-x2td pn placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of yre5wlpd;cei.- ( x -otransformation.

  Figure: A natural energ xk:s n an)tkd+f gu1*od/hn-0y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch (y6-w*poex xlw/qq1/etyft,ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the o.k ig rf4n49-ngs cy+following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass io49gr f.y+gk-sn4cn.

  Figure: A pyramid of etslua xi+ c0o;9t:m c(nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity iaq t,zij/qs; d- 9,wb) c9bbgrzz6 fn;n an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine25dc5 bgq 5d *0dcn8xoh rk,gc food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystecs6zw s.42nbmtb3 z5lez z 99ym




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desc :v+s )l nq,sit:speb;34+;ofvwjtekribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of nu9th r+63 pmeh tghclx ;;,7yqhmbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumh 6gmce+tqyrh;t ;x,h lp73h9er like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corr:nv 97(s3+snpj k2)ncqwme*, ccqva kectly from the options below.What is 9n* ecmp:sq,)v23svkjcn7nwk ac +(q Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an ina/h5r.mg7r+v* eb srob y))hfsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losxa c s+:.r *x(eqfo6xtt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the prar74ab* zm, 6 +ti(ng9ubhoomocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratz4gn b9t mrb6,o 7aha*(miu+oes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otx6 - -1h yxc3vpbn.oifher carbon sinks.- hbxp63cxnio y1.- fv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longestw u p-1u)vt1gjt38n dn time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an emb+3aj(3y*rwx 0cjxh4r r-lno d 9 i7qi(:rnecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenrwo h(/b)y e-lda .j4bts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (N)d uu;nxlgv+v mwg -m:pq,)n (SP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram;w*; d*u7 idxow a(eay of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the fv/ex f+o;l*ucarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an v2 smr-vly5 *zw41u pkecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a t )i (.agbgzhh;z*p bg9errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria mffd uw9b4e-/.

  Identify which of the bjm; fflq (,zvht/o2*following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyt2f;,v qh/*fl jo(zmbcle.

  Figure: Average per ti4 yzii, j0x/ z*8vlkcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, ,-1xbrj5 uramfp ga.*9of pp4GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax co, 1.pbrprx jg u 9f54aofm*ap-mmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f:edbck glee89ga* ,t/o2xw2rollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per xjq22g6 q+ py)e5, ;pqwujxxy capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles lyxf gcgu- (o-16,pt pm-;toywith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginnin6o-g1ymy,otpul g px;t( -c- fg of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annu8d51 eoh7uh 4lprmtltn/6z.tal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries 6vd glk+z;- vwby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forc1xke7 f mwpacms5;6;hlv(y; a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,fbed8(odh* -d:opwwx :j y+x: Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos8-pziftgu y*i,*5izje, i na: ing one or more statements from the foli*z5yp z jn,*ai8tgufiie-:, lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other6: kh+kwvtt z( physical variables. List the main factors that characterihwkz kt6:t( +vze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rchedx)gvij ,yt;5 6y2 ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to t8wq fhoj ,m(pr.m 2ik7h;k9 sdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, hp58(vc +z 1 arxgmd;q+uoqt k13.oxoItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores ip 3 a:ge,dwf4pj.jm +an different biomef4 meap,a+g p :djwj.3s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gq fx66rk borj):i7l 1oPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pio fbrxoko6: jr1i lq)76neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describingpn9 sh9y+q 3ncf t 4(/uxf/uuy the changes in product+s(uq9p3/uu4yyx c nnf/t 9f hivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sec.q e 2tbpk,l* v0uat0uchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tek58-mw e+n 4s,jl,ei jekwz1fmperature on the rate of photosynthesiske,k+58n- ezwjlw i 4sme1,f j



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fgu7 bd6e3ayl uv 9.9viield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insecdqb-.kvo72y rt traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On2r o7- bd.vkyq the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiptu47n2 irq,z7 rpxf+4g ;dd5uz;lfjble readings of thtui74;nx7zd 5gd r,2j ;+rz up4blffqe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use7cf g2bp9nvkw x;qg61.uqnk -d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samp :k ysh0i)9fwfles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplt:t .xcbewe0 1ed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tns vmig+g14b/9w*hbtuz)+k r echniques is not effective for sampling motgsbgm/ z94i+ 1rh+vtk nwu)* bile (moving) specimens.