What is the best definition for a speciew3at13bs3xfw s?

  igure: Climate graph of Rov6c6etj8z 0 wome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could4aruu2h ez.t; -p*fcw describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;ufw4ea.2h tup cr*-z; Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul,srg: jhcno 6c)ccp.:j-;ju vh zl7n1ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiywct7,mkavee5 4rox.;8o:qhstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has st5b3pi a b0nax4ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mon 30bb 5aapnxi4ths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g *+cf3*ultgy gvu 8ns8roups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupivnu*u3m /;+dkoj vr9 ;f:u2rfidl(nus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares,oduk: 2r* mlr 3;(dinnfv;/u j u+9fvi keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gro/pecnn 8dw 679fag qi5wth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima:(g /;klvyr2kf) jj nyn rkyj 2(lgfyk )v/;j:ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chhd m73u(ovdd4fu38 kn:e:o lyains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar baoi i5 a7zs,,kys;(z jear and other organisms live and interact ,ka azs ;iis,yoj(75zwith each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ener6ly4d,bgrh2b pqn:w .gy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with h5plr)gt)7 *u:mx mscn igh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These )5txm7)gn* pm:cs l ruspecies also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thasj2iag(lthm t6c-i64)jv o:n 9ws 8 tqt is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients1ie zko)v7x 0rv7scw. by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb to1x kv07vswric7 .z)ehe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultidy evv-u4 1dv6vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eo/b:vp.gjb,ny8 *jol nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Faym2jvf4.f- vv ctor 2 and Factorfvm.f2 4yv v-j 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phot grb9v9;xg47 x2tkx vzosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation shx x6e8p0,fi mystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip2tg5s7/ tcsggga 8vx-es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grats v8s2 x gag7/g5c-tgss and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptiekk,0tql ( c 5wtppa*iwl k/9(on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w 8.etikcs*1gdq,8xim eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae jd(0nwso o7j9 that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and soo 0(d7 nwj9jsunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: dk cg7vkaa4 bv)u ;8bqo*)-yt


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of car2n5o ) tfojkf4bon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the foly.1 qob,g5dro lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest an y,odrg5 1oqb.d then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidxg:o .1sqds zd; hc+,i of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities bh8.,lntk,5yr)t0l w)dc jio of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroe7/6hkey ze: rihr (2ozthane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciz )u(m947 a/ si,hd6sdofbgmtally available seawater-filled glass orb, a7gmf m9hi tduds/ zb,46 s(o)which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followiwjqkzr1j -1 8uktb*+i ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systh, l gruvk)t72em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i:vjdrh)n bbp l+/kxc;yw -x)5 n food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followin)spnv b:+yzi4 /vyoc,syw-8tg statements is false when discussing a pyramid of4,ytbps ycv/ys8v-wo) z+:in biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene+b)z 5h1a dp3xiqilu mwp4)s 8rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecoeng 05 i: 9qysy8lpkn*system.

  Figure: an Arctic mai 7mou6njuc,;o3 vm m5rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil(aeo f12chvu;goh +*5z5d7o -bl eicw ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descrbnyka 9(j36s uibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbersju3mpyfmp7/ -9ft6 n)c+yl iy5ib,os that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thycj6p9- 7u,35on/ilbm)yf + yfmp itse lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from j4tdq* a jq(ee7q:e/pthe options below.What is /*(q q 7 ejqjade:p4te Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the 8 q;pz pz+i0fause of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste8s +1 i:mwozer7s.agt ms.

  State the name of the process thatz/2dq t7x l-act,/.vmal3 mq v converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr/l7- zmxdta2m ,.c l vaq3v/tqates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otqrwzt7o;,vl6k u-3 tw her carbon sinks. 6ot lrw, vwu3tk7z;q-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carclf 6+iwi (s 6t3mi1gzbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an er 5py*e*mbc w(cosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatt uk)d+gb0p+ nhy9 ws+,o k+xl are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) co j;,poyn eio53+t7ji an be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the .lloocn (-khz,k,p9r marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of c pw(ml ;ooep.73 aidpg0v t((parbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem ud-n)ng4 s-sm cj:-g kyvh-,q


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow io37upnhit6 n 9n a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitw8 5-khjh3b ,vp to.barifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c au,:xz rtq2(fyt rf,(za:qux2cle.

  Figure: Average per capiyk6gqt .9 -gyplj2ry (ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progres7l3 glppw0bc0 ses from a pioneer community to a climax communitywcl glp700 bp3.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp;s9mrq7 9 0mfh )ajmkvle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cra qo y51 5(rkhtx*v:mapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in w4p2h88 ia(sz b6c lkaaater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of tza4s l baihkc(6a82p8he experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual ;5sjt - vqx:jcflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regq,opli 9b9 ni)ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bix8em4 9ja:4ls azz;wwome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphe- wp 28bt/xz;fcz:hm of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing 3jjsurl/, v; rzhm +n,jc 3qf8one or more statements from the fofsl r +; ,/jjumq3z3r8h vnc,jllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variabl k +ndlj+2vaocc :p2:oes. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesn apoo2+kdcv+jl2 c: :.

  State which is not a description of the rainforespdx *ws1s)2qdhzz,33yz qk x;t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyst0o w7x * eipp/5owh j stw3rm31k1pw*fem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rol8:qvpoytyx) 72mdh 3u0l6come, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivvucj-juqx(opr u0 .ijl p t c05s1h.68ores in different biome50ucjj8l-ic r.vsujo0 1qt x6.phup(s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversitypy15a6 ,bu ekp, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to ab6epa1 5ky u,p climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descaz(* am;m8fc hribing the changes in a;zm* 8ac mhf(productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchm 44w)ajn/5 st,ymy yyi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effew8 /mq 8alm2-edl+ gf0vgzny. ct of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisgvey -88.g +lqwdn2/lza0f mm



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fit 6hpj5bj- a:zeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to cal 8 11ghom2 hhpp, w+nllq-te((rjup6pture specimens of beetle A. O ( prt ppl8 eh2nw qlm(h1oj,+l6h-1ugn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipt+v;cvjp*q0obtt:+ qphu n 7 /le readings ;+t bt*p cqj p:tn0+uovv/7hqof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol9;uv.rk 7s zw7ih7pvo ogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sh gc-*c57a l)up 8ykisamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts ofi::zq(tsw ,h+ v 1agl.ccds- w Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is no 2sf)abaiw69dt effective for sampling motile (moving 2)ia9wfas bd6) specimens.