What is the best definition for algr 1jgogj(q. +m:;m l species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itpovk7: bo,g+07jn ,g ,udp vezaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.W j3v/ 0eyc5)4vwlrbdlhat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorlbj4w)cy 0d53 re/lv v 3?

  Figure: Growth curve 4qbym0ty:v4qi lze24/ yac gi (ji5u5t. )bbcof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistos2s9 mop kl196ww-ooksoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes 1cdu ntm7+iq+that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary ani1nict +7qd+mu mals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is 8qmtc2u- pq q/d*mb: pa population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturahnzewo6u *1a bi l9hh51 a),bxlly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers nb19oha)h,ez16ib hua w l5x *in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflesdi p2hiaeu( 3h2 y9 wny;z3n)cts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remai9j,v nvc7 p :eh0-r-h:moefwyns of dead plants and animalf0w9e7 v:-: jnyo,eh-rmvhpcs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of ajjx:qf bbr(1 1po9p,toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedxdsuxusjob1 w0 / ++i- seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wa+w jbx/osux si0-du1+ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eka. q*z z1v7pdnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and 6f,*uwgh ay( .8 cxmy ay(b9pda large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nur9yb(d ahy8 6m*aywg cf,u( px.ture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iak)8 /xvyy0cs wt 4sp,s a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutr;: z sf49 wmk;o;btq8ifa )iepients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead 4iz eq;w mio;f:t ;fp8 )abks9and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systegeinsl xc3j x*//iuwl1x 7 ag m68k;y3m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ete81kkv hm+e:;( octgnergy.

  List three factors that cmm w4*:xl* dxcould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 axmcwl*m4d *:x nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photo3:tduian hoof5s479g synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric-o.ba )q692ugtc r mike cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble-*:+9h ppotn0/odtzkjb no 2 +gx0utg4fte/ j the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republinpoub9gt*+ :0ked/t0zp g nj/+-4ftoo jhtx 2 c of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect s8tf e zaw0dk2il1,/udescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foods n m.9qojk10v web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside corayyrl ,nanu 6vt5u rob+:*d0g8l. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced urt u:g8a+* l,yob0 vdnn6r 5yby zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chelnvixf(tax+ 0iy42/d ,dvs, bmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the71a- pb c/+p(vomh dgv:wmi 1a ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followin4bc3s dkx2iu 6g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingxs62c3d ikbu4 est and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of kf: /,fgoo q+t/ydis 5numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda/.hr +i0gsmtm tor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): mh*dtqsky.w qt4j341
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm bjcg bzzhvd+ nc1: t-7ysj:qy9u y* 5/7ukes3using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lig/cz: qd1uu3zt nvsh*bj 5 yg9+cj7yk7y :s eb-ht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa5kje ukk .b+zts6 ns,)e2ybxm(vyy1. mple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers zhwo4h+wpni:j )cu -:ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chr0t ll;,e2grhains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dis inb:1p ag 7ocmblspbg,5ktm/p z594 *cussing a pyramid of p5bt knl:o*7pp5 s/9cimgb 4m zg,a 1bbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ezo p60sql/wzkw z *j5:k7vq)snergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an e4t7;y6rqyf, b)gknqx- q:lzzcosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodic7orr(ot3zf5jup, ) la0g 2+andmc( web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web invj4cgbf 3 s0tm2iziq84-/ bs a a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descrhv7x4zly 6dujkq4kxp. l q /(2ibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in apa2dg (fhjxjvp8 (30 ns 26vliw7o9ts savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionlv2 vda9(3psi toxs72nfw08(hgjj p6 s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thez )xbb6zj3 6oo options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationj )bb6 zoxzo63?

  Identify the statements that desxv6 i3z7,in,ror1a lz+e9 tg4b6kbrh cribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is:ehwk :o t+nh) lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon;v1 7qnq;ut yk3a. y9z dfb)ra dioxide in the air to carbohyd7avrb;;yd3uq9 ny 1q)atfz k.rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sieps; s: -f v+lj2 r4kvjyv*5qdb:zc 2inks. z2 jv svp+ y4i -els: b;fkr2vq*5jcd:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the long ;q5-33ju rfxpg2i lxyest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inauf)t05 is g3c an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t dstg+hu. isk2 8f.xs v(zv.9rhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatety6em) 8u;ko5 bp b+yyd.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m kr;.bf * iuew:y+sjt)arine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrdduy( *4 +g;wova s7cuough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow inj cpzmp/5 y*.u7t 2bj,m6yi:njiyg.b an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrizi d(6x bpr f)0mou0o m:c*s30nvo6p val ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying baq8lztiv- oy8) cteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on therbn *cic4mq5j4tgr19 nitrogen cycle.5g bc4in9jrt1cm q4 r*

  Figure: Average per -yrbs( xt6ra -;t6d0db1xi pv xn2ha7capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pr c7n fs1gne4 au,17ncsimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a1g4nsa e,nfcu77n1c s climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa4a)ve (*e7qnpd hqh08e.eep pmple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capittfu;c at;eb3se89) lfa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in watei +4rna;4aoxer. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. Theraea+;4xni4 o dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbo/ ;ang q9akep0fjxyf) j6 (p-xn storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20 e2a nd5:5 zih7gvp2wzh)9q g xguek))20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomee8sztjpqz+c:t / e)j ,7wo t 8wq+a.sv

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph r9l6et eh/b7(a ,59keq wdhxzof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ofq zz)o .rw4 5nex(/nllgnd(4r "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followidge/lw zxzq or(n4 l.rnn(45 )ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phy5ie;)93y ta21ndzfu co(wagc ui vn22sical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terai2aegcot( d35 wuf)n;zv12yu29 cni restrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ra,qdr9 kjh t:vau (y)d1inforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement re7a3x-g1jy5 d*tuqzu ldw ; x-nlated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita)ejhq;v/+g3ym 0tnet)g c7ze ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and big d(-j;kwhjo,qq-(f somass of two herbivores in different biomes o(q-w f; ,djqjhs(kg-


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suct9ww;wr db80r7/ucn+1j y tmkcession progresses from a pioneer community to aw; 7n8kb91j+crr /uw0dy mtwt climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements ib*tv wi *8fd1c6j.oysqa/x y: s not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successioqwj v8city 6y **doaxb1 /.sf:n.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meas;;ipmz y/lej9ured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect o1a i/s)ac(cul2qie: kf temperature on the rate of photosynthea:icl 2c/1e )qkia (ussis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a g:*/opsz(( u ch)chrp field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture-5esc8gvnb ; v (tv7id specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of c8vsev7;vdi t(5g nb-which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important,uv: fsr j9z/k to take multiple readings of the same factor.s z,:/krv ufj9
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologz )ej/l -.b+6tc*c+ gxchgjerical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wi d3-m wckkculbegw+q9f:81 n6:yf1u9z) dzycllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cr1u3 znqigv*;yla49w nvb j -p4eek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is novj: tb f. 3dt4b7voamfeho 8;1t effective for sampling motile (moving) specimf7oo;bv .:ae f8dt1bvj4h3 mtens.