What is the best definition for a s *3srphxobp 72nfw t0.pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itarl72so3w za n:ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could7v*lb7vsq5 rzdzb7 iqc0n7e4 describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 27r75cqs0znv77 4vq *eb i ldbz;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu:jo g8ux2 xf;nlation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a*gc c 76ws:ove Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gitx)4-d* z5e jmj +fxpiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repu 4jzfpjexmd- )xi t5*+blic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms, fo;k wm6vy,0z8lp 9kpv2nefa 8p :ow is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolvl.xnjmf-k3i- es occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated north.-x3 mi-nfj lkern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over timeh dpb g 0rhb, .ub/,n7slqc7v-.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snail 0)2ir 28azv.)o,dfz ug autods feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.f)8 ,gauv. 2u dr2d)ooziz0t a
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fqdx)ghg a;6y t:bn )/auh) 8lqood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kill-*hg o0ni( na m.sggx/er whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with eagains/m(h go-.*xg0 nch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form env4fvr*r uc 3ylm sk++.8a4wqnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomas05vi 5h 8fnmjbs with high productivity,fnh 850ibv5mj despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fo-dbro85m3ui x od chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into ko/hfc-y* 1ji their surroundings. The enzymes break down*j/i ckyof 1h- things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti m4 .ux(iycodhq4bc+. vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pw/ wb:t(hmm 5v anwxh- ek.63q)*rv fmyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facta:( 0 q.4qp)ukw4wfas;axq zfor 1; Factor:zx;(kw)aw sq4qu0a.4ffpa q 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures i vid8mksx+gsiq-, y c,22.ho

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cw ,aj ng5;6wvssr lgh*,z7; wnultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble vq0x ct*;vzi 5(10 aoy;0f xu:i kqrmkthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Whenyiacu : x0i f0moq k(5tkv;;zqv*0x1r they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energyy)z, 0tuzg td4d 2az.qfxc r60 flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web yls/9c ;;ib xyv w,qoktpa 5*/



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedws/ 5vtc/ nlawbd3d,6 on the carbon compounds produced b/ t3vdwd/5l bcasn6w,y zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cp(m(5m0;x i uldtamqq67 yp*zk9qcg (hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in tht ev;u:w2+bda,,ah/ zqp t1oj e ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thw+/cwtmx7pn-xbpger b/3:a zg-xj / 7at ingest and tp/rbz-b7-j e/:w gn w/x3tgma7px+xchen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbey.7b6g 0+ cg* d/jmr4gk.eubuv fimc 6rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatoc(hh uqec ,:9ar and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tru7 nq. v;-v4gqmlr v0nue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mv-bphs xtx*t;5u x **uesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placedu*hvtu*t;x*pbx5s- x it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor.i ic8eqnog 5a2hu/c .mation.

  Figure: A natural en*1+spxpwan/7 hv sq q9ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup t./0 comzhms4cvo+t; ; 7f gyyof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the foln y*i0tkdfe u9q)o(w0 lowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio okf9d0qew*0 )i n(ytumass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene 4; hscjgnfahh0)b u n.uol,,,rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingqvef0 lx ophz/ 53m,+s productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food6e;zeb 8i*9e wn0zsn hjzt+/u web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemta317zsk q 4 a+dbdd)n




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a fori.m88jrk0ji od web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers th5n buywd8 n/ gk(;jp(pat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumpb ;/nujd85ykg( pn(wer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly frok g9n(5mp1s fvm the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratnsk g 91fvm5p(ion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an qrkeu )8 rd5 7+:wev 8egaqfa:insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.fc2i y4jawq4ivo m5c*(:q, yy

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxi:n( dxj7rqy 1 eublbg;o,-gx,gbey9+de in the air to carbohy e ,bxn,9 bo+1e7d-(bxyrgu qg yj:lg;drates.

  There is continuous cycling +j.yk rswknsu3 73,d vof carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. n.sukr, y 3 d3skjvw7+
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time. )vn ;s n1gflu4r4t:s5fbad 0z

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per9,jpn27lghfojma0,spd(lx * year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arq8vd xhu4sfz2vi:;,gi i;by :e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiqf.j 1w nqn9-nvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbnxmk) f)o1o5ke8bz tx*s x4tk v/6aj,on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carb.rw9rn; jw(t6 b jsz3pon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys.8wog c6-) gfu)nu :jpdhgai7tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem iol8xjm wt+w20)dc/sh n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not truly,qxt k(j4wy,( o-ra e of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the/r/rnf ijy7 i a z.1vsqr(u5c- following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyujyia/ cqrif57s . n-zvr1/r( cle.

  Figure: Average per ca1gs3d iwud;k -pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successi2c1-gxn5i 6bb 2kach gon progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c5g gxkih-c2cb 1bn6a2ommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a 4mvfh2o:7p vi5omk7xn example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capisnm/;)qrl: sota $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriedwj* : rerxo/w,5wnfj: out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the :o:wf xrjewwn*,j5r /other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inl7bm1nnp .-bb GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988jaj, 7fg /vbho-gm d4:-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom hczsb 5.x1f sp fe5of51ir3p9e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It +pscfsah 4y8,/w5 ja(ts9b( azp ofx7aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or iqbxm-f ,sk lh14j;o -more statements from the foll;lkj1oi fq ,hsx4 b--mowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othlw1ufts2p,8 r-wlaz /er physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the tel saw t-p8w,1zur f2l/rrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of w.7c6lasmm/kd(g p;y the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.ps07n9d7gp jncg s4yhhna);z9 8c8 xx ,kls6x

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itap 2pbblrg m:h/a;r8b/ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass o5 -q )q(lmacl4u/omir f two herbivores in different biomecom(au4/lqim 5l-q )rs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima): vb*d;dl tls.8amt ary succession progresses from a pionet llsdm8t)a*a d:;.bver community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thz- 2u l;g-w715f61agn iwkjlky nt2t re following statements is not correct in describing the chanfnkgky-ga7w lu2 r ntijtl11 2 w;z-65ges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a;g) sypdf 34hv Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaturjk jw0+p6zop 7e on the rate of photosynthe0zjpoj7 pw+k6 sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in v77lu3zt fgqt:tu46da field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ee;7s, 8u cbf n77tkgzof beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insect,ez7 g 7;ucbs7nktf8es, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readi) aejhn ocst;50 8yt:4pzq+s ongs of thesszt:)4; cpen8toyo q j50h+a same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampl.ivyw etdiie(ghr 9k3*(i 5oqf v;.6 btnj* p5ing


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fdvbwe nm 7l)n)by(y/7or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampledue pfq5b-1 nd( in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following zvg;s2z/0 t4 ob fmpvtyjc4(jw3vtl;w)(k-x sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (4z kjtycg 3; mxl(- ) 4 wt/fvsp0vvbo;zw2t(jmoving) specimens.