What is the best definitiocux.3kx0 ln*n n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itac + rg jw;(vr(c.apnvyd62:iqly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could desk64o*fs7nti8x 8 nlh kcribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fxo78k sf4hi*n6 lkn8tactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a lplk n+ 48he2xpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specieq nmj srh630 4edgoo2n vze787s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tl,e7wi0)jy pwhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gijyil ),p 0ew7wves birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms+2;iopnw nr.l fr5q 0x is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amep 5cd+dw4(tucuagl :+ugz6 1 qrica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals suchut:g ldc+uq+w z1( a5dup46cg as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflectdh,bblyzdl,5n a dd:rmm 5/u++zi q14s the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe)a/43pejaep fr 0-wb eed on the remains of dead plants and animalabr)e4 -pf3e aj0e/wp s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch9 s, xgg-bvpu:xza )xx;r 7.faains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kille e:+97zym :kbkk3 qzywr whale, polar bear and other organisms live and intezey 9: 7w+k:kk3zymb qract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystl 1qyc)c.rlm8:zks uls;niy 9ym 0-:aems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomg2du b-q0 pngkyt t/*;ass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditiony-b/ tpg2 dn u;0*qktgs have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foot4 23g;d/75;xh-ab0cziz fdltcbpzv d chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into.) vme6p-hpcu their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the pru-.)ve 6pmph coducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio ix/ 1m-k:aiq7u/ct cgn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedq 5jwa2(kqh b45hn su1 for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that couldgyc+fd c 6h312bami+c describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 y+c2dhim6cbc gf3 a1+ and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photoa8(q;l q 3 ,fyguzd-(v 4arbkksynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatil*w) -ds1d eou:k* k3aeb.xi zz*.dil on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girs6-lata vc8/f affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals /tvfs6a c al8-and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description o95y6hm z j9s2pqvp0c yf energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food -tw,9 s1bm9a m vi v*psy m)qd4q9qdy3web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coraxe ohig sln/*m ln:0*w8- flw0s;of)lls feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, 0gs swn;fx o8-i/m0 n*ell:w )lfho*land sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemt gv-+jkiqyk/ll xtb4*f )n0 0ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean uel9wuqw+wi 3f4u k;/


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwo6puvsv63mgxr ap 1k -3rms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orga-3sp1av r p6vxkg63umnic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr85cjzeqhr 1*gilg 3f 8amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a9qinl x6a;y 5qde5 -i8lwtbm*nd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodinw9hoh+zhk- uy9*v8 tphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commer4c2 6vce.bbjer)fv)tuc 1l 6 tcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window 1 ectbv6jrfb 2t.)vue6c4 lc) to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followingkob23c f 72veqcm61en is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerq7nm 0e+0whl;ggk ef6k* o7v qgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chb33 c) ;pt1we-+y 2fezn aycmgains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofb4c*j 84invr,kk )u+8 mssymv bmv8sksc, rm*)y 4v+njiu 8k4biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ely j0h/uipk5q2c,o g ,nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprsxoua 4/6kujml/j 3)v esenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fooh5;7j n3e4uoo )di sned web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soyr3z 0 74rj i8v viqf;h:ym7hmil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wz+k8 gku6a 7g nuxpwmft0q+ .g-k9sj0 eb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i vi09. zf0fh*lcwl 7dcn a savannah system with parasites on a consumercl 7lfwz*f0 d0vi.c h9 like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optiz7b:z*m bt2ig ons below.What is Photosynthesis anbz7bz m:* igt2d Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe th2+-;muox n;w scqpvzdzo(0j7 e use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy2ti r- c4d:sgh is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the proces3 ,27-uo ccq2fe5r 2virqmlgds that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyqo ril375ugc2m e2fq, 2rcd-vdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thvv c:7tfrhft (eqj+g:0n 3)bee atmosphere to other carbon sinks.7re3: (vg tbvh)n 0fjft+qe:c
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti3baxco;s 8gwyc)qo0 54;wfyd ,w 6szlme.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyesh9p /-hx9ms(8g dzwstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemej 7pq:;ojg tq*nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondadr0ig9 yd+r u wj6u,x27cj qzj4mm,vw t;4y9v ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ca6ip iii9;kxl31i 6 hhrrbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thy5f)o/ 6q jvype carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysttv2 ;9r3a5g04 eqwau*m pitdf em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter+g7jxu02m am97buyb mrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true ofdki/ 95cr8vi ckp s.7t/ae -go denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eqy,+ ehl0e z3or j89y/n2eaxwl)tmw) ffect on the nitrogen cycl9m ll r8tyee3zn xw+/2 j,0wqh oea)y)e.

  Figure: Average per capi)19likit2 uy au m0js1ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryqe;pi) ibi-/f succession progresses from a pioneer communityi-/ ip);if bqe to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of ldpz2xep 0+-e59 )q; fqgfeiu transformation.

  Figure: Average per ciiedy00yi4t+ w) b( wvapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.k :hm,1tppyx s;, q(ow One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The di ,xktwy:ohp,sqpm ;(1ssolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inmuhwb7c)v** f GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regi;q nh6b-g2xt 1oe-adaon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for/njnc0ip/ o0gu)k8k z a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itybggr6 wiu .-cmf9vd/en7z+ 5aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the g a4 uakzdowt 88,e 9x:h6.vkdfou:eoazhvt xwkg,ddk8. 8649allowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot4fv49i: 3v. 3fst2onxui dr tcher physical variables. List the ma inc339fx4i2rtst:u o.vd4v f in factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomel4 eisl a).r 68l3yu q1rozsi9.

  Identify the correct statement related to dive p +iwif7le o5p5z0c+r7 mc-tb51q owl ;1zdknrsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita6n rj-enuq*t9 ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioy)9h eald ;+rkmass of two herbivores in different biome 9r +;deklh)ays


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP x xwo 0:8cemf8nb gdk630hjxd8*gz2ias primary succession progresses from a pioneer d:wh*m xj bz8i8ggn3 xo62d xc00kfe8community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sta3vf x8 8 (;apwpnpi5iwtements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suc8wap3;fp8p( ixv nw5icession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measurj;z0ukr j8se 7,*ywlv0ulqj .ed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratex d+ji cbb8f+ gkqs8nv 83-n8i5yg,jz of photosynthesis 3 nqvbi5sg +czxgd-j 88b+k8i f,jny8



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in . mdkg47s4 df0wwv 1 slm1ou3ua field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sea9c/ uln7:2 d 55zu/jgxk;v ,cvke znzries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. T e/n, uz5vdjvgc9/n;xu52k7zlcak:z he next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d0iod )w/zd73jpenv8mp c*d f/ ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facto jdd/m )wo*8/ idnp0pv7e3 zfcr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingrid/ )m;tm9,zkxh 7 ntq0d -zb


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twn ue 12ai-t:,nqixrg1o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species j/q l nwmevgr;zpr+ h)d)u)c m3, )5whsampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fom:td5 7dkc0lfa qv(,a r sampling motile (moving) qf07tda(dm,lca vk5: specimens.