What is the best definitions36va; if0 sr zd4,ojx:f4q bg for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R 4;vx)pczt g)oome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facbqll ior( s 6s6ncvu2f :427t)+d xvs ic30nvvtor 1 ;Factor 2;F :7 o3l+v2 (nvidi0ct6xv f6sbn4 usrs2q)vclactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populz;6u g2yl3 qbcv 69unzation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso3m meivclj9jex ,5p,5ca 8+ wmma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stryydx;*aay v :,ipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forestdyy*a;xva,:y in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grou1k u7vt-8fe 9.egkk71 rj uswups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis ltf p85f j/ uw1yr32hfurnl0v6upus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the Europea3h5n0yp 1fl wrvj26/ut u8rffn Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best +d 0*zbtz8kxgreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and acpwd5d qe hwl+:m/ 9-m *ag;senimals9sdpglw a5 : +mh/;ee q-*mwdc.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha rpn9dy6.f. awins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear+tzc.d..rz lypy7 x+d and other organisms live and interact with eact .xy.prl c dz.+d7z+yh other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos6 ze i kncfcem9ny*:az/) slu8f.7mh) ystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high 5jvix aw-3 j2hproductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhab-j2x ajw3 5hivit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ofpu v 5t(ffkph7-9bcj) (wf+el a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surr;w qdau s8yh yei,k:-/oundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb /iks, w8yuhey a:q-;d the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultk-pdjf /w+pqk )5sy9e ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used foryn8l ,zm(3v,p qp;sfc pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could dev wwiep:hfdb,/c 9;h1 ,) zshcscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor ,di vec)w;b:sf,hw z9 1hcph/3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynt ir2i eb iq/nkjt7t4r ozn,00r2,kgd,hesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation se8vl3zxi9 ;rifn3nhn) fr 1t7ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha*dnpc(ab)0vp x oc7tt)*wx;4 eje;z it resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are ;pw*cvzepa* 7j xtn;d)ie(co0 xb4t )four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description72anvm.u w -ty of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo yv:mieb:1q) sd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are al53.j/kynrqlg0 w3plm1s*x gm gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxlr jsygp3/3 w5m0g m*1. xqnklanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction pt9t; ti(zzz::


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in t (phtq7e302cfvarq e-okz.j hi, 2 q+ihe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eart0jj ):xvl 2grfhworms that ingest and tjjl gxvf2:)0r hen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid1:cr45 ncu(q7f qafmq of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pg ho(a*vcee h3kr1/, krey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor;qmhdq) z5.rcoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawatw.*x;awrko 3f ngk;gty g*(u/er-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some /k ;gfwny;(a*x3gt.g*owk ru corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of th6 +mijq px89ui--ji uransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysp-z(rjm( l 4j/cvqd*ytem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tys7*ola m,of*oxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the f+di -chfx nrkpy/t/,1 ollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of dthx,c ikr+p /n/1f-ybiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneoypy la;ke/ ;rdr( 045)erop1tu3+zq skin 5qrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unitwljqqbw 9r , dry7t+k;*4 tm:ys for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webf n9nvh9 kmm -d5pe2x;


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in3:xjsyl+ asl 0:t3c be a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f:iay*o u6 k87 jjz:vwcy .thgg5dd3 q+ood web.

  Identify the pyramid of 60g*cxrl9,*1zpsqhz oq/fur numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a cx,qlz1 zc* rsp6/*qrgf 0uo 9honsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesij0xifqwhr0738: m2wpd ce zd+s and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis awm j i 2zdxcpredhf0783 :qw+0nd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.qgs9 yna o0w+lfjl:l /8 ygc:+
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyk8d0jlg3 mr)4je+q vsayj/g.stems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide ix*gi7(gy0jahvy.baaua ; 9ymym m -;)n the air to carbohydrate- (m avam0x byy 7ha )j9im;.ggy*y;uas.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other c yud1eugh9 9fs -u60vnarbon sinks.gn-uh vues 10uyd69 9f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the ca)6n+k dm)bu,fm8gloj -t) tdl5m -flc rbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per arear kiw fnxnu(s. v5stpx9;*9h; per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemexc),eo u9eiu(nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (s7o-c ir; gjf.NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbonp4mui k 1d1,sb3ujk i* cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caritc6 ( gjl*8xtbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anod3uqyzz, z28 ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ kuc a)q04y ;rnxa h7x/$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tl7 h :cu2myu.qhat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect o*+l qta)2 f q0natc a1yl(qvfp :dkw//n the nitrogen cyq)/pt laqwf: t+cn*yv0 1 k(a2qlfa/d cle.

  Figure: Average per capita *y 9 fwuvtq.k* hu kid8anp,32$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitqn3z6(dqb3 cf lawxg/j/2n,y 5wq *izy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clxqw,*3jqc d y/62 g( /53wnazzbil nqfimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ojxain-px :u8 cz ;plhw8: 63nqcq +4sjf transformation.

  Figure: Average per cy;7 ( ,or9gj egibc.xyapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottl9kys+ypt*sh8 3a kqq y5q,wt4es with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in4qqs8y tp 3yhw +kta,k*qy95s light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows;3aum 5d1tygtfn.u5 hn / m c1o vrzt6hcw9;,q in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries7rjhd - zkwd7-xb 9i:a by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a j xl78y 2p;,lvyh *t 1gl hcry:3xo:*l2vbbbcbiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italuis qv,n( gux4m4, /rdy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatiol2 egb6ldyre9:vqwl5w;+w hp8 6bk wczwf,02 n’’by choosing one or more statements from the following. v w wlqzfw5c8w y6 kh9gwd2eellp,6+b2 :r0;b
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variabok6g . qhauc50les. Listc06 ohg.aqk5u the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiiif k)20( d8vsxtldu1on of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemudza/l qi6 +eat5xf77;fmmfxc0 vr)9ent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapl36i wfs ot9ydr)k.s- h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pp6s6 irv.2ulu1kqk b 29e pnhm2:t tk3roductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biome36lr b9mui.6pupnt2k k12e2thkv s: qs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc77s7pbr cuvt )* -6(vdzyvxzm cession progresses from a pioneer community to ad ym* (tbu7cz)7vs6v-zpr7vx climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correctb*x-( vjz, cjm in describing the changes in productivity during primary successb, x(*-zjvjc mion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usingsw,/*/ kgk5via:o r(s4ujjz 2 ti vo(lmf/n p/ a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phe*5wli ,in /l 2des(nsotosyntsnii nw(2 eel5,sl /d*hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a h tnlj l3n-jcb5/t 9mj9l (0ose,7btr field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s l x5ku db8pe-c6yp11rpecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were c lpbxku 5d8- 1ecr6py1aught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dyhj h( qb4 xjtr, z7zj)q;5td,ata, it is important to take multiple readings ofq,jzyq z, xhd j (rtbh47;tj5) the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicapki14j d t-fy h)s25rjl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cret iz3q;d-x h*sek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Will/zb rb1rp,.7l*z y(kbe . ilal g.qrz;ow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampli-h3 me+7hpw8nkemnv (s os*s /ng motihk(sn swm /o3pn*vh+7s 8mee-le (moving) specimens.