What is the best defs xt 5+jxx2cem9i.mf 8inition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofo/ uu v/-34ydvrq.yc h Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i9pdyc*l vujo5 k-e u 2u,h6d)ss Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3d cj6),hp2-ykl 5s v uu*ou9de?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pox;gw.oqc1w-otsb it- *ii.tahoj ((a q/p( s7 pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisawg ,5ni9: fwv)9x3gl er qq1atosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripp+u)n,y 6djqe qm ldu-u3f6 o1es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives bifq3dqodn)+m, u y61j u6eu -lprth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiy3 ch 3dh 7p*wpm1+trson.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cec cddu0xlj8 q)5z2.ganis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Mostje8ccq zgl.2 u05)dxd countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. w)7ia y/pc(t 8tumqp8;dd o ;e

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails 64j ut4skv5 p1 4l0acxxnkfb3lt1nc -f zl8q( feed on the remains of dead plants and animalxkjq4nt c4k1z- 38xp(t450lf balc nuf1s 6v ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chagkgzwk6 hp. af805euy tt,x- )ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other org5 y:h:n e:wbcevbh/9 1abdjl3m*(lbs anisms live and interact with each other in the cold watemd9h bble: /:(s:hvbc5elb aw3j y1*nrs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos y)xpup o*e2.eystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with higv cy xxqj0fo28epwn s 6/526kkx+ eu4wh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have b+cfp 068 x22ywqe4/xwo5e sk6vxkjnueen known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a2c: /pjpt/4 ir 2qzccj food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundi sfw1 wys46tec1p6d s*ngs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absor4wy ptsdf61ec ws*s61 b the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatij6+p- ht: rckeon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enev7md2i(p / 0 e,,rl d86 bpbi0 igut;roqfyfj2rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fa.kf6qj8z-ls y mir *gkz f85:mctor 2 and Fact yzr5 z.*fksml-iq8: jk8fm6gor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthe- iq swp/fjg/12v,etssis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedwf 0 3ae 59ead;7opxku rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sibw57a-q xuy :ezed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They-:x a 5q7ybewu also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptin)fl9c464k e1ghrgp gon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we6ssy( q3y5pawtd*o9 ab



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compou/ *x)n9,7o fsnl e ea;br(ooeinds prexaeeno/9fn;o l7) s(b,o*i roduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicvgao7 fiy9 :q-al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of cy;5usrz 0:eb(q* bwswn)2 mfkarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes orgr4 o-d+xxyf5 ((n- x 1h*y+bckfiy xwtanisms like earthworms that ingest and br-c 5wo x 4k+ x(1fiyfx-(h +yd*nxtythen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyraw 73w afs90;e4fy sbbyrea1r6 mid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pr wp98j z-te tza8)yeh h7dv*e/ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dxl)dft-t ;zqk;4qzxp0 mq+g (ichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availablehv06c0:yltu/ mao oyxc(: et4 seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following state t o/: e0y0vaohm:c x(tylu6c4ments are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ekt re e3m6)ks,vb4dx 6xample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv nt);j 08s9xve3,c mdbiegf9iersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fod8apz0 0b+qug,u/etj0e ye 8uod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the f it-ub9ta5b.owufa/m 2 24hxh ollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bib2 -wh2ub/ui. x4a5tftm9h oaomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene/r u6l,pa /y3qzwhuw*rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unitsy+ g0cqz+,gdak hhiv9.l79)3kao ttg for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo7ere;u*:eog se vr0)ed web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecohlow+ou *4hl (kb3r +wsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately d .,uf7kcmgs az 349njoescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systerh*pu :(qi6n;6lf/c aomm9h om with parasitefalo*6h;:cioqnrh u /96 mmp(s on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optio:gki61duu :pens below.What is Photosyntke1 i6u:dp gu:hesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.z5 d ax:d-r/eu
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromfo) /cz wer*cy)q*se) ecosystems.

  State the name of the ./ s-dfxlg * s:jnx(dkprocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratjxg:d*ns-xk(fds /l. es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from they-0 /dhwfu/lw atmosphere to other carbon sinks. d w /fh-l0uw/y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thea.kss-ae1 w1 f carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy u4k5;-prfktx2 bdb0 (ex ,d rtin an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that1o/6i op kp tz)k/r0dcs)rteb.7nno9 are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) crv59n1ua (vvq an be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine c +pfbx +;-e0ib0w kr+z //mts2fizbr rarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c3 :56bpkkk 3 adi tfmg-0sr6dgarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyns9a*c 7zhqn+ u :uki9stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ec -y6ght4b nqd+6ey mf,osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of cy.l)n20:/b cw noczodenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a hu jt,kpj/nu k23uz,e5 hman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle k 52 /nupjzuhj,t3,ke.

  Figure: Average per car+mog1nek 7ue m42x j8pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ, p36pqkft 3rsession progresses from a pioneer community to a cs,pfpr36qk 3 tlimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is c:t4,xvgm* eaan example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit x-4n/9llmjt,h bymw( a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elgd64xmt4 xjl4q .3kdgodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two da464xl4k ggtjdq .x3mdys in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in G 7 2bu8lng4lfm1+bjtf T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by recrvk3vm)o6scly/ 2 +igion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a d 0spsi8cg2z yljir27r4r 2e9 biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It(j+mlv ;djan::uaydd. n0rpt( p3/ dcaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing on0lfrk6 x6gm4 re or more statements from the f 4m0xr6g6r kflollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph bhv2qrz85sgr3r ;ga -ysical variables. List the ma5av br rq8g -h;rz2sg3in factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomot2ii9- 5tb-o mbb6cv e.

  Identify the correct shc:znjwlej b1 8(iaj6 m h//f7tatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro7c3do0; a /e yam)aykc 2 hxv*q)nbuy+me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomas is) r62u,ae7thkg*gzs of two herbivores in different biomeg2u67a* ) e,skzrh itgs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prjww/q 4hggt 8;ogresses from a pioneer com8g wg;wjq t4h/munity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in dwz9r2 iyxz 1per-*wz,escribing the changes in produ2ir,1zw zwrz-e *px y9ctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factks 1+:g2 xxwryor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn:b,;jm7yg4fw 7fb:cr4u dj1 u :r ddxathesis d,7:41 dm:b:fy7rrgbdwjxcu4j a u;f



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in hhbf9ymqd a ,kaw4g+5v+g5 :x a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to cbs1yy+h( vf 3mapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individualsm3b1yyh f( vs+ out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability1 qklk5 rhf fes/bilxl ):6f53 of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same 1si3k5h6lr/ f5x flqbf )lek:factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in 8sn neeq2 igopc p8+*4ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fkqjuy8*e/ qz ,or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samsa,dt :).hq,f2sxz7 ao4xa a bpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl 42ztb*ivsc a:ing motile (movin 4a v*:2zstbcig) specimens.