What is the best defi8jacp pltey, - )g;a:+z6s ychnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rzotz-x j53un f5,nlx -ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto7fpmi+,fkn s +r 2;Facm,7p nfksi f++tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popubf ykew reqanvr1s3 )r -1y46+lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma .vq+y)n fj*s kspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblx3.dub 6cfdcsjh4wzilv k5k(2/ vd *;e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reachsdkc(zc*5 4bd 3u l2hvkd f/ijxv6.;w. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a tzwi xo*yu: ,5rv.7c gpopulation.

  Fact file on the grey n d8deend bg46gejdwwi/b58y ,/ f3x;wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in Tin y4 8/dxe5 jwf6b,wg8d/egnd3d ; behe Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best r: 0it z6as07mq9asbwgz/i9fe eflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails 8p.w* xu*xjeu 6gc(ge a4vh -:g:mqib8 qo.whfeed on the remains of dead plants and anima:g8 x:(iq8uoej*cq .p4w-bu.gem *hh6ga wxvls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup r8 by ajelgk5tefs)7 /+2 w/iteepw1/of toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sealx-,hq tyh5o)fs j/6nq, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each ott jsn- qxq f)hy/,56hoher in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy ad3/flv*8 wfv3r pwb3stems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivt:514tro poc+ure :vt ity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have bo5or t:1cp:t+r uv4eteen known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.2yfig- po-7tk

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their syhfu; p cs5*bifhon ud5:n:w3j5h+5t urroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb s: fdb3to uhn f55jn pw5;u+h5h c:i*ythe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultikre;t w4ou 9d54ch ofb1n 88iivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.a jd:xo rh*cdi23i5s+

  List three factors that could describe a specesd v ye5 r+66c:h-nlg1ks:zv,; jlpvies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fach6ed;rvkg +6 l:vsc 5 p:nlejs,zv- 1ytor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentvl51rasv7qx y27fh,p temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricp bmia/-bbs 5 hbo*u vex6(m(2e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-j3se da)0(hll3b s z5ipcjix*28z; hisized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring w5l xaj*3 3hih 8dsiizejc)l 2;0s (pzbhich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desial- (s5vxyq; cription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w2k 04;b8ol edyi,fa lpeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the,q8,hu szmznf) ck /n1 carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, z mq8nc)f1kzh/ u,n,sand sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: or/ tc0 cifx fjn)o24oj695i4kk;gxu


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movx r teqjx 4rt1 +ljlkzejthcq35 .1,+7ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best deovqm) 9: on lwyww(-w;d+offnuw 600t scribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.fnoy );wn6w twqowd(lm-9fov:w u0 0+

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers kks+r* udv+ 0m


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dy2 n.5/ro wbz r:q9uyvt3x)wzensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlow8j4b (sqycq)roethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawayo 1:qof+yu/ cter-filled glass orb, which u y1/foc +yoq:included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma/ 0 ww+zuwmq,buww:zrt 8 n:7xtion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst/io6ru) daxj.v f7 vk4em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i b3+vr *h3amfmn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statemen.hm-t(7ven; fdh u.7 h z+fi.qrk4ejkts is false when discussing a pyramid of biomatej i;d.+n7h .m4kvh.-r7(eq uzffkhss.

  Figure: A pyramid of ecy(d 7c6y3 d)v ,bomy80 kdsr bwc:u/hnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivittx:wne0.alm2 ni fq9 z( ieq+5 i-+syiy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine e++qid/.i 7z r wc)prh vm7ur(food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem s;:h0 -mi*a2ep chg ib




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acxfcud ddl.x5s92 ah:7curately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that6p1 hfzveu;gn9 /dkb9 91t nmp could exist in a savannah system with parasites on9mv9pe 1nnfhgtp6 u/19k bd;z a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and ren+vwl 8*+ ynejspiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Reyj+* n +8lvenwspiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use l+o c.xi3a h.hof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frk 8m xoda.z0 n8 (8:x s3n*dpad+:rpjydkd8rcom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thaep1 k (holzywm9,/ 5n 2mgf4qzt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydn ylk19gq ow m5 /(2,pfzm4zehrates.

  There is continuous cycl( qd vunq;s-,3ihapz 3ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.vnqu 3i-,ash qd3p (;z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that require w/fx1j/evthu,m( ls*s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area a/3pe5kluuo zds +e-8per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trf;x-wjs(we/+pv) :bz qow 8dfue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productf+ueihfi q4 a)40 qhp,ivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carboqwm3(mqr n09 qn cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycm+8 u,daovc5 zle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow i9l q(m/etx o:/aeor.wn an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terres0v.72k7gx bm5sb tkaf)ss7y utrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of den) gvde+-d zog)itrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not -v8-:vv o hty,h r3wica human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle. wrc-3-,y vivhtvh8 :o

  Figure: Average per can1)gfuy clhh :dbwr:gm:4 2 4epita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaho0npuhlopip1 1+. +8mo+ dn rry succession progresses from a pioneerni1.hh08 pp rolmop+o+ n 1du+ community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran5d c4 ,ot ;h6ofipfc9jsformation.

  Figure: Average per c,y,7 deo2okfxc :s*iz xjj )2uapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in nlv6a5 n4xvyo bog mcseug;5c:0k cy)( ;y8( zwater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlg 8 ey0:xcc5kz4o(suc ;agyv;n6lm ) obn5v (yes.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagej+m,us9ni/pbw .-r.c s /blwas & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by n1 l;n o51rq xvnvk7:uregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fol4dzllv;/hlm;or- mdcio.qf c2+;2ir a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro y:b2wr+o yn5sme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onm xcar62nc5z 4e or more statements from the folloxan2 zcr6 c45mwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattep *zr1*w-xbh hrns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestria zh wh*x1b-rp*l biomes.

  State which is not a description y)gf3 h 8 idy bq4mua78g62mheof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to dj7(.li:yk x.opmzz9s iversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome/7p sfzx m7xipi5x,* p, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores uu0/bnmec )9s in different biomu0scm) u b/ne9es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrea v-y;*8vtzjtsses from a pioneer community tz y;t 8vvat-j*o a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fhg/s: v e:5rojollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary su5s:ojrhvg /e: ccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can ayf; .er rm97/:hmom ibe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperatu3-ez l t:1uawkre on the rate of photosyntheku1- 3: lwatzesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inl2. )8 s3vjk8 nsey)qnxu 7hta a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapk7il lget63h /ame.l/s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caul67kh aem/l /i.lg e3tght, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data,5i w- d7e0cskg it is important to take multiple readings of i -5dk cws0ge7the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec pmb,g:hp4wo+bd;u v0ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplesbx,p:,zk28wt n j*bon of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cro/r j2 dc+wfw1eek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follo0e4 xr*azy,iirwk f; n/fo;k/ wing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motilekf/oaikwz4*y,f;r xi en ;0/r (moving) specimens.