What is the best definition for ) hvm5+fsof0r(og jjop(1ld.ox t 6t+a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italg8kfcat0 gpu-6* g0u6ymrj/m y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe y9 z9gu( cxemsv)0s) ha species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;F)sz99vheu0c ys xm)g(actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatuzg9d vnu 68zyr*e )a5ion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sclotep (-3jjgaq3;/ce:w mxf -histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and e4)j.r nqd :pry-w4sn has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on gr .4d-nj4wp):ryqrens ass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of -+aapvtaj,:s h -po) av0f0xdorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupb1d3) vx3x5nlk1s( z- ogbbljus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction njo(ds3- g)l xkbxblz15v 3b1in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gy4 ( r.rm/bkqv kij5aqt s82)browth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants an6 :ngfk m1uackz 4fyn-ib+.*bd animals.*n 6fbki.g-fk1muz:c4n by+a
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cham b/f ;e;;l1pscr tz ubfn1gtr6e/gxck.j* *2ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and oth5ch d1 ,8atbzyd ;: pmibjz+)xj7rf6ier organisms live and interact with each other in the cojzx1:b7raf85c)+jd bpz hymti i 6,d;ld waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lo s;jfvf 1(c mi d(1r0*mxec1dvj),zsost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large b/ fp/ho:a htfi8h: j.qkt+fp4 iomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of mj ifhk:p 8 pqf/4/h ttf:ho+a.any interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corg/ n ( vhq+vj,0w99ol cclioqe-1snd.rect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivmdfqyjxn. ipw 8jpp0 8m qt-4 i)8,dx8e enzymes into their surroundinq,diwpp dj8qf txim) 8mn08.yx4- 8jpgs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul *s:93tpvp:n0rcrs k gtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrm -wj97ch v)n pzig.j/xnoq,:amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesn yeuvn2 sgexe -7 chp9*;72pf' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factoreps2nceg7hp92 xy7;vne-f u* 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temped1d 3k0mkcnm l+29isprx1 +v dratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultigj:p tg;-ks. xvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe4c/t)mz8kn9q qzuimw, kme2 c, 4gq4c and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be s/9 q2q4qcznkc)4e mmcz8i4 ,tw mk g,uolitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysqbumd a0 )1s4jtem.

  Figure: A marine food webcmd -/u;u-d3ovs 5*arx oa -73t tkkdx



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals flnlke+, hy l/+l/p2coeed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and /l2lhc+kynolpl, e+/sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chey x0dvfk-) qds tvc-08ih*in 9mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagraja ihg :i tnpa40h8(i0m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw;qiw./mq mu t,vgpha;35h l 8zorms that ingest aul mhq;h/p3zwi,qvgm;a .85tnd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pya ts8 3 czj2rll-*o0jdramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prstczw;t, ,ptu 7,x*xmedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltr jpi3n, ygoku *;fn5-g a*n/ozichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using ru3l/+8jfhf s8uog4m a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to pgl m/+sfurjh38ou 8f4rovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the m afas+kj7s-m , r6s5lfollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion kgn, u83;h0dvgbot7 ;-chum csystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in9f sburinewnyo (6(ykcg;,l 1g s83l1 food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrab eiuvud-xd /l sg1-*o.(-yj0xfm 6ugmid of biomass.xobm6-.ev/u- g 0ul( g-id*sxjdu yf1

  Figure: A pyramid of*1f3k ks * dy+lr/dj*x9vbgak energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemt)v3dhpt-2c 4o3ivnl ,vk 7gq .

  Figure: an Arctic marineayy.xp 1oc *+ oy;py.y food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web il9a:v,th* rv2 ffx2 s5-pymw zn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a ftg.9 k:rbe;ybu(kah6t0ii s8ood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist) 3hqq/zoe ;,iixhw/n in a savannah system with parasites qwi3hx)ihnq ,/ oz;/eon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belowji osc0ybt6 w /;( 1qe1qg/sjv.What is Photosynthesis and Resp 1 es0q1j wtjib6;(s g/o/ycvqiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an t57libdhhwc82og 6 .rinsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f .;f8) ohs rejqh(* e.fmst4qrrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diox1) awq; jvm8 s4kw4pbeide in the air to carbohydratewqm44 jv baksw8 ;1)eps.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fromp 5hk*gkw mqr/atj2*t1mllt:/qg-t i;i z/b: the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. r/kt*2mtgzh/pgijbk1tia lwl-q* t: ;: q5m/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle aog fjj)0z *s4that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area ryl 4lsj0q9z4)nm;pv o +o1kj per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen61bvsp qyg ,vswxs k+co(r k+2,kq0+bts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productdnx-tyv;d(e lwkm,9 a:s5gh-ivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine3 gdws+ m8dce8bksy(1 carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle ln 4-gsot /u+x


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anf;15x elog m+rqy(.w x ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem e l7 p :uirng:v i:h;*nw6up0lin kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha-pb b z/2qtr upkq4 rud09p,)mt is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma/ker/dgohs7+y ux5kh :1o l5 sn-induced effect on the nitrogen cy h:e7/1 ry 5slho+5k usgo/xdkcle.

  Figure: Average per q)l2bj18d fdu*h. jeecapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successg; z:gxnb+j-bd8 wwl8ion progresses from a pioneer 8 bg;b8wgjd -+:lwnx zcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforg fnf-.ojqce 4/)od*fmation.

  Figure: Average per capita 7/r*j3xfhpgag b8u3 j21zasnsnsl3;$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w()( msa2xyjni1qdp ;i as kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissosmiydi(j)q; 2xan 1 (plved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon ssc+t th)52s9mt 0o hrjtorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988- v(rpz3qsct 3(-b9a op2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat)g kzxyw,pe2rl;y,v33l2bkh a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome)e 71qlfx6,tbxp-p7r:pcn fd , Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing os-w bv ,2 b;zpab *:6cdhfmk9jne or more statements from the following. mdc2 f 6jk,b9;v wbsa-h:zp* b
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns a 2jma4x7(5mnd8 mehb u nzl2p/jv)bt( nd other physical variables. List (b)vjnt2m8 aj u 4/enmxpb7(z d 2h5lmthe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a1z;j zkb iw4 v,v7:v+qp2/mcdy ie4pf description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemekc :u z*eiso9jg;44mgnt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, l(ldma2e-p v *Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioma vj ehwl 38o.02(uk+u/6giwm4fze gunss of two herbivores in different biom02wz no43.mgg eeuui8fu j vhwl+k/6( es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prk,5 f ume5ft/t 6voyt1v9ju -kimary succession progresses from a k1eut59 -,o5yvkufmj vtft/6 pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followb, h-g mjf*mi*g7,7uoqrz 9sbzs x*t:ing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiitx, z7* 7,*sgs-zg*9:b qorjb umfh mon.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk7trmnu o3v x7-.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperatuisv y125c dm,ire on the rate of photosynthesi2,syc 5 1dmivis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aike3v3h2**5tf6 v tk w/(4dofhozk ae field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sper8jy .hzelju4 u /q:t126i7jypn)ysqcimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a tot un6yyjj2r7p lsujh/q)z418y. e:qital of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of bxx8 r2t r(1krt4ra/akdh2, ethe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same a,( h1e2radrr84x/ t rt2bx kkfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologici-;h8z-kv qrux r;yf. al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples hw j+f1p7fycymj.l)l6syk5 0 of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partss kpt+*h/vrz( of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplin 0,:1qgqiz qzig techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sq z,i01g qq:izpecimens.