What is the best definition for a sl(7 pc 3 -cs 6qo.h:lrsn9utg3opoa+bpecies?

  igure: Climate graph qja.7m*gmm6aie r2,zms-f ( rof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spvuta,k8(s87axmkpe (( +mp)vmmt67 c zlqvy 0ecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2k0mvpa uz768m p) y+(mqel v(x vmkas7tct8 (,;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popdz*h+z96 fn3pn-j:lkv c pcg,ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma ci2yt3+;snuv lkw 5+bspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like afh)s9fez;-:z3x k - m u(vsbtf small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mon-sm x b-fftf9e;z u3hv:kz)s(ths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofsl207 6eqn jfe organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves blxul (ik h:-62jaw x7bies65occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as shee52halisx eb7x (iu: w6 lkb6j-p, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populathv)g8kl7c q qse+zw+u 31mpk /ion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead planj3* zdg,*2kbglez4 adts and animalsbzj24gk, za*ddle3 *g.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of csx 7exlnv,u/82 o98sa;ks bx toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othe:enmn fo7g(t*r organisms live and interact with each otn t*f(egmo:7n her in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fa+ wmq2-kpc0lrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are knowu bt- (n xx:d/en/yc xi+0bno5n to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependendxb(ueno t 0in+/ x/-5bycx:nt organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foaoq1n by2,u j/od chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrofoy*p/ jy g*;5dgntp 7undings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absord7*/oy f; p5p*tgj nygb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva pqzkryz.a. 82tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py mrlvajs-i+ gh7yu 9u+2r(rw( ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facttws2oq 7,yis u-jnn(i/ k 22uaor 1; Factor 2 anss o j2nqn2 wit(/k-u7a,2uyi d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the r-h rfvvaw+ +/late of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio o,u4 robcvxn:de5g3 +i6u)s sn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe(uec vrkg002 g and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and rg (ku0ev2c 0gcan breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.zzylfv48h y 7 dwk ;pdk9+,1wp8ahj2bge4 zt -

  Figure: A marine food zx ad; 6 *ylcg)6x4natweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insk+oc-f1-jhhqb9ni8w(hpz 1r cw 0 os1 rh2s+ lide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunnh h+zhjw1ols08r-b-1q cf soprk92 w(c1 +i hlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following5cr(.fic3b i dzyrb0 3 chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagraml,9l6 xa lckwa(+yg1 k of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describeszebj:3f d6s 3p organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organspf3jdb 6z3 :eic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiq n/,u lt5 njkc(2q7lld of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predato8 50: mt8hs.momnt4ekyg9 c egr and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethj/ x0z2lei*f- *9tzteejki1 o ane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciad3w-m6al u,5oeqet l+ed ls+2,cn8q ylly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, qd+e6sm5a-n qlly8l32uw te ed, o ,+cshrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follwph lv5 e,yu :u3*0zlqowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv640/uvjo upysgx3xsjvl)) -zersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inscg -t(3x *a3x :hajmq food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statement*bx 8hnbpv4t urqeq3p jh-60wjk.3 e .s is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaj*bhkr 68pwet3 3qqnvueb0h. . x4jp- ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerk93jpf zyz,k f,7xeu (gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in a5ie1cywzyfwug: j/n3.v,z ut *uw m-60uvhl:n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web m 4;f/gl qi+ex


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil e6c hrf3.3cn6jhf ca 4zcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does n33/+zh /pns hi(uhs2 6 ktbtrcot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numberst pz/s)w02e mlu:jut9 that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like tht0lzmjt:) uw u2se9 p/e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cm4-7g6n+j nps 0wyro i+zek1 qorrectly from the options below.What is6- +j+grk1s4wzn o0 mi nqy7ep Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an ia;rro* vmj ;eh83 vo3ev3c3fd nsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostkg zb.o-oh;)x from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that pw1dd, kfi5jra3n e 4*ub8q:pconverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.3* w urk nj :bdq8,pdifaep514

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to oth2thjp)ru ulnlau0/-+ j; yi7der carbon sinks. 7u-uyaj pi;/ nr2 hjl)+utl0d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the ca 8bx4s23j43 jlbpe tnprbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pe2.si8*wwhi 1bxli ga5vsx+y5 r year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trucwbmzfp ,43ax)g.1m ie.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcua9 (h(cto u3bae4m*al lated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of j 0: g4./nnnm0)ewye3v ql udseq8.au the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thro .+cdwh4uxw b9u)ovqxg4+nt m//6wuaugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemejb4 clg;+z. l


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow i+ jq.trgu7egr n 7gxlj/z3v9l c;v4 )yn a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementmp6:/9m d5ufd kyh ds; that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is wycid 5 0slxon dg9+(1not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle(n+g 1 d5os l9d0icywx.

  Figure: Average per caiup74ty(a go o5;dq8y( b)r v o:p bq6ow7m6cppita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPv2*krc 1pd +nw0wkc,a as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. rc*, 10 wc+kwv 2pankd
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example oom5z- n0vj 0.4wkmbkd f transformation.

  Figure: Average per c5nvotm37f+w rals; ia .ifponem) -,+ apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant ipyve fi xf :u55m;p0.rn water. One was kept in light and the other infu;vefpipy x05 5m:.r darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storamg 8;nloosb3;ges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by-e5bzc xwd5 4;wfe m(h region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b7 (hvtt7jqcs6dd:r +f5byt ,q iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro l -b 546dhb*nqndo9jeme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more staw ,j l-.pvdl/n*lylk y;,2cowtements from the following.n,jy wlc ll*-d,o2v kl/pw.y;
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pn ,ois 0binc3(h13sr aatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chan3on,is0r b3scha1i( racterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.k/fv f 6nm7/ fsjj:8fram8*hgygtbm( 5/xz 7w

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity zq .ah *5thys/in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R4jh 5zzo7w;aydiy3 ql;xad0, ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differ mch+ w2ljf a7d:gh 5wyw;r2f-ent biomes c;g+ 2:52ryjm7 l d-fhwafwwh


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as9,jdenc x+yinip jm 4lm/z(; - primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax nym/d ;-lm ij,(9z+x c4jienp community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is /53vecy*u x,lrbp ay -bjg,zs p)r3y2not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. xlyp2 * ) /cv3br urjs,35ygeayp-b,z

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that c0 iwz47(arigman be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on k ywh/ d4lsw 03ygt2(mthe rate of photosynthe 32ww/lg 40kyyt(hds msis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f+p2s3 qed8dw-ybp+ w5 tfxs k.ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to c0zz5f1n8fc alapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and werzc5alffn8 z0 1e marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dat ffi8jg(87 gbo p()kooa, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. bfok )f8go(gj o(pi7 8
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolog*n5n *vke9 vs4bs6kg vj 47gtgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sample kympe d;ozx.4p(nkqrf3f4.okp u (+6s of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts+-) )nyh dr(e mu7jvod of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective zdpz9sm*h fe0 u,..ggfor sampling motile (moving) s0 d z f9g*mhp.zu,gse.pecimens.