What is the best defi 4ydawb6u-5tk0i9enz nition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaco;.1 3mi 3cj4 yo31rsv vfebely


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1sxq l:ff3v) i-n;sxx zpk f2(aclm,a xe5,s83 ;Factor 2;Factor 3vq nxil(f;2mpa:k8 sas ,slx c,fx3xf5e- )3z?

  Figure: Growth curve of a poc. yzy595 kn cgi9rlc7pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosozxj/vhfu50vz,0, vqvma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hamrjz yxvz z1s a 1-5xrv0:6u(qs stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to or:as x uyqz 1(r mz0vvxj6-5z1ne offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popuj ;zlt)4bw0my lation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)jo0( 9 n*k+r bd zv/q i2 v2lav)loq:deiu6aq,Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several cu9klj *6vn diov r0eaq, /2qdibazv (o )2ql+:ountries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growtwu z87aqig*+sij/f w6dqn 4y :z+hp5t h of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pbso-xi r-pk537kc kd o 4ipdej(8v5l)lants and animal8pkeckoji4)5d s d- r7k(-p5voi 3xbls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins iny8 pt3t1 fbx/pqf:rb8 food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otherwv zljkvv:)i+ 8ag(o2/ tn4be organisms live and interact with eavte vzw24 g8o vl:/bn) k(aij+ch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is roon j/ 4.r46sibzt8blost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tree5/ch bvihgb(;6jj 3 jyz(rj34gfw1ous and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing cu/yj3 jbfgj54hgwivrzhcj o 1(3 6b(;onditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iss hsuboo7)/w,q313 srkwh p.b a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivxdw w+n37,qda2b+5z kp1 nwoje enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb t, j523x+wn ow7qkw d+dn1zbp ahe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedd 5lxen.g/ k i0uijk22 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ;yqewrt5bzf gy ; 6r:9of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a 3agcrpdjl p;(2wm./ p species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor .c (2pp/gd rajm;pl w32 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ratxep.d x:f p4zxyc1,:te of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiow1(:/ wi q hbtbh.6ko2oe/q vpn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that re7bqtk ndemnd3/ h)s8411i/;y yk;vyxdluoy 9semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns andn/ / yned)y4xdly8ih1 v u3myks;d;79qb1o tk eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of7iiers*/xq0u / t) n6jawl ,zb energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food s3s9pcf):lzu6 cg :xbweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Core 4jmiwng9 1w.dw c;4aals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon w;g1m.wc4 ejw dani9 4dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin9k:ftoawm: 3 eg chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in f o8o ph2l*ys-the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms6+tj8up*f kj (yk9vdq like earthworms that ingest and then break down y( dk9kvpqut*8j6+jf and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberb ,lk2tcor0*e2k v1 zbs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr+vc qxiu-t8m/ -)bpqoedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlot hccr)r50 igsy: 3fq)-fywx9rodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqwx-zf;v(*3 zmsfe ; sm5qs5i ouatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placom5*5q;z(si;vfs xmf ws- e3 zed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is*:r ub8a:vrzjc(c:m z an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy cox aqo rbnuy0ajz16e y1o6/ewgm33c *5 nversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains i e91aps ;y5ff




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyram, fqqq9 1 -oasb i:0nzfq;(lg5ekz2d nid of b9b5zqf2 q,gn ;zeqqdf ( a1o0nlsi-:kiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyn o-wmet(h6: pd-hde2


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemo8 yqxhol5k ;8 voq-d*.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodlic( pkcll u,*yd;3 flipi4 0( web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem :g mx aww 4*mq:aha*x.njqg+8




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doesshlwkd*+., 0lriuz7 n not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system g. l;jr7l:dmk with parasites onldjr.:l ;7m kg a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirs-y(azm)j3hq c6 8)gcer hfd3 ation correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Resq mefz3y)gc6hd(hj c r3 8s-a)piration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidedoalz2( i-b5x(yd .kq.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energw gwu+qk9+om j 5w6m)ky is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in,ncdiq1v yz- 4 the air to carbohydr, vq-dy1nic4zates.

  There is continuous cyclzbzt hd+umjq 3)qp,5t(w.c w 1ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. h(dw),wj1z + u3qcztbq 5m.tp
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycbynjg4 oee0 7;le that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per 4qkd z.egy m8a52*rej)c+ix,e9hu wj area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatag1pee 22e4il/0jj2g i xj,:u pq9on x are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti6w 0fxj2fjp9ea fit .l8 8dk3qvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon 0wy9oh. *( 9qhaun/ond:u ivmcycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca dnyu5u.5pd nl3b r 8d)g8g:sprbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys scw;;3vc,.ch-7ga cpz1yfkmtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyikh1 rlz0kidv s2-6jmp1b 28d2.c mcdstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thatxbtup0n8; i u. is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not ae9h7xt )g6z0x f: ptya human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.7xz 69yp)fg0axt h et:

  Figure: Average per capitaud 1p8nvl5bx 9wwey:4*hfr: u $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nmh6 eec +,e7ypPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comee7c6 he,ym+pmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trn+ch /uf2ye 0n6fjz;c ansformation.

  Figure: Average per co)ih +ig // in 9:c5ciewwht.capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles (h oavarp-dj1cn3 .dzxi+t t+15ozl 6with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtai5o nz1toa hi rd1ja+.-z(t x+lcd3p6v ned at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & a o 4fxx*euj+kch5ab p0n;/)ml nnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 pnr gymhr+tct55x s.d6+zx 3a/ *6ddposw9m;


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio bnma*z8hwuctdv5w*9io s i w*.,yj ;3me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, . yn(hxpa6zb.4h y qo.Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements q p10aqpqg2 l9from the f1q0g2q l9ppaqollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi 0i,sxw8;d3iqn l- muwcal variables. List the main factors that characterize -sim,w 3qxnui l;d80w the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of thvpydq+3h;t6 yu +dm5hqhsi - . 4xwzo0e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit,9ec 2rna-omg3jiz *b y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph c myia0 xokjn2u9; ++vof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pr (/tif0 /m-ruzd9mpk soductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes idrmz/ ( t9fup/0k-sm


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP h:cvo 2vdji9z25 mp .gtbz95uand NPP as primary succession progresses from a29.umb 5ot5 id vz:cvh z2gpj9 pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is n3 b 6ym g9ods.ij41fszot correct in describing the changes in productivity during prima49j.yf13o ds mbi6sz gry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.migtyf cr7)* ;0s qm67p;yhqzf0 h1dp

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of ph6n/p 4n1 qie 8wpme*kzs7l.vbotosynth nmelk7/qiwp sv14. 86p*nezbesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inu6x g0ag t,)nbs h-8n5eafzk ; a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapz4y awf *q)hi1cszh-.s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were.*q zhy)s- 1zfhwaci4 marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reaz71i qlpg+6w- kv3ohy din 7g1+3h ply-6owzviqkgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologimw0:hm,*.cxd4 encqzy x:h9fcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crm*ycx;oaj; yejgk s9h /wt 8.8eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled aq(52p-rg dlkr9 nm63asho 2rin two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling te40k u/wc;g i,n cakpz af2e)uj9kg3/uchniques is not effective for sampling motile (m3zukkku 4a,p w0 )g nea//ci29fu gjc;oving) specimens.