What is the best definition for7:t jkfyxvge:qe. +f s-e 1nt5zv3s5a a species?

  igure: Climate graphqv/ztbu5p49 r of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ej fx3qs0wv35w7: *sc-lrgw ;km /d iwniche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor *cs gwix; 0j-w/swk:d3lwmq5 e3r fv7 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o,x wui1g3(l- im0pvbr f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of aec nlkrl9l,v* *pugwt +zl9-7 Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tef7wt12 fnea8:;5xx) a pp lwlhat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, th 1)e5f lx 78l:wet2wpa xp;faney are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupov)1ol+zoh s1s of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis l *q183l69iec :upox 6cjem3 z k2vnoomupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A majpqix2lo*6km8 36ec1en3 o:mcv z o9u ture female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popul hcy 4igs4r+j bo,bm 03m49egle0cgm.ation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants eo:d :h-zwfu2 and animalsdf:e w2h:z-uo .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch3aspydc h xou)(h7xn8-5a wz:u36pr bains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andrt w4)ce0rk hg6ss1,p other organisms live and interact withckr60e)w1rg h, stps4 each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fre kw wl x:rq x/*avay;*9x/6)lwd-jvqom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a s ;t6raxvklxe40f0:m :ls usf8w.b1z large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms.a4 s kxt b0f; vmf80.l:16ssrlxu w:ze These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correctm iuq ohr5* vu42oc.-h description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their pqcxp m 2l23f:surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead amc2p3pqf: x l2nd decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syuzs (zjuus ,3o: nn4-ustem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidj9*19svylp w (hwku-d s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact xh6ra31h:j6vht0zvwkso l( e m.df hr8j,a: +or 1; Factor 2:v :hjxk.e+6 aa(1m 3hdwv r flrt 8j,hosh0z6 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temc.l8yq 1l0 svkperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated r(/t.cn sz3hlr)mh: m k(ugt4x ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe anl u tl;.dt*qa3c,n la5d has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother giveslc 3l *tnutaaql.,;d 5 birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of eneri.d+.xz 8h)erc+mofc gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w9oz nyuzxv; 5,-g ge7qeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coral:p y6+pyh8cv rs feed on the carbon compounds produced bpy:hy68 +r pvcy zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemiv7.by -zpi xvg an(/1acal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moe2hri. r 48f,-yftk fbvement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the f3lpea 6:)1(*oxzmd8zy feq( v hq4swoollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic maywp(4q6def*8xaq:slm(1 zehzo o) 3vterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuw. v38nrn,rl gmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatoe6u. xpny cqt 55a0bz0r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that afiq x 0pb11qq7re true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic meb,/4r(mdj vicsocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following stat (/cdijm bv4r,ements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra7v91gbswv87 1gdb2kf4 m n alkxrxi3/nsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convergn- a4z2vibp xcmv*/10d: l aysion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins,sg m q*exm7wd1933b yfs ff0n in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fa1ui2un(2d imsh+u h.pyw ))(pb: 6+ghqaohoglse when discussing a pyramid of biomasowu2.uoh gg h:s+yhi( q n(2)a6 uibd+)hppm1s.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneran2*k( iz,um hgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivityggm - ;5m8wlfv in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari9(pvkmkk45 l vwxlb, j f+c )l0x-wdp+ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystexza8v6k8 /mjd 7fy )fsm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wr1 6+xsli2l n+uxf6jveb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could 5j5wyep.7teq exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionst557pw .q jyee

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration k(sunhq zzo:fw weq 5)k6*(t9c zo-e)correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?oek c(qq)zt( 6w efkh ns* uzo-):z5w9

  Identify the statements that describe the use pdw. *nd; )gyp0mmdlk(fw63 bof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is-0n6w9/krq :g;btrg qbv e5u q lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procesgna/ rr(49z8+ exxhwjs that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrazr/n gr w+x4x89jh ea(tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from d3wf)kq,vz 2g the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.2dqzg k wv3,f)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycl 6iums pds0 s,e5a(4lle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / peczny- z86ffl9 fy q-:ar area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arvk6x52z4qpg xe true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cb/oq:7v9ncjra b 96pqbvq/*v23h a rqan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl /;lz:swdf6f1i7wx ube



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car rhu6gjh3np wtr d,7:oad, /q0bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in :1amb 0u secgwyhbpyo,4 5 4.fan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem id :gjq1phyz n: e2krm z*5(3gfn kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true se7:e8d6l ucto )eu;x of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc)copk 5 )vyb+ghg r51ced effect on the nitrogen cycle.hpkbgg1) y)c 55 c+ovr

  Figure: Average per capis.*2nmaxvy 9 jta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitdw f f)q)dx1 c+ e0effby58s6(kosxc) y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pi6)dy8qese f5)k c1f xdowf)0x (sfcb+oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trans fxzizw4x1 bd2 3t9l/jformation.

  Figure: Average per caepl,zka5 2alm +yj:d,pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried o a+81e6un9aje) wgnpeut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginnieag 8pn6n u9w a+ej1e)ng of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagv*36pox + sad0u uue3jw , j7t-muhje-es & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriescdk)55ed 2ak;o2 kicn by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fs1e2b0l n (8wa qu 7pkb;s7+( fvqkevn ()yhjdor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph 0 :mu9qbud:h/uo fi 7 yu n8wio4ln89dof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of mfg 8 pvu1vg:2"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followinp2mf1vg : 8uvgg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physiv5 2w xze 9*n5skd hbc1rduy//cal variables. List the main hw nzd2v rk/ 1xu5 */b5ed9cysfactors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptits zf,+1obl)0cq-tnv32 a vdton of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to uzi q44 yvxv9z/v b l9-8)wfzrdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom havs5pnbhu6,zy7sifw 2w ;* .e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffe:k/*elexn+bp9v kc, orent biomes ,b+/*klxe: knvop 9c e


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses ho +ied2 n*2uxld7 la+1dsio;from a pioneer community to a cli2de+do;d7u saol+h xnl*1ii 2max community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementslv:kqo-nf pebg: yr. **i h;kjp)inmho/g-4- is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durinq;lp ohg -bp.fjn4)vnroi-h*/ m yi* k-keg::g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that c 6ka,,sfen me7an be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to ink9 d-)(cl-wn. dmlls evestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthe 9 .ld(m-cl)ndklws-esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inr9 4vgha:-tg) phqt2 e a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capt**ebpb2ow y9 rure specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects w wryboep*2 b9*ere caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to taktg,1pg;4z la je multiple readings of the,l;ap zjg14g t same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i( ga7gtjxvc ;.u ru(9bn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fo 0; m 0 kvtwgfod ldzict74*6roie+r(8rpw)v -r two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in t:fw;w;-xtvggu w8gr(ua5 9mh)kmzr. wo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effec2j9n lco9o cl,tive for sampling motile (moving) spocj col29, ln9ecimens.