What is the best definition for a sp2pj bs 2k*sqrbh4 b7aa3l ;ip*ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ,bjk08 a qle3 h;64;eogarkjht w*i9pytt 82e


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a4;gwxp.lj 8eq species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3 4wq;. g8pjlex?

  Figure: Growth curve of a s89q,w3 p/fh j:j-s xlqd gv3qpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a 4t01tbfnm y2gSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that*;jt,vxc hap.d98 ;yg c-8wgldplty 4 resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, tgxc;d-8 .payy tp,9 8*;vjd4gllw hc they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popujg4djph+pc . f ;1y:aolation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North zz3i *oy/lv4l America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximv*z4 o3/lziylately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the pvfks * b9ctcv, ;jee 2(k7+1.ao zogcgrowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remain rd34u4x;vt-wr- gc ros of dead plants and animalvtw 4- rru4c-;3xgro ds.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o7hwp o4- 3mgrkf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and okoj ,)pw b;eiji15kd:rh ,m0wther organisms live and interact withji)kw , h p;eoid,:kw 1rb05mj each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is ,m 98,kimtexplkh*/t lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees q;.s6tqy (u( zah6dd eand a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environh( ;tau6e(q qsdzd.6yment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description+q )x x)rmz 2hijca/i5 of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing di:/2fsali.bj8n*kk1qf0i he5 s 4mdui gestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi iu4*jibindk: lf50sh1./ms qke8af2then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy q om.;q wo uoa*x2u9p,7gholmy*)r7dstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used geyh*ca *2 bz4b rr:g,for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factct5g72 wq- r9xjcfr3*u go.bwor 2 ax3-wq cuoc 7tr b5g w.rj92*fgnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenlz:hs ;87z ukht temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric5 cdymksk:- 0te cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir *-ohq0n af3fdaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six m0f dna*f3hqo-onths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptiovq/ 1w4by gv1 ip;2e;0k ajf9azs1vrxn of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w79y ojjb4/p;za ozw36pwi q+eeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon a08iz(, xi e9gy,uo r tl(vr.qcompounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidexv, yi.zg0 i8(qt rouerl9 ,a(, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin6u -ym64 rw-qs5ufnih*er kv. g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the me.6nj m 78qggmovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes -hfpbol(qf8uc/e68r *v- bxx organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dig c8l* 8-x 6-(qhfbforbe/pu vxest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramf+b05x mz9i s- tl tg9iz*mgw5id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of , iqe qb;uj5e( epe-f hl5y9fu+t2f 9ma predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true as nc/b98d uporbya;xf;v(uag+ ol.kl;x . , v8bout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avai(z 31ckcxs wo2lable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corczxso13w 2k( cals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of ths+( eh:my,r f*zb7 fbde following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enec2hv4 g.qrv* frgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainjuqe /6s2t)uzd pjoz :;kg**rs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statem( /e71qa qxb5w ge1uzzents is false when discussing a pyramid ofuz ge/ab q(wz1q5x7 1e biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy 1edl/3sdip)ebl.sl89 djqra p2t1, m


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyt . +k)x tnx;/rd* g,yw1r;mii0eq ecgstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food x)knatm2) ryso ffirb:q-10w2b .g0x web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil evcqa* n9y j o8pi8v5:xcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemenmd*ys acq1 1l(t that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thatud pxc* f,ynjj4./e+k could exist in a savannah system with parascxd*/,f.+y peu j k4jnites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthe bzpjo.,tkc/ w1qo5q :sis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosy.owq:c k/,15 qptjzb onthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use 0y7 rzoddl eq-h *z(d3of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy xtr 0d wtq kzx3hb zv,x ,7752u,nh-czis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to vam.y+q5 z s8nysbg.(carbohydrateagv .s(8zqby5s myn+.s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospho0dzrrc b cny5+fq,3 +ere to other carbon sinks. n+d,zbf rr+y co3qc50
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thwd pg0rr2c c,o: som66at requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per zu22b xyiskmj8y :c;;area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.tnbm)vdwtn 5ighr(:n3e0 b 3*
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivityti r7+ihmd rhi71x/z ( (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon ( n;j*t ltn 8b3y,z.efqw3ia tcycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througv4qnhubbcph 67v:fkl * t9 9,bh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an 5hi)z(zrah 4bhn7 .diecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemckj n30 u.hmbqpzx;2 n/1flpx z2*5cb in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement7 e+crt.d8zck bo 1m492o)mp,yc kooe by 1l(r that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thqk pa/v5xznsfrsi1 v44 mo52yrn+*x4e nitrogen cyz 4 vxy xsa4frsk 5innr*q/1vm o52+p4cle.

  Figure: Average per capitay- n vh5)wn 1lwpk;mv- $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP1xb (t/*lhkux1elbng3: l -ya and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax bg-ukl a3x:1ltx(ye1n b/ *hl community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following i* 6me.xvis a6ks an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita ;kkib5. xxwers8-db * $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriedpf kl) ql kxe4;l2)z.a out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of t e) 2lklf4.;pazlqk)xhe experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowsnjch1n ,.quo5 in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1984vrky xt ,34sn8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data zqiod79mg z8ysj wfg+ow --,*wi yh.2for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph off/5xhv6 nuuvjaf33bq m3f4t; Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one odf 1wk(c hz:q8e9em- vr more statements from the following9hf (:emqw1dz-c8kev.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic .*h y*xiw.ujrpatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize thi*rh *x.wjyu. e terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description/ bn (a9fhfo dyf*qj;tf )8(mu of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct sttjylcy(cf1td yx;a+2 ./ 5cz batement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itv2 6flzug7ij 5 qx(fvgta+4 a/aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomas*zs . rv7b,el3 dohhe7s of two herbivores in different biomesz.,7ehvhsl3rbo * de7


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses :wu2 b*nw1x wyfrom a pioneer community to a clu2* wwyb1n w:ximax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describingarmeks61w4mma1q 1thn99, bq the changes in produ6mkbtn11 9r9mwqm4 ,aq ah1sectivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuredr nt 7/aks(s:q using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn+w8q vgt8 g1uzthewvgu 8zq+g81t sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieoc6zb lko 4k6;0o.cu ald



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captur.xht: 5yhz2r je specimens of beetle A. y2hxhz r5:t .jOn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilitati/r as4,.w5ebu6sopnn,vxn0-i: 7 v n7vjy y of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the4neb,i/7pv ssv:j nxa56onn yi.-r7 v,a tw0u same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplj;6,o2i9qvr; ayjeif9g 8 jnving


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples r7 .m eyv7v0x )sg9js;a6niu3vk:wgw of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wfzf b6)7yxyf) jdcj/5illow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective2 w6s-1 aa szmosklie**pyc/* for sampling mo e*a/*16c ksi-lyms*s2aopw z tile (moving) specimens.