What is the best definition fooa kom2)hb*3+h) nyzv3sk c2kr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,y5sn50l5w kphleq9j1 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What 6(8pz;mnz n qpis Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fq;mp z(8nzp6 nactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of dh fz 1 9ia3kwdylqj 4ch2/u(x96+p yba population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species *txvdu6 j2gb4, m+chv



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thet8oq1da6y/2z y nz wo/ zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trea/dz wzy/2 oo1n68qtyes they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is ,w kro 4s c,,ew)6hscna population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur ouyq,eh 2ax-od1u .gy 18atb0naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated t0hyeudo y-2 x au,1abqo8.g1northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thato1. 5nl:m qume best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites andl*4 c9khibk w7 snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalcb ik 9l4*wk7hs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of19 clr gml)xl 86 dx1xme1yjo1 toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livexip*a *gf +a1 16 j.tewgy(vfe and interact with each other in the cold waters of the we1 * v.xef1y *aijtf6+apg(gArctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en fr-mf4trr57kr ww50 dergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prod ay9pz -3rsq0euctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence ayr-3psze 0q9 of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food ch7f :+4 t9kqda iomp1 *rpfdrllaf/ edh(4)i 3uain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dq,rr3guy4 g 1,bbxg*figestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as de3,*,bbg14 rfugqr gxy ad and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti.zghw +ggw axta5.5rl6p2yg 3vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidsiao,x f7*(k yf)* yi bux6 jtca;vb+5t of energy.

  List three factors that could des56en :n /sqsb:7pxmt gcribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an6 :e:spmnnq/5tx7 g sbd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different te-* 71bmu l axg8mcdzii0)4pa rmperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatid79j2-lsjtko on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t4oagj5t 3nxz94f7imrj j 3pt 5he zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspri9zrt 7mf45t3j3x5gpa oi4jjn ng which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tevvp e)9+/fs zc5u8gsg rrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web*2w f(g ssa/uu



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cora7gehgs) ; op .c51lphtl. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthella7 ; shglopg5c )1e.thpe from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin4 svw.x-ifc jw9 du e2fx;,5lzg chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon+4oqq vll f+ia :t*.aq in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describ iiunve 2u+:ry/lad i 4,iap*7es organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organipua*47i +v ia:2el d/ uiinr,yc materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyl ehav104/p:ggly0)qm pdo k *ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dno 7zjw.1oo5s ensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenymzbzzdjs-s)wa39v f;r+ v-jsp79vg 7 /5stujltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fil3pobd( y lngzq68.e -lled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student plac ( -8g z6end.qlyplb3oed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatioe )r d y9v *denebsu1swl/;5w-n.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysg7/edf9 p-n xe)u/b0xio1kr 5j zvu9 dtem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins /9dsw iy s6rl8in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss4qk7iamv.3l)qj p1n zing a pyramid of biomass l41 q7aq.3zj vnmkpi).

  Figure: A pyramid of6n0zm+vm6oy +3ko(c se7xs kl energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct uni po 11 ox 5x)4l*iswxo fr;5je5g;ctuxts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foorrn vmvcdbv)+w),/ p2d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem 2.aaj t,eudh:




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thatdp+r4px +x.k2fflay - does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of ;* : r(lwqs-l axa:hbjnumbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the bhw l*r:a;a:xl-jq s( lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respi8kore4+db0e0 gfcf e ny/8t vvd4j 7k2ration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntheg/t0e vrknv d8kd o 02efb78f ecj44y+sis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insec+6v:b czm3b7xns 0o ndr;svm 5ticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lospr zjs5 ,5z-vua ,kx z;d7nm;qt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts +hyhksw t,ex g8;ko ,7carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.kxsk8 ht+;y,,og h7we

  There is continuous cycling of carboicn*m7c;6 mbn2jm ob x *p3yq7n from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. n mi72cmnxpb7 jyb *q3c; o*m6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requial ,1jux qt*,3fga. veres the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year jv*.+5bqi unjm0p/lp6jo (nt


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that z ou(425dh +tv;lwmzw (bk0 mqdw0jn7are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculj( p2zl jgxi5)ated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine bi rcr:sun-v2h fuy36 ;6xbo +carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tsu6z n 4b+mk3xo uk38qhe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemf5yg:2x lg *1guznv lel ab)a5u1c3*h


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest9 hp co(zm )aqe8(kra1rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is nod*ja,)m-kvb qk4pg-zv 5 q7q it true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma(a h.k8byi 2adw 3wlb,n-induced effect on the nitrogen cya3b,alh w dy.i(k28 wbcle.

  Figure: Average per capitaq3ucg ,mi0 6d k0 apy730lfubk $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pbo ; k/ .mfhp4+tgol(b3 k7bikrogresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.pftb 4h+ /bg m73kkilok; (b.o
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of traixj2am y- ib8:gw n*x(b3;kpq nsformation.

  Figure: Average per xx9p5lfqpv 7* -vj7ez )mhk,dcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out q:mbn ,k9y)r qusing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the expb9 r,qnq:my) keriment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowldaab4 3 2ng,eh )fujbd ,p)c,s in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202vlti9gi3l /ej64)w uj -a(+kxx ieyh 30


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomt8zl 1pad g5k5e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rompv- : 43pvz+sq8s eexwk:o yb+e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more ;,fmv.:i1rcr qsnybq r8j+-estatements from the followercqj 1ny :8+; sf.ir -rbq,vming.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicalgzr sax ivm 31r//xs+/ variables. List the main factors that charaa1x+r grvs x/zm/3s/icterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dwqhfs1 38)qd 5r 0dbqzescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statem 0tzx3msyz7,lent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofi :1 aee, m sh7.u-kke3yu*exr Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffe59afyr ;dq-ghrent biomes 5fah ;d-gq9ry


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP an+)-0thgcauz dd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioz0 -guha)dtc+ neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followi)nz4otki7 p*i ng statements is not correct in describing the changes iik*zoi ntp 4)7n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that g9xvtw2. y-eccan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate z1e0r0d: wkbd/)e g f5uaiqh. the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntheu 0d5d: 0.bg q)a1rezhekfwi /sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ah/nsl5q-u z7o field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inp9d g78veb1wr sect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. g8b 7e p1d9vrwThe next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, e,s8yeb ( +zxhs/e pmwsx /f-7it is important to take multiple readings of the8(hpxf ,/b e7y-m eexw+ssz/s same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment useg5 i;w*sa/mem5- 8yxdm ks1t 43bcuf b qv.k8fd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wic:q8g6afz cr5 hw o3.zllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par9( yw (ikr;uvfts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techff8+ ihr .wm2eniques is not effective for sampling motile imewfh +28. rf(moving) specimens.