What is the best definitif416-)hz,17e aj5 zw s wi zistuniiz.on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy bvcj vu6.f69yt 5gig4


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faksyfua/s o+phk4 ;3pr8*opb; ctor 1 ;Factor 2;Fao4+ 3k/hok ;raup*f bpp;ssy 8ctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio( 8vq tpdi0e -v(ehxpxm-h51in


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spetbc4) ju )3ynbcies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hzt r-d)io3eoq .qc)8cas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When t)c8z 3oidqtec- o.q)rhey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popu 9xgbvmx( g75hlation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oxw pahrbe38xh n7c(gh2 59wolv o9,,esr-w e(ccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly 5a-ghr7h8ew,vhxobsxeo2r,l9 9ew ( ( 3cnpw.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph ta+ ;f iecrwjgg, )o(d1hat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snairw9845igzjcn)o :q t(t o9z rils feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. i t)54jrr( w9i9o:o8zgcnqtz
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains fm1(b 4n4 cal/mme;x y


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar 2+ml7(s 8tv rpmiq(pibear and other organisms live and interaiv2(+pmis(q8l tp m r7ct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy iswz t4djq -iuevx4x/1 hp+c+ n9 lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wit mi*+5p1nfwv ph high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabi51 +ipnv *fmwpt.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript)b. m xucw, o2 +cdyzaoj3q,nx/x.gd(ion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients byr;x )akor/6ai9 ;qn2, s nizfx 6skkyqy2 z/n6 releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leavesq2f)q a6/ 9;xn ;ok nkisy2r,6zaiyxkrsn/z 6, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 0yh(p)v k- 3lpbtjqf6 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerd 2ne,hqm19 zkgy.

  List three factors t+qiy2sy pbsvoee9xj:pxs-g)3 3oc+.hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto+ecv2iysoy3-e3 gsbxj + s9p).xopq:r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differe d.hth4sdxxz wsxi)3f4e 7t6bzh)3q*nt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst sk1gaq h 48cwbk11fqzf:9s1hem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res ( 75jskzesa7demble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leavejd 5(seks 7az7s and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptio8t8 6r2 z:9hsvlp+sa3cp kmg bn of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food g,bl4 (m/wvfiba0o o(s:n y+a web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live ini 5) m7rrput0ih3:ioe vhd8;yside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. t7r homv; ruie5y3h0:8dpi i)
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re5-v vlr6i , vpg: o m-5d/c8mvwrgy8xzaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oce-psd*(ot9v3(f,kyh6qrh8j swtr/2g 7q dyv d an


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thatmex6. :fys5+vhwv 8fc ingest and then breakvv:5ymfc w +f6e8s.hx down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr2pua )q4bxgvn*9b;4r ewk8 xs2bd4pqtox;y 8amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i.f ucvl7rm3:ot qthx 069o 9ks -qt*lsts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichl.line v6 b gtd,jh ((*knj-7isoroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avainp6v*u;wk pgt:(cmha h,t 3. wlable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some ( thwvn6k *c;.,ap3: gw hpumtcorals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exam:qr o, 4/-.kgep3ph acwve4xyple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system st6n8pa; ane.g *kta4


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food 5.wqkp24hpr rgzv -f-chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussi ,cht64lrbyp 32p x.fo d1x:bhr43uktng a pyramid of biomas.3r: xtlt3ph 4b u6y2x 14 dokc,fhrpbs.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerpz1p e2fvoloy58y; u+fxr8 :kgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unikfxno)s qzc e -);3+gets for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar2 cwvr gukxmv,/qf76ka,m u 4,ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysh24bn3;ww8haf niv1 z tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.jyszx;ofi p2 i: l19llfi6rvv 9/ bc47

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ex4w f+6eg55 vu9/1dawgnl a mdxist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lions /1duvl5 9adwa5nfexw+4gm6 g

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options p6pbl / l:oe. 248*5-+wl apgikdwkgq4tefeh below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationdpp pe:.4w6 4lo/bghf* -i keqklg28+el 5taw?

  Identify the statements that describe thez k r82k) dl*h+:+gvn -7 ergtda9afog use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyq ;y wcwc .,djli-9ztgo7,5kp is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carboh;65vdfzk bhw .ydrat .kzwv65f;bhd es.

  There is continuous cycling q60r,lx)8,* ot2ff9byqbuekp,ymw s of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8be,, f*ult0y9swp b xrk6fo )ym,2qq
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carpseovi*7u 9o2n ql b+-bon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in n-f af9ssf 9y3;w w*a:jay z9ian ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru) td( 3-daxlmje.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculat5r2p)cn lqlro6 * 6ddded.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbp(uw5 3m2r/j u:trect ou7 )wlon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thr:8cdmz )b yuc;+b -mr9e .+jxxlnu+qjough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy9 7 e0 sxlkvi4ab;kao hk0o2;jstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in 0fv4wyy )jbz. cio028t )dt;t e :(7wyjzvregkJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingy.+mou9x r3i j bacteria.

  Identify which of the follo8j4 zkb:i)f tq8c adk562ddqt(7od t gwing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc4gkb: t(o8a )dcq7dft qj2t dzd5 i86kle.

  Figure: Average per caugmp t3ue i;b7al0)t .*jad* ppita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryv7krp(w6h7k s: ak-.8m ss f; nddc2jo succession progresses from a pioneer community jr:6kn. 7fasc vsm kkd ;2(w87dhsop-to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examte0kw c-ff6u ,7b8 ;uve*ysvd ple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capihgzw;;s x6k-q ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles w nfn-kcej 1n7;ith an Elodea plant in water. One w;7-jf nnke cn1as kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carb3e/ wun8hxk*q2kmpf of :f56w on storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish1 mtl*;ifz/q deries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome 9bg okg ksyh/r8o a8g,.oh07k

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphkdot(q-xxlu ,d)ct p zl69.2 1fn de:g of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from o-/a ws0lrqk y*z(2db the followinow*s2y0 -kal d/rq(bzg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clj;o7 wr2u:ahd3 +xnx himatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize th7;h3:o2jurh xawnx+d e terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the 8d2zpzf ;pu z;n 8ny0ofwf+dll e)3dp/ w:a,e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in a0u0mq)e ,zc uxn ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy r kpfi5;u-k6 c4vxib4rlm4. i


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biufoqcv2+ 10 gpomass of two herbivores in different biomes upq2+1cv ogf0


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP /kbp b*iizk.-x(r* omand NPP as primary succession progresses from a bo.kbii-x*rm* k(p /z pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not coyz4mk3vp1ts+g m k-a 3gm.sg/ (or vy0rrect in describing the changes in productivity durin a03 .tpm-g3my4 /gz msovk1rys+vkg(g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured7w xj7v-k:ekgxzhj ,2 using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ofzvd:/k8cs,o r photosynthedr :szc/vk 8,osis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field l;tfs4lx6 ;jzaff72p



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. s+opst 0 m1ii1*rl h:;nza g5iOn the first day, 1656 inse1ni+ot sil a :pzr0*hm 1g;i5scts were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is .qa2l heh/t0kh *6ygzhti98 qimportant to take multiple readings of the same facteq9 l6 qh/tg82 t khzyah0i*h.or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplix00v -,yjx qjb.m *bveng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cre vho+6jq /cb8iqub3o ;ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowo1h7cs3 7dr9 ve-qqe wy 5u8xb Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is 64iz hku eizfzab5q)*zx d/2, not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp4ziz6,/k2xh u d*zie5z a)qfb ecimens.