What is the best definixj l; r2l.64d/urwj3vjqc 3 brtion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itazezdyn.eng*ccgew t(* :m tjd 3e (3y-8lb1y/ ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche*v e88 6 iiqz7yu02hso6amloe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fu*8z0v 6ei276h8sieq ylm ooa actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population vndx n8 w6f7e5


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schba29 fnn qjo,t b+c::zistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizexomot:*frtirtx48w 6g-g phwi;w (- 2d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only w6rw 4x: of-ho(tp8itgt*g r -imw;x2 with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is aoa0t(-z:6t i sxs bp,u population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in wg2 re-,k.gu+1 c jkshNorth America agw.1ug2r+j cks-e,kh nd Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tlt 87ny )-otvoime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dedvc6pvkf0* ; *m3 qvijad plants and animalm0*idvv*;3 v qfkj p6cs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch fyv-7yna3 0hsb+i)u iains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms7 8sv. 0hyrvvu ed5vf9 x7eetfjwid+8:mq f2- live and inyvdvm2:je vtuf57 fs9+vi8e.wd0r 7xh q8 fe-teract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from oh t- fu+p(ye,h,xnyc6w6a7 kvn :b6juqln ./ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomaxj 66sww rab ,*rm t pdd;))ug24qtq*nss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also s qmwd6pdw;autnqr bt2**rg6 x)4j) , interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cho ;u3*o.si ki1nbt4:f ohk/td ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digo( 1too1db imkljjc,h)0l: u4 estive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as deak41obmt1) 0i:,odj llc(jho u d and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated l3 e.pc4mro +vmj2e vv z:kp9.rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraqd9rr-og.;t lvkqbb:,hca)c m398 ;h 3usowimids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factod7zkky1b+im 1,p9yb q/) uztor 1; Factor 2 and Fmt + i1z 7/dyz1ko,)ub9yb kpqactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different ted6u i32m hak;pzi4yi 8qjce2 (mperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cp7zxw5l l 03 lvmh;8+psgksl 4ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like y ntl3(mpyn08 a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depp(8 0y3 nmtynlendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionh*:i5 jrs4ez4oi0 5zafzy u: q5irx2u of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food1i41vsi y4 cbupl fx5(vua(sf9u:ux0 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inshs2y*i:u hj6side coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, ans y6*hjs iuh2:d sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chf 6. gw e*g)h.rscchm9emical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceahex*3 xvet nhuwa3z*.g v56)gn


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descbf-wj/fa8q13ydd8d zeo g b z 8pa16)cribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break doj d86cdepazb1 88q/dz goyb-af 1)3wf wn and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami 1c00fsaq8;xoi gdz27s)*z7e sih 9js gws j6kd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities o0gk 1fa215vpjn u ,wtxql15qf f a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)rbp gmq. bk9ln,)jeyt8o) 7-k:
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocnc vc4qxrs+rr5- oj4w,(x c8kosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near5vk8 ,o xwc+xjc(rr nq4c4-r s a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an vc) i,):4laajjan 1:qsf ghh *example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiu+w8ngw t7m ;4q q,zdcon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch/jsmldt r3j 5960hdk7nawgc)j+/hwcains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whenfnmp8h97 vqg8bpzlz9x, m2 *d discussing a pyramid of biomas9mf*l2qx8zvd9pg7pz n h bm,8 s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyw**a)h w d*40df tu4ozl-naz v


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pro4mlq jr m7(.wkductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web lr62 p6 4zlm2bxhfbu.


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a(x7aud3ozej + wv3iim -;) dtk /-csdk soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thatke0f/p(3pstuq 7a0e n does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in kzf7*3abv ;2h h8w2m+gz/rq/ wxfjo e a savannah system with parasites on a co 2om/ 8hexzbkw/ az7j2h3*qvgfr;wf+nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correc:1:q mvc psq8+3utuo ftly from the options below.What pf:uq:v+u 8q3s 1m octis Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of gloaz(kaj+3 pln;8 m;k:1 f meDDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromn*f7zb kxczu+. xqy-q5 6 oq3(1bfz lq ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that c(pidb:/ qp1fr *q( rz h qircytg*c;-7onverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrcdq:*rg;*( ip ( r7zpcy f-ri bqh/t1qates.

  There is continuous cyb b g26vri,h7jqeq q98s -do9ocling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. rbsv2h8 ,iqd799qbq6 o-joeg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiresuc zm 7f80bvw6 the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /ecdrd /eq60;e per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a7nc 01lkr o-tare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) ca ,jyqux9gx( w9)f kwq*n be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine caro g,und,jl;;j ofs. l6bon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughru jc0f0en x /mm:81n7hg 5jwt the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem 2h cd hd(h2f5+agsls./awn,xzyw/:p


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrefs+sv8 k:h s f27:xnpa4ye2; s.oyqm ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no 2;uokryxr,iqm5 ;wl tl7z+5it true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrei8z5dnuz 8jc++t8oba3 u2nf ogen cycl8i8o +ta+ und3 uj5f nzeb82zce.

  Figure: Average per aoel1u4 *ww(:k4faw()m 4 gfsvr js8ncapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima4 y,fih r/yp*ory succession progresses from a pioneer communitp 4/yr ,*yhoify to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ep da4)k 4xtft5)8v4mt4j0b hvhy :bwe 4wa .boxample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capkr3ad l - wjx:,+rqvz7ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ou,b e slc3earo638jbmwq27z5 yt using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment7lmwjo3ec2 bas68b 3 eryzq5, and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual floxz9tfa,x n1-rwfemi b ( ,pp78co:u :ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byd ufxh kgbp*5lq/84nzt)d1+ r region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datag7q;t,v n(phowowgo -sz +( k2 for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,mf 1af-ziw(p /d; mk5f Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onkv me x/n 33qrir)2n,; el6nyse or more statements from the foern3r/ y vxni,s;6mln3 e2) kqllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. 43yuuu 3c8 wzhar nm0,q6x (bsList the main factors that characterize the terrestrial zsm 3chu3quy6an( 8 x4,wb 0rubiomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfore*lnbl 965glc*0 zft afst biome.

  Identify the correct statement rela:t ):b r1vvt8 yk +d6 dlcwfcie:01gvwted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph /t(0 bh u,-eo/d altfxg 35cnaof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product2tvqd/u b53fb*7az-q c p9yqoivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomeq7t cbq3-db9yupo avq5 2z* f/s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP-x 8izzd9v l/oP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community zlx-zv id98/ oto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not csfrrtx- 8qo3hw 2s1:f orrect in describing the changes in productivity during primary successihwq- sxrt13ffs2:ro 8 on.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sem1u2hf oq(p f4cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthfakhw.h:ni4; f7jss em(k, (hen7 fk mesfh;( hw:j(,ksa4i. hsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f f 2 :gkn *)di2trqbr h4wfp30cj)ayd5ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of m5s u f cv)t2 -hwwcq:i2( yr2xx6*oma6i-gfzinsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this spe2v2:-arw-m y*5whcfxt6(2 ocifzx )su im6gqcies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is imporrd7btc/0g( ,8z.kf 1 edw tvmqtant to take multiple readings of the qrdwtmz kde,b0 f 8gt v./c71(same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicllh as-c.*zn 8.j/omxal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofze. ,ue,m3 xwc Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pag3foj;5z;zmm rts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follot r0h 6g35yyrwwing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)6hgyw0 53 ryrt specimens.