What is the best definitioihc;jyk: oh/h9w1 ef9r*vov 9 n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph oyvhw6 nd4q+ tk. r2e8cf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is)q+.u1;fwru s(2hwup zdwt v qlm88t+l-bla + Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factowu. -tplw+hl(+;vwdz8)2mf 8ur qu a+1lstqbr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population sm wq;+eov -*(qluiojvcvyh1x4jr/2) il +s*


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosogl6e580;gkgq- lv)u( nrfif* g kms/yma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe( zqk2+ e, yprp-.cvme and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democ ekv (,r-+e.2yqz pcmpratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thecv ouv x snw7gjgc:z6.26) 5fw g*ly5g groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wol ui8fql4a ypy(3s 9* uwbmt:v5ves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves fb5 ua8 tv*4sm lwuiyq( :93ypprey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflebp n e-wu-/rel f2w)u9cts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the revd.xujf /pxkebzdud73 4:*q0 mains of dead plants and animalqbxe /30:zduf4kj *dx7p.v dus.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cjx/r 7gbbg+xg;s, q,nhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pjb: d69bb j6jcolar bear and other organisms live and ibj:b db6j c6j9nteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frwpyex d3 p 0:ax68whfqe 0ew;)om ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a laa 5qrg y5inohn*;0d2j rge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms5gad*5ioq ;0y2 rnjn h. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of -69j(pwi, xi/hmrgzi a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrlb kp73 uj kd9su1q/i2oundings. The enzymes break down thingspi u29qsk/7l1 dbku3 j such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatioscw4 krp zj7uf8639ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of72ebng ;nuqzmce 60 0vr 1aa/e energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor ji10log t1f dh3yqhf-tt: 30b1; Factor 2bh0hy g31dqlo:ti t3-0f1jft and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phots7 x+):f+r5da;jccy d.d/q eocfgd i:osynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated uvno,n; ,zwraw3ez31rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a 7dkt6bn 7 86pzc1 s(wyvrt+nbsmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and vwz7n c86 (7b1b6rt y snpkt+dbuds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptx:tqk,k 14an4 r3b dcs i0kiz1ion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web cqaf .-ty9 ypss,s 1s2



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae thad5udx:z,4 2vm-c i cpn. qhuq5t live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunl dqcq imdzu ,5u:.xvphc4n2- 5ight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemipl/opn.y00j+:i( l o4mirhas cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of o/s05a2-lcrvce qoeh9 k pu. 3carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the f.vn(.uauf lbk4kefb y7r l3 6(ollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingestyub7l.. ve r b(4kknau fl3f(6 and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb8z5p thblm*y: ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatorj/w s6j (*jqjr and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutekzophb7yf 10;; :hix Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avail1huhent-:i v*k1gvk,z 0m3isable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The v 1ht:is vhk k z-3gu0mi,*1enstudent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatito9j f8ls5nbba 6saf46jk 70pon.

  Figure: A natural energy 9621 hgeqzggbve leujdhz 68:qf*h93conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chzmei5so h(n j;0r6pnxnn -)l8ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyr: +9z9u noagsuamid of bioman g9sz:o+u a9uss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy bazmsjg3 s 0-9


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiviexc8. 8f)q swlty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fotg::194o 1 riyvgued uod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 9 60j19 9jxwhamld/qb3eygo l soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the stateme(dy3pb ks pfqsjx79u.f5rfo p*/h/+rnt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coulgfud9fp .u/od5) 6l* oeo rw8rd exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consu gw5ouof/r fd6e8pu d)9r l.*omer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly-9, bvi1 ,x4 qp exli7j/gtabw from the options below.What is b-axxl 9qi,b1t7gpw/vj e,i4 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thakh )n5k6cg n( c.vv: :srba/vst describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fygyfk3tl 01i *rom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air:bmioxnt pbnndd* : 5f96(4yc to carbohydraxyp:95fn(n i* b ddm6nco :tb4tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t v ti8djlz983ahe atmosphere to other carbon sinks.3jv l9tdiz88a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in v1x93e)6hdeoggm qy-m 4tj 0zu+pj3lthe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem a1: fh1rscg s)w 7n+nr/ per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tsw mk-botb /*u6*(3btor3hrer:1 zc zhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) co p87ay04t-rv qelg19wkx6 cfan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified75z3tp+fs *oztg -fl hn7a/zg diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throui6*jkr*ey vv; . l 1ga rq9r/jjosqc*.gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in lv2/+pmw i +dban ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst5 ;ve,ydb jr3:sz 11axjno-gaem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifydw1)ymfw f,oy+ 6o,f hing bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen 9kdwivqv vsns (qc-7w9 6 +jm;cycle7n-q mw(+sc99 dvvsji6;wkvq .

  Figure: Average per l aj8d:mty6 p42ych4s capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiveh f .,exu w7a/ke6;) jez qi0-fwbhu8yrsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fro0ez)kwyhfx 8b.afu qj,i e;u/-he7w 6m a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr;)hkh6mnow7s9 -eanc ansformation.

  Figure: Average per u/rdgx8y; 4xd(qp au4capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pl.gg pqgk(ea) ,2u0oebant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values wereaog0). pgq2g,bk(eue obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fllr eoy x.a,(e2+2xikob orny0rd9+ x5ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesrfjrl1c7pl05n l g4d+d n8;) a+rgypi by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datl.ux v y 1x ;ms3(vjiu-:n,bpma for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphjsrpm 2k p(p65*hk:gu of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’bositq z7v80 x,y choosing one or more statements from the folz0 qv8xi7 to,slowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized/24mgsih/,4f vaadox by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main fs/,gfaavio/x4h4m d2actors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesghwfskvwqao63 i+6yws 1 q f+)e:1 /xft biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyj9 i8 mrvl 1unz)6o3lkstem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome4hegyrh+3 me8 :y xu: -gz1oz )+pkgoh, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoresb8nhlx6j4 +v8is p 7sj in different biomex s6jj4bn8sv+pi87lh s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, f.1s,kh* wkzg1hmw 2jGPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to2 k,hjhwg.* 1w kfz1sm a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not :oeza vt, r)oa:3 ynqw +mfc/*correct in describing the changes in productivity du+ t,za wyr)q n:omfa/*:3oevcring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meauw. i9.co/ol)1.ejac8dbt-pdsj: b d sured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effe)y df;,vs ;dwmq; *-bolzln2 vct of temperature on the rate of photosynthyv qzl)2 w,-v;;*bfddmno;s l esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aj p;ep6n(-ph up4m/m s field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bee7ve2yyqq, ey (zzm )5etle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked imz,z5)q2y(v 7y e eqeyndividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the daqw 3.cmu8s5 mwyxq 0v2ta, it is important to take multiple readings of theq5cqm w 3vx8y0w2 ms.u same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samw81wgoiu r1k d5 q;fegl7 yi6*pling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplo/btzl0 th2o l.mq.,xes of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species kqn.z6z*1qoe sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followiawv06:r bz:cyng sampling techniques is not effective for sampling moti ::v0a ryc6zbwle (moving) specimens.