What is the best definition for a * w9i /.i(3;sq imw/.f dvrqzyyh6s hwspecies?

  igure: Climate graph (-wojknae * ,+ezx*kzof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a yw *sq q:8apd;species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;F8:aqs ywpq* ;dactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populadg up+yrg10 a44k 7heep f,1eition


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma rs;hsb ae-:9mspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb,jyb7g n (hou)ao6(kkle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk fo(n uj )(hko ygba7,6kor six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of or/sb,vw k8 n: ppb.-sdzganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North7a psxm)5pps; v cjrl7q:*gc7 America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorsa;pcjcm q 57g:77s*pxv) rpl ial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gro 2emko x3o,wt8wth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites andh*qdul9vs s2lb z-.,c ; 7 s9v;ffigvs snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. cl7lb*29svq i. 9h- ;fu ,vsfzv d;ssg
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofi,1em9rutiizb fz o*fr 7oc.+x,j .+k toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, p/kw(st49muoj uwo:yzx ;o)a )olar bear and other organisms live and interw):otzoxu usk (m 9jw4/) ao;yact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froh(0,hp0(xb l fa q:go2 q7kzebkdyv2(m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productuj inozxd,wp+ n+cv; 0odu86,ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependec0,on8oxdp6 nuw,;uj zi+d + vnt organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cor;f v( lvu2n3tmrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ,bd dq0d85axf into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb d ,d8bq0xadf5the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s2o rdj39i3 /f jmqd57 p2dp1m w,ksx(cqfb a2pystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.;f d05d)7ckxdhukg: s

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 37zm+;k v tw+aegko)cFactor 1; Factor 2 o zvmk+g3+;e) wtkac7and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of +agy1u+gns5qn5z2 kophotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati af q+ gd6-(l q is4ksjv0)g.0tic2wvxon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble ty6o syx*q4v) phe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of 6op4qs vyy)*x trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy4h o7 cty4 4;rjckq.mdstem.

  Figure: A marine food web ru/u .n wpwha+5 /wx.e



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon cqcp7u el 3qzp5,fcio ids2yj. 2:2q6s ompounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlqscp2dl2.q yp6 qzf2 5:o,i e7jcu3isight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacm:wx(p8yxhg tqc7q+ f3c9is: , w/i dktion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ofnhkalc qo):n-m:u9;7do: mukt 2pi -o carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eart+y9jy7ur8uv rw2mk 5fhworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organ5 9j28 wyrkyruu+7f mvic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oft: 16jr:q opqn numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitqra;sx9n h8zq2nc+ v y u3oc u:em-,c-ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true a xe p )ao*dik6vm)8 ho:uq/,pbbout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercia 8zr(; sq g3t(fdt)zjslly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lig 3tsg)rs(t8 (qjd;z zfht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa2igqh 95fn o, u b2j,ky;irzw,mple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conu ui: i mk1f ibk8k,p5sr,y5w:version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi+ 7es)l.,)qypuy8umfe pv+r yns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fals vdd+/3i b: spumzsrogg0,4sw-8/tyfe when discussing a pyramid of +wu s0mo:g vi4fy-s pd szg/r,d83bt/ biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy fivv(a- qtx )6g9 f+ e;jxl .) f8h,nsvqscn;s


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representxqq-r,p 30 ojx +plcn2 bc,.y9x ommv.ing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinewcpf*24 p) wqj food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecovagth2 ;4xrl9 5oau i0system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does-.m-9 xnliaxt not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numb i:tdo liqr+,3ers that could exist in a savannah system with parasdiq it :o3+lr,ites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.y2q0kq/o p4 xvWhat is Photosynthesv4o k/pq2 y0xqis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements to54 )rv ;pjmavhat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fren. 2/axbne /wom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that con+ r*jbd7r*u wxverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesr*rj+ u*7xw db.

  There is continuous cyclinguq sj)+qj+ gg5 of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 5g ujgqs)j++q
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carb4bj .l q,a*isdon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perw2ggy6/q ;3j mv frxrs2w+c z. d9;kub year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsybogut*5hix9/x+s 7 n that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSk.:fcze*5wsi hp ed pr6 )qb25P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram olz d1 5/uvm0vge81gx jzq 0ri6f the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thro9ik15 nhg*w)u ipv kf dw1 7x,u fwf7qzw8n4,nugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos g8 q6ivhv+we2i,pl 5dystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrifv,ivxk9:9 rjw)3 fkzal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement *idr8cplk b v/ ,oxvvl-1 d13uthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogej -28tclrv kb:n cycl 8rckltv: b2-je.

  Figure: Average per capity n- y4n4r- e2hrq.o q1shznl2vy3/xo a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse(o9zowb3 c /.bgc(uq. rt q.cas from a pba(ouqzwc c( .9 .c3bgqrt.o/ioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran m0dp+:loo9f9g kp si3sformation.

  Figure: Average per cap +zj( 2xzu*j 5nd5ktszita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea ( i3b .u9*tgwtbx emyc3c*r,qplant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment au9bwem3*brx*g i yctq .c,3t(nd after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages) /yk7zt2ob e p 8bxwj7ozak-- & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries vckc)q p0 -s5sz-w ra.by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a ;.jb):3iua x* bxef kebiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom. fzz7*yn xxbwd+g*2. o*jgdze, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fs d )r8yhj;iaxr;v0g 1rom the fol8r;vs ry)id ax;0gh j1lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterij nzh6x ;g,qn;zed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main fact,n6gh xj;z qn;ors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of6w)1f 6:q1kbvhay n2n uof:zf the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedfwhooe+j0t( j4jbj 2 5 8nzr1g to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ru+ )b 8wjvog-6 s6dn4bhtv0jeome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produu e1j g9*n3n;avq8hyqctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom8 j3y1;9gvhq*euan nq es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progr5.u w9y.egmp 2 o(xvyeesses from a pioneer co9x.5u 2wyme pv. yeg(ommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followic( b+ngky trh2//ai.)x6 rq ljng statements is not correct in describing the changes in producxq t/yjc/k rrgb iln6a+2h).(tivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can 7u6n xgv-sc:t qx18lz be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of+e689ei,rbgselwyd7wb 9a / v temperature on the rate of photosyntyigdw+7r9 bel ,e e/8vs9b6awhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fxu8hcbi0 3 dt.5;yleyield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a+9 jp x:znprh.oif0otw: ;8 lj/)nrbr series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the h:b)o .i prrn9jxf/pr80:l;otnz + jw traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to ta:c, sc.(xzkmlke multiple readings of the s (lzxm ,:skc.came factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use/l ie4e1 ue r;oc8w*nyd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of et5m.k2 toau: Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spes*7mm. nhh1)uajlg + ecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fozl*2qt;tbqn y(..vb fllowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile tytn 2.zv*bf bqq.;l( (moving) specimens.