What is the best definitt3a.qa7y 6aue jm + pbv2b7urnudb;/*ion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itallm; n-m+)iodo3 * dcjpy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that coul5 ugi:/tw/gp9v3emh :3e ljw nd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 5 g:g/:vwm3wj9 n /e ihplu3et2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curvenqzpq0m;s1-g of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schg 3vnt(8dtcjn:t i(j( istosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the .j+gcsrg;y6 mjf5o - p,0germ)3a sjqzebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which contqgc)r gf 0oa;y6p.jmsg,+rej-smj35 inues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of th eu 7 7bgaw;igez8x52mgz-e.ce groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nw( fi0y;d yut/orth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearl0d t/;u(fyywi y.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gr zik2 .y:xhcq2owth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plant /52z(z kbambu8nn5a as and animalu5(b aa2 /mn zz5ak8nbs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food 8-.-yhmvutbm chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otherfxh+ o00uky *+w 4xtvg organisms live and interact with each otherkh xofxy+4+ 0*0v gtwu in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is h8: l pxx-xqp(9p 38 i7 tz,y0eezbhzvlost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with h eu:t6pn-b bzkv:av9 8igh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These specie-b bvtu6k aen8:z:9vps also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaincf:+wi4fbyzlyqp m wk;o:pekd138/ae l63d0 .

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int,c b-d,a/1ixxobf+8oa sa l evmji/ 5+o their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productsaemvf1 ao 5ols+-/ i/+jb,bi a 8xd,cx.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedm0*m/2-fy 7g+ek j c7lnykftg rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrah2 )rdck32mxc wd -n/kwm+u 1kmids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a0/wvc- jh0 cfa species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Faccafwch /00j v-tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffwb (xp)6cdvqt)f5r- m erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate glr2. ko/li ,i,b9lnyd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zv* ptx;xc/ nckng/9u)ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees th9nt /x;) nx/cv kgc*upey can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect dz ,a3q 8i:qpdpescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we/)yf*p;ktpdsjb: zx6 b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed ondk(s,,: z.yg236s tpvev lnrw the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from ca,:dn3tv,v yg s2wrsl6z(kp .erbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingm:n j,zdhcb*v. .;l wn chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementbqq:a )9ltx+2y2 vopymz- 0u s of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwoaeymjs ,/p 5j7rms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic matj7/maj,5p se yerials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ot ue +0l-nzum)f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofv y(en;3y6xot a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorm9 vao9icso0;ufo056fzga-godiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avuobdf7a;/ :wx/kkfh. ailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and graveka f .d/k7ho: ;fuwb/xl. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the q 1c-+7v fdi i7zr.xb*x2nimt following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi dn;qc uey6e3 cv c234mo0,lfion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsivuonw2 c:3:k)v8m ww in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p6z+l o:kf1: 1fq6rnh jpw/lriyramid of biomass. j:1lpn6/il6kwqf :r+ z ofh1r

  Figure: A pyramid of enerdt)j qpq/ 5)d6ntfl3ygy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represe ltzij-h6m+ ye88qkf;nting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foq ol4*/z252smcv 5s xu 2+k lwdptcy0:vm-bdsod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystesgyk0rd(yy45//m/o0l npnaf fjz +8 mm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accur8o. xt c49caubkb;a:k ately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav/aimv1pg4aez4 k8t 9dannah system with parasites on a consumer like te 8v44z1mdkt9giap a/he lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options beq/ plx f4dc. hizgnilvw0h+ x7hj451:low.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?fj1vhwl/0l x4p:c4hdx z7 in.q 5gi+ h

  Identify the statements that descb,*agc cclbv7y6k9xm r(8b2l ribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is los z1c17aaml,agbue 5o 6t from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process ay(vp,c 1 q 2d7(d tlcep-azglc/90wbthat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrateclpg7b(w dte /2zava -d 90c(y,ql1cps.

  There is continuous cycling / p;gq:gzoj)) qmo0hcof carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.0co /q):h ;mzgj)q pog
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyz84p dcsmq42 qwebw+2cle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in ac3 ; aja7lyno,k(:czb*v7 9i+l lvv nxn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenk142nvzvs )wn g /)uamts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconda8h x 26b7.dect)l u7-y uo,gvixx2q ziry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle44nrypuz: p2u bn :q;j



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon1 oj;lp*ou2 zi cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyfepy y+c*hl:az,2kq b40i ;po:me rp5stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJbawi:6 -vpz/j-j 7rh t $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th+l+v-w kyx z++qu 83leoeuq bcn .4jb1at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect 2vz55 ros bka5on the nitrogen cycle52bzr a5vk5 os.

  Figure: Average per a6x /(cv2djc rcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biode /fj,n/0 bcgg y(51lref pht1) 7dgc1ekd4rjiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c tecj 14cb1),g(/fk hr5dp /ejeg7gny1l 0 frdommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is 0,ob3h 0*tdesee5bw oan example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 1j7rt9f .k b37n+8zjtw w:b9clef iye$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. On;vhy8ur2(hh7ngsbg3 y(4sw he was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the begiw2bh4(8uh ;s h 7hg yy(ngv3rsnning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annd) f30ni m4d tp;bk9gcual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regh- -hr i:mrc9yion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for abc ld fcb ps,1e*15i*wm ,ye*i biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapwfyg ;95/fzye cug ;7rh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the bez x.gfp /:f*followinxge: f.p /bz*fg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph tn lvo6lh)iou:3u,e-+sr v)hysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terres+r ,:h v 6)-l)isuh3vonteuo ltrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th.;6s w o+ukn r56tnr4nht1ztj e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rellzd64ap//lugz;bn2f4upp 1 x3r q* oxated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofe:36akz 7xf9- yvln bm Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of h ahd* u1*aavjr;mf ,3two herbivores in different biomeu df rv 1;,*j*3aahahms


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodive0jq icct1.-o9uf:f-tc r cdwykd ;t/+rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a k9uct ro .: 1cfjctdt+-if/-w;y cdq0climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sty +wq tgucrsc3lq762q 9d0w j/atements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during lq6cqw+9 jg2cy3wds0qr7 u/tprimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sen s4vx/ql +oi273y hmc) 4cz;bg-cxnm cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntk (2( x8bffo4chh(m ckhe(kbk4c(hco hx2 f (fm8sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie3tqx d*7q)c9ut./gv g8 f vkdvld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s/ilj*w 7-,;0j ekexfnxu z:db pecimens of beetle A. On the first day, :*-jj/knx;7,iflbwz ex ed0u 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabnn2n 3+il r879br 2pnc)rsdkxility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings os8 r7r9dbxk+2rn 2cp)n3l innf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological a8; rrnp: tuo9sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples c/ g3*vom (jkjwma1 3xof Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two7,(esss0-er;4bmthr d kx4 cx parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follff 5r g0g*le7kowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mok 70e*lgr5gff tile (moving) specimens.