What is the best definitiocfkbv2*10ku2 bb) w zgy,k/o ln for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itay:q8tag : hr/lly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact ha-sqc a8j*w1or 2;Faqjcwash18 -* actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat pqv2,ptbx; 9yion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species a1, cjf*h n.yg



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tt66zev-bz 76eqhw-fa3fv l0bhat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milkevaflh zf- e vq376b6bwz 6t-0 for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popxr0rty--vs1 ptne sxn 5 g)t10ulation.

  Fact file on the grey g9s j kv3fpdvld,2w(:wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands,v k2fs( d:9pdj,gw 3lv a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popula8( ms feqr13/yipnnb *5t s-jltion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and v ir)ng2mh0l bi;b5j .sl cq6;animal qn .c l;)s265ibj blm;rvhig0s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tiyq0agf/:4y bs:)f htgt7 l+hoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed q * 5fir; st)ny7(izyz7uzwz7seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the col 7isfz yi;zuwtz7rq (y 5*)nz7d waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems. 6svpb40k0 kmc/mp1jbcg q 3k6

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a l7xt)3c .3fez9yoe6be jl1fi warge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditio7e3e)3 z f wj.fc1 oi69bxleytns have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.nf* ,t 1f4jzon:sq4gx

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into tnf93pdj:aa49t g 5odx heir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb tgtj a :99 xnofd53dpa4he products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricewu26 n; ucuow7 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids xwuqh(t ez*--48gz faof energy.

  List three factors that cozm7k j) vpk*11 td *m9.zmsgdkuld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3)msp kzd*g 9vkd1 1*z.mt7jkm?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperature6ba4vnch.c4 j69bk gx s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation , *tztiy5hvq1 p+ysex7 2;avc system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir+bgip ka (a/2d yp+nk)affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and bgknab(2 ++kiayppd)/ uds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecmq2cji +i8bl ;t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foorn+(z iw te3:0)im iald web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside corr3cteo b7j)r sk;3y-gx:*c u pal. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthelbgxyksje : o*);-u3t7rcpr c 3lae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rg)5*q vu0sgi d yo7yr;eaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemssb o*) ja.sx 9wn+qyex)ev.i 1sww+* kk 5mo/r diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follo/2fq 5vgjsj3xweq o:d1 1m y5swing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest a/5jmwq ef2:j 11gydxvq so 3s5nd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuub5bc3nxms- * pj1j-t5xsx c /mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prw*d k9hagh wf6(bi1y;ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thdxei05gm b/ x4at are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabn7(odl xirwlw /wc 897le seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source7c9w/ w8dinlx(ol7 rw. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is bu2; ka p((rggan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversionf4o,dcgyusd.v+i-( te w77hu system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxined7li00qo yepfl3riw1o 2(ybwxac6, .hn :b. s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fal(o(xkx)hv v7kcf2e smf3p2 a3se when discussing a pyramid of biomasskef v2pfxc ) (x7 h3mk(32voas.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener7 fpc+ctjc*sqg4 0es2vao0 e2gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosit7 5rb)ps xp*ystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo0vxs9d8ik +ythw1k kqpkf/3 9od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem rmvj r.df5s83




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately des7 y91hpihjh 4acribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah lgt+8,qoz gz b5 oxzu6j0*lh 7;g yvu)system with parasites on a consumer like thlx; )o,*z0 ubgt8y+ 67jz guzgqvol5he lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cou1-ixu.rj:bf)dsa k-rrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respird 1ui:k bs u)-jaxf.-ration?

  Identify the statements that describe ts 3pwe7ed0 xt6he use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lot4fc nd)qla1 ,st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i0a1wved9 px7p n the air to carbohydradw e1p 97xvp0ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon 3y 3aov6setv+from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.es3vv3ya+ t6o
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thvo4ww2x(k;z5bt 3z h1g5:j kai; xnpaat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per- .mfd+xprom 2 area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that areqnc6 n6a rvkss5 x.c,15 zsxjt3fed:. true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaro jzpdy.8pl/(( zmzg 7q4;* q j9fcpmyy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m4g vlq9*)l viyarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbs)i9xwm k;67 vx j0s;q7zobns: z mc;von through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an rtk nki l1vp1n0) bt/;ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemo6b 3 omb3af4u in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th)o nwqbg.afa(k. 7 yl)at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect ony/ewt)jsbs3ir *9j s+ b;;tqm the nitrogen cyclt 9t+3es rwimjssq;b;b */y j)e.

  Figure: Average per capita ra)u /nf93ub ,f ahrlag:m71i $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biod-wsj4dxyk z*r uly*l z;y;7 5liversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer com ux4zyr*klzl5-ly*7 ; wyjd;smunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is anxq 6 ;sc0 t;6bsod.feg example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitacpc.av,tp9 rw*es8dfh q.ibj5-(2h g $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wiy*3:sssomjgp b yi164th an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in das4613m y s:gsip*objyrkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows iqhzkon,+ p6an(rf1:zp:zw46 y qzw *wn GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regio7alsfmtd2fw8,ne- gbe :i +9t xa3ga8n 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom2bex4sbm7 ig5u4j 5lt6yg 7hn9sw (i1+eq pple

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph /c)ujijjpegs4- y /e/t4c1nrof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or wu n.ravmg:3) more statements from the fow)3ngm a:r .uvllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varia s+c8woa1udx/bles. List the main factors that chara1x /su8w +odaccterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip b3:ucf 7gsnu2tion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eclk,a2+6 vv w2n;x i ww(.dwtdtosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R++wwo axdy2e3 ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity tdry4 c+ wc,x(and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes c4( t wcx+d,ry


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog i;2;s+k(mjgaqrsbw* resses frs;i(ag qs w*+krm b2j;om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct/xlx)zrs:u(qv9gr 6 v in describing the changeszu/ (vg : q6s9rl)xrvx in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk0 ewtny*+0quo2fb ka0 .

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectz:j)bt :cn by,wjon :92p3x,ctp 4vre of temperature on the rate of photosynt:2jb,v9x3ycp j bp:z terct :o4wnn, )hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi)p;d5i ssub kg;1gw7 xembp95eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps toxg8rn.z5q5 sb9 f fvt8 capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were cauftvq. 5rng x958zbf s8ght, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipj c): vi bpa;7oi9e(tcorvk 6(ne-9vsle readings of the same facto ov9-cv ) t;jeipnc7k6a vr((io9b: esr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i;htadkid +u u)10bv3 gn2otp4n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two8y (uk d cf05yw4k8l,*1u5phi5nwqki,wxbzg samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crezp22gq4rii *q(rar)r ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not efia h qwx .evs76.j.t8lfective for sampling motile (moving) specim js a.l8tv7whqx i.e6.ens.