What is the best definition fouwvui:+ 5up-w r a species?

  igure: Climate graph x-qbe -2)mekf of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n5wgrtih thug7b4 b .1ou6)fu: iche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?h: )h54w g6obu u7g1t irfu.bt

  Figure: Growth curve of a population i1w8 p2cuqts;j9y: t u


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma weyoo29d4 th5species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ha- 4 vjl6bpif0;5l8p 7d atffwis stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repfwif7a 5l;tdp i4-b 6lj08f pvublic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a 8zn-i,qaqbj-.fu v 5m4xazekq-:d,tpopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nortqxv6zm-y+ chb d:xd 63h America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf populamhqv3xcdz+: dx 6-y6 btion in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best r kj,qy rz -6/xh-x/4ob 3 rihucxf.e+weflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deadz-prc53 mx3b hcbc4/m qxjo9* plants and anima*rmc3jo/ mcc39qb5 4px bz xh-ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains ww0l )h71s6kdkkcru 1


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear an3u53 yvo7kihf(svhq iqcq; ,sot229gd other organisms live andtic f3o;2hv9s (oykqi735hsqv2 qgu, interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy isq gz5k5 phi rqx4o2e88 lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producti8ayqpx c45rth kaw:li76((g tvity, despite inf7aq6 4k5(ry(xwt phl g:8 catiertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript) pu wyjygf536t:wf;xion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing diges bjsi 3 u)if;c+w:flfq,i0 +ottive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.) 3if,fif:i0 btq;juwocls + +
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv /fwjd.cpg0 4-q6wbdjx 7cqc0 p1j7x/9 hqzvpation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyr 11+gwymeorkc+ hrm(m ;w0/wsu)yu3i amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe aozs *qh.rj)j8 species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorroh .jz8q)j *s 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different v e7/t( .tpybitemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationi 9ozblm. jj;/ system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resem ,p 8fo bj4q.c(qjc.huble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat th8 4, .jpqbo. cjh(qcfue leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description ofcy 53dt41w v.jj2m8ld-g bwu:ewf4 qf energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w/7tq j4ya1odseb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. C-6cfm0s lbk38c et c0 -nodx6iorals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanth3-te8l6c0-6mki0f c s xdbnoc ellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi:473n. olat jipy a,agcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceaoivqfob 49 /4qm etl-,:jfbq0 n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eartv/ fmm-xo7d4g, gla(ehworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mater4la mf/g-ed(gv,ox7 mials.

  Figure: Ecological pyry :;dmgf f uc* 3n4bu6gwzi3c)9 1 9r,phuavnramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiticf+lt 4dmj9c, es of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (a.gcio ;diz2p p4 p;z:DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using g7ttlo sj0 /4s9x i7fua commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae49s st7 0iltofjux g7/, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is6z 7,:+3/ a oful0: p)wqiemvxwzhdtu an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ene/ +2ugpd 6hvwsrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains5la,ug 2* 7lfa2muhta,r,a/vwj1 yb j




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discusjc5ps,b 1t2bh my+g4,2 hpq qmsing a pyramid of biomasjcqy+g t1, m h bp5,qmh422spbs.

  Figure: A pyramid of enei r+(08iugzcrl/z3 jqzs5cz;,xsn5 p rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fox,c w936 jktbj18ax hr.mkcu/r representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foov)y n7tbon 9g99c: rvfd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil 0ujh 5ew1q 7zwd7c2y8geb: owecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acm43+vs toyg5pcurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a/fyne,m;z wjo. )1n.g4v arnf savannah system with parasites onnf.a,w /gy4mo1.j; n)v rzfne a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctl/qo) qjow/s sndf2ot0 havs5m-4*mw,y from the options below.What is Photosynthesio *-4osm/0jqns o v)5/dms,2fhtqaww s and Respiration?

  Identify the statements cvrsi f6 93pno :nxa*.that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from e3 1t3ep+g fkmjpr (n,xcosystems.

  State the name of the procesfpne)dk 5n 8,nbm4**q ,gk ,-rnzpi ojs that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy)n, piqo8gj zedn- n*pr,nmf k,b 4*5kdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from th:jjf8ohifi, dw2 e-n0ay.x: qr lj: u;e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8oj-ylx qa ;0nirjj2f:dh:fwu.i e: ,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longestbdc+2 c 4 yy5wjv8rj b6d2omt.nu+x8t time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per a(ley c (z9(npetdw;o *rea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen,: k,ykcpufq d*1 0x a.iduna1ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cay3wwq3ddll3erbju 886gh / x 7n be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagravc(0*sry 111f+q 5 ohvfevyq+xggz r.m of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thr,t4 /njueeh(zn: d(po ough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecose;w.2s wn:e7ot ldv0zystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a cibys fx.*hk39sw 5b ;terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true 60wv*wu/wz *-iinw6 f88 bqaa;lxlp ggaf + 4rof denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyk ipk9u. e;qd5k+ffq5 ckf5 q u;ipdf. keqk9+5le.

  Figure: Average per zck 5c;4cd pf38 nctn/rwwl86kk w /vj yy3n7(capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f,uy a 2yfrco2m:1b o5hrom a pioneer comma1o2 : o,bymcrfy u52hunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examba06pd+q 5kw/u ,chd lple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap0z eg2 2 .o7epw.v y,g0faoy dviwz7;aita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onma1,) fg1n ntqe was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at ta1 )tnmnqf1, ghe beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carboncuk8ctmo1 j* ; storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198 opx.l*nm/6/vk/c ay.by0is d4 ,cotu8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom0e .) cckb(r.,2sp/ocrvv ksche 0,bte

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapgsx1ftoh;i152 /o hkeh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos8e 4xa zf*z*e3t2ovz*m/b,t szale n9ing one or more statements from the foz/3m 2,te 4tb*xso a8*n*efezal9z zvllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physic x4adhdg8 z-1wttk+qej 3at+8al variables. List the main factors that characterize 4a+hqt t1tdxkwd8j3 ae z-8g+the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descript8 /v/ hzl+:zuebn ngf7ion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysm jr (86knrx:xtem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itbgdmhc 1pfuk33e oh3h *z(s :4aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bi :ci wih2b6j(rom6:iijr( hwb 2ces


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse )neur :o3l3ptj6 cf4 kf.bmx3s from a pioneer .)bxjp o33lck:mnf6eut3rf4 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describie /m o51gq;v9.x)zo x zzzz8rkng the changes in productivity during primare m8rvkzozzz1g95xo x.q;) /zy succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor*dlbdmr 4uv .flq +44w that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature okw 8php 45/g r+xi7jicn the rate of photosynthigp 58ij chxk 7+p4w/resis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a9 1crks1o,fhof +kg .p2dhzc8 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. uk(ghu :yt 7)yOn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of w)yk(:huyu7 gthich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the e:a-gd p w1ra6data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same far aa- d:eg6pw1ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in j udt79(nxt)t8(v t(uwdj 7w becological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willofmgth yz svi 0)b3c5l /s1c-2w*/ wtysw Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species s*h7:uvf w2p dwampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not eff4+m+izko oig;.o)+xb my:v gdective for sampling motile (moving) specimy)+bdmm + ox o4i+:iogv.zg;kens.