What is the best definwbf.z0a 6de:vition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ovaud50me9 w1gf*j/eaf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could r/k:g us7srw (describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact: (kgwsrurs/7 or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population y) rq0x4 gtb7mj+b a43vnm h/v


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spebsfv 4td:,1,4vhn g 0iqr nkh)cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th r0iq ad9ir5*fat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest inrfdi90i qar *5 the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thejnh;*r 6kyst- groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wol3le;li d,uv/m ic4znk 8 4mh,sves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population 4mh v3euzln, ;diml ,/i4sc 8kin The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population o-bjaq u:i)xf;d. (hce,f2mi u ver time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants an-nvh25 np pqagx+c3 a,d animal+ 3 v5ahqp- n,cgnp2axs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tofe5 l6 jwaj8x6 3nt83 jdh.ycxxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed 7c )f 9 m todw)tkw+ej(u4)iveseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and iwu+t7 jte kde c)9f)o)vi(4wmnteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enerqmdzj+u1 y0:2fz xds(gy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to hez7 ay6jaty) jh 0r(l,ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many ahtjyz7aerl)j0,( y6interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptioz e,yf4r: sr bh 3mlo1;)*edo+crwrjtz)v)9 tn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relea:rb64r k;tdh kvpoa5 34*t qzhsing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down thib4 :t h6r5*k4zpq3 tkadrh;v ongs such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultvho1x6:ng f5d.:yntuv 9nomsh r/ ug (76ji;jivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyv :d6ds abde yd8uus)15.h6 zqramids of energy.

  List three factors that coul:c/(q1sh ld-uhn- p whd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2hw(-l-/1sh pdu :hncq and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate t-u lecj1nafk36 0dc34beaz 7 of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricbnn ,(ibmq1zp4re c 93e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that ( fhcla+ c6a+xresemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whicfh +a6xc+(l cah continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowqhair7kx vl(76 7sq,*c9u fy k in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w1 epqmyhc, bv:gd.1ocw xo 7ikk281r9eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that y f 65gpb/klg cbgf70mpu/ t* mj3is4;live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. /j7scggbl/ ifb 5ft;4 0k mg3pm6upy*
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiotmcfi-4gub,(p d9gx4-g* l px n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moveme8h(ss zok)+/fk-k yubao4 c:7nct h3fnt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fol w +)zox:fcpxkrq9v8/ lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living o/ 8c9x k:z)wpr+xv qofrganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number x.ph j4/;hiyns


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dq)7ye8a a ,9;qj a(qy1 ckoztaensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane vunj)os4a/ d*m3mhv-22qu k q(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-f sl5vm7cneo h.,j1r6 oilled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the fh,crn olos6 ej57. vm1ollowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra6hqohb-i p5jcc s*,4 unsformation.

  Figure: A natural enej7g to)rr0h,t rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of d. tiw6v1 j)5smhi8 yt2 4p juyavk1b3toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pycvf5n 7 kj7k4zramid of biomass.c5k znfj 774vk

  Figure: A pyramid of enerkxpv :h()r3)zc v,x :kiz+wo zgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyk db2w+f vmd,-x zh2u9stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w43kj*5 h avzj3 dnlw3qeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyou4- -wesjdl- 18p ltfstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc kbvao-4lmi: 8urately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a gzu1tj4;tm21pp t ( fp bo9jv2savannah system with parasites on 1u1 ;9pp t(zgttj224pjfbmvo a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tu6gzy7.g fd 1ghe options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationug17 gg6 .yfdz?

  Identify the statements that desctexbkt 4q83xb3 * w *b04rj x.nnu8jxzribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostf8+*5hezzy yfek-gw + from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that co4)4 6*, kbbwstex jqxx8qkpd-nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr k 4eq6 xjtb-)sk*bqxd w,84pxates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.0qr gcsx(m5 l7fu w,v:n:m/3d r*hvz o r*v m0dun:fcr oq(h s x3/gmvz7 lw5,:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cezdo-lkgpi4p k by377vu,73 ,svzn (w ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area cuw2)(gcktkp:g d.b 5per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trup+4(ts6d0 9oiwd wunne.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondad 2c;x.3rl5hiu7 wobtry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cam h cnb60 *m*3vcsuxb+7* dduxrbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclef179l tann8 vn


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecot jw0 8ugq4os1system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys v5o*enwqra 9(tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that ,f ,-,e), avhnqf zipjis not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the /x7gn rg3u6ob7mc-kb following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycmg7xbk b7 /o3n r6g-cule.

  Figure: Average per qdd8 0/nay8 1t mpr4ua1gwzd ,capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi.7f 9ksdyet.hty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer c.e skht df.79yommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example 8) d- 7 zrt/:gc/eqmdll6k21o wzxsya of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita uvlc+mo /)sjpv+ -k /m6-z :zcrgqc w.$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an i/r k bus(z9 1dvmyg,:Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the exu mbr1,g i( vzk:/dsy9periment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Ga.yix+cro n(t5e.vc 9 T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re;z0n,jcgy 4;(b*w ) jxr ctkaf *zkfg(gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a )cs 9y7 t6cfuukrg7d*biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ity a5o)hye5 5k,zeav a3aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the g 9g.f5rg:l0d5.pzzorw2 rorfolfoz .r:55 lrr0 o9gzgdrwgp .2lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othev9wpw :x k1d)/8.60nld nkrv ka 9obigr physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrialwxp r9vb)ka6.d:k0 io89gwnvknd /1l biomes.

  State which is not a description of the db9 xtzx5bh0), y w9vczmcv 85rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemenqb9 nv* 3w7 9citoy/5+d tplajt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy t pfrjr5(a1k.


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herne ea6fb.):6m gpro6z bivores in different biomesegren )amz.6 6 6b:pof


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressef ; j*gvq1+jhp v6dp4v4ul7nyx s+;lt s from a pioneer commuq; v4st p7;llv6fvnjh+*+pj x14 ygdu nity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing4y(* y)lu(y n :xiorzg the changes in productivity duriyo( y(u4z lyn*gr )i:xng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thatea3mvf5, sg:17pufy ym)7 vvo can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempb 6.ioy8y /xfwerature on the rate of photosynthesisy8wx/ .bf yio6



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f 2 /f0/iylbh5wem qsc2w*e4fmield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a v m2(/qpl3y3af pi8gfseries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 werfaf/yp (2lq i3mg8 3vpe beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiv2 5x9uo1 inhdyh,c 7jple readings of the sivux 127y5cjh,9do hn ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolorfi n8;g an6pi1 vf q8*ntg -(h0h)ythgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data foyg2v/; r;a o5v.y r,q5bi7l jp+lvhfcr two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wipp18-nu apua1(y a eb()a;it scvl19o2lkc+ellow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is notm5jnx xw-;z6x5w bii3 effective for sampling motile (moving)xz ;5 xx3 iinw-jw56mb specimens.