What is the best definiti .wljja07nqm- on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R+hjo( k1vqa 59ac e(xvome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor w n7wtd3 6j55 f+1o1u h6fvu47heaylrfbq+py1 ;Factor 2;Factor 1e5tn6 74rj +qdhu hwyal1fof6y5up 3fv b7w+3?

  Figure: Growth curve of aws/2tu,wemqn:-/+r tl j6 imi population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma o:rc2 h1qeu ed2;q, dyspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the8 ;1l)nyuy) qtvedk(t zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they ty)yv8kldnt1eq; () u are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populx2yvlwn3x 7txpd/ 8)jation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americay);qwg0rg.n pcww4 u0 and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claimingyr;c4w.0pgg u0w q )wn a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a 9/a0k-gu) fl0ze hhp jpopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thes2ow+ -iada) m remains of dead plants and animals. ) o+ma-awisd2
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooh r;pt 2): y:z/: ytbpb8purycd chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livef96qjl rtw4+be+e:j d and interact with each otheel e9tr:+f4+6jwbqdjr in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is losz*qf1a a2 ;t oivxk :k2d z8ur.2qs5kzt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass withmwz+/ 4pk,mv*fd s2 hq high productivity, despite infertipm+vd k2z 4/fms qh*,wle soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that 2ur3rgo6ox)e is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutriehh .uh7wsch( hye ;rdq dy78+1nts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb cyh.dd7s u 78hh h h;q+1rw(yethe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultl66)py9xqsh nmo uf )d)u6p8 pivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used 9z qgyt,an7/gilr))0 akc -m .iv/hzsfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whs 9u j1cymo.+xnpr.;lat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fo;m9s jc xupr1.l+ n.yactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photd7,+ nvj /wo3d0fk;hbng7 adxosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systety i; (onijg- ;cvgi7wm9/t9o m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha)7,1 xz 5:n)7e0dgxnae ele: uf gmgdht resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five y5a )e:z7: gdm ux0, n l)gefexdneg7h1ears old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptioq sjw v4,duxnxg)l +du5 ls+ic:+6 .xan of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web-t f5:qcnh dkf4mwib- .(+x iz



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algapfzqc4svm, /(fjd(0ae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fromf4m( pvf j(zdcs,a0q / carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: eg o)cpn)rl31t0o-k d


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov3 g-o8ljkg uvw.c-nh9l 6zy,bkxaw6 +ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormsawdmsctp zq h bd0 53) -(uc()pgr(b0k that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic5kp((h(gzr)ucbt ) cd3bmsp 0dw-q 0a materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numa,ta.j 0.mtedmpa;uxv 7/ vv6bers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey /-b6 dtvsjeq *


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyc-qnk fpp ce8fd m,rmcco.i92. -r6;altrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciall8nq.ga6wu -qvts( 9 tly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some g(tt6 ns vlwqu 8.a-q9corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foll jpxq+39 jyce ( z/jv5hlxpc;*owing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enenbw , ovau2e**rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chl7ycq j 3*y(ezov6(2an kvgx8 ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuszmlw/ 7plp *z-sing a pyramid ofzlzp-/*plw7m biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ2,sa b1l gkr8zy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units * b5hykjlg8 6afor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine .nxs g )w5h r0anqzb , a+ustkh2pe+sj000bx: food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste6 .6s95ji(nl7dhzws2zsbm c jm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does noti:h1jcyn hec 7yh;3kb3d)6 jx accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savan1.x*zd igm v sq.d:r o6jk9zn3nah system with parasites on a consumer like t:d nkz.j3miz6 9* dg.svo xr1qhe lions

  Distinguish photosyntheli: u brr(i8j1zld 09esis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respira8i1eil:bdzr j0 l 9ru(tion?

  Identify the statements tha7e mth(*45c n5kwyplsgc)4*m8/j4th ulqap tt describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is+f9 nayic dca 9tjr,91 lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that coyfo- 4 ,neyas.:u9mirnverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.n f,ioa.u9re:ms-y4y

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinksrck0 a;a3vp* v. ;v*pav0ar3k c
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbo y1iam(8lux; on cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yhb47.c-h 0zg5dmv/ae4 ncs9m9 dhe mu ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are( ggupw j.oyh)iuu*j i mw8:p.xo417c true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity t/i wu;5 nsl)zk tfiwizt fw/geg4)71 1(/am r(NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine .12* cnyfpxq 5wkdt8 icarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyc 4q5)rmwknsguer9k :gkb,fj03lq:7b le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem *he5e p-w 3t d:dysr(g


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in x-5 503kllxg7 mxhzpy kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitriu+cwul)h /be yq(7e54g-h5l kry q)fwfying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogenv44a:e3wm ;ityh apq +ryp5i ,e*-p py cycle.q p4-reyyahieppt;mi*v p4w5a: y +3,

  Figure: Average per cap2j v mgka kg;f;q 4o3uqp5hd2;ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and vs5olj5.p mrdx0s7dqv h1k1* NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a7dvhqol jpskv.d 5sx5101m*r climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following issxqq:jho9d8+ an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita -52:mih -wn rcedn:mn$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plantwam1y;zww6s s vo:d168asey - in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. s 81z:6mw-s wv ds6yoewya1;aThe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows l8r6;wyk 9jfs)yid2sd, ig1i in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re8f9 ;1n smn;qk9 nhrgpgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datai9xaxc4r)t hya6 yu:3 for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph g1 dhm6q8 a:ecp*att-+swtg( of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f ( f2;jbf-j7q ztp)fidfp-2i (dfj7)j; btqz following.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Liscsn8, (p)h d x)yur5o8w8 u4andmm4gbl.vk :ut the main factors that characterizegu58n m(dksu4av:w dhy, x))cl o4np brm8u. 8 the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raiop m2d3a3z:x hnforest biome.

  Identify the correct :j/: 0v 5budracslajt 2/uen7 statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome/6s-ae+cr8 oebf g st1;:z x9 -chm/ptf oh+lc, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom ql.e-5cb7 fd(fyen; peldb(q 5ye pfc.-e;n7 fs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prk 1tj+o1q x6zaogresses from a x6a +1zoqjtk1 pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notx3f qw v4tx4t56rf hp+ correct in describing the chang qx64f 4t5wv3ph +fxrtes in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor t12ex62pq jp y)vp x2gahat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phvqz)el6 6d; twotosynthesis d6t) lzwve6;q



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel8sr/3m+oxpu* dga .uc d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spert4w3w(qz(h l-7v lu fcimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps lr l-w7(qvt43fhzwu( held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rxm6w hk 5fb1 (,u2:bqeoe :rhqeadings of the same rf b(x:k he,6 embo:5qqhu2w1 factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eiq)-aa qc/6e/xx vtucr/+y v8cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creuq7zm;x*hbdhjg bvu uwyd) +,+ (*hq1ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts ofe:v gz)ybjwv(p 8vr 82 Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not efs/i1xdm *h+o5 dz,r enfective for sampling motile (moving) hr +m1,ez/ns *xdd5oispecimens.