What is the best definitiojjw d, b3lj6y -tksgy;731j pan for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It.x hhb)k5sjm7aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors tn:iguz7ohqv fm3+p/sk 8a6 t+hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor nst7qaf/3: uikogm++ 68hvpz 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po x 1ycm-kk5ixzr z uz 6*d3r)dz/d0*appulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi:8ih , zuvy:tkstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a stsw(,2eazp .gbfpd zuv 3umdo,73 :4r mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one oazd( 4 :up,uvsb,3pd7womtg e3zf r.2 ffspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org8 w89/8 x;jf izms/oq dsd:7fc ix1cpqanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves o rx;nbkpo4 bb bk;0a(8ccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic 4kp8a;(0kxbb bb;r onloss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populat)f+li i1(qz.8or jn4bi:ccxy ion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mite83wau/1* py/ /y:.n/xg ibg hkvgkfgi3v x7qos and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsy wk8nyv i/pgqgf:x.h1bgi/o 3/3/k* v7ax gu.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins0 hiwqtdb 1gw/45c-i c in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, eu9r(9, uki7 h:wrxnu v3yw +mkiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in uxwkm:h+,rv i9wunr y7 u93 (ethe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst iw.2gt8(gx 5isjgfl )ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largebtym4r5 *q 67 vnyks:j biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many 5 qj:skt4yny7b6*vm rinterdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of81 2j dpn16xdudbmn;znp9:t b a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrou2ol86 zvrj n* dw;)acundings. The enzymes breda)r 8ucoz2* v;wn6lj ak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riwgdhcaxpz ;5z2vx i )u/()tt,x l, j(dce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forsoz wt+bx : 8o3zhpk/; pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describyk-7cp8k 7qztg q4e8+ ta fz9(lqrx1ne a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Frctq98kql 1p( 74xen8zyt+a7-fq k zgactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperature7f2p jpfm5b.mgg ;wh7s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system gu4 fj0/eo( o-udnmfmzq4,:o


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble . 3 rransi5h+mthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to onen5rmi+rs3 .ha offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desm egx-5i4f(rzcription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 2/*u*tzir)lq48yie m3 pfimh 9hc6 nfweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comozxi 4;5ol(c*9wm/ bid,g di kfr4bd(pounds producef4l g/i ziob dmiw(,9ob rd(xd5 ck4;*d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical )y 93 6gimcrjpu+y k-ireaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mdy(6cea c; nj)ovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwo(w44 ; b)n1hs+rzeu5jn kbvb brms that ingest and then br nb+verwkj bh4un;b5sb1( )4zeak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers-biuoe+nx9x -1u i(rvmc a54c


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey e*yw47nyb rkx5; p n:hcokot) lw)l/+


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorod /b8ls/cyokq +iphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a como3ylm-ao; -p hmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimpya-moh p-l3o ;, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation6tde ofiet(fp86t20n)x e h3q.

  Figure: A natural ene 5rgy 812g 8x e:x+ua)yf+ozu;anegzg rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsy qoko0s*ool(h/g.s* 5bjjjnu) *va6 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofvhp i,/qtz*b5acf 0.uhap i b0cq ,5*t/u.fzv biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of d 1hx7*c kw0tgenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiviu2mm dyp3/ p6l zo46vvy; *svcty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mariny 3:1ptw wy0fte food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil 8k srf:v,f1o jecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desc owj.x+b x7pp4cb95wm ribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syebig hbdo* e- (c*(e6(:ds-ejk( pw ucstem with parasites on a consumer like-w s*ebd(eoc: e *(h6iuc-ge j(kb(dp the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optionbs.-y8i c6: 0kjcgupeb c4jt() vafg7s below.What is Pp .jsagb8-b euvc)tjcf 4(6:i7 k0ycghotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the us 7ise l4i,xyy6e of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost ftc)x )p8yrhxhti9 r3)rom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carb xfu+b8(si(u0ls+i/c z/k vauohydrate sv +(xu usi+80a zfcuilk/(/bs.

  There is continuous cycaqwymm wk zq 47+9w9:kling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. wa:wmkqw q mk+z947 9y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time ec b,q+ j-kk3*epbk1w .lo.jk.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ar78,,o(jfd ;p qkvyp h k*2vpkmv7,:xsastj,rea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemeeawz q65 6dd8kkjail, qn7) 9onts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitys.jc .qbkzm-1 (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle q.4j; tuj d3ih



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyc *yvv97lk s.stle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecracf-wt o5/ct.*aq8tlsxe*fzc3 n6. osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter npcdb -m;q2b4restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement twse gn.p i:za30 0(vtmhat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not k.yk+,ly -6 j8u)s m pmd+fcvfa human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.+k + flm-vk)ys.8p udjmfy,6c

  Figure: Average per c,l9lvmo39eicu95o ckapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pr* b;l(7 ty0sdqih)my jimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cliqt0d(yymb ; j*il7)sh max community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampuoz3 h5i4mx8* sk;hvcle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitac: qe0lb-juv nw s8:a0wpy5ea j: 29ya $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out b*/4-yhezx2ir 7 azmeusing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the bexa-y 2 *4ez bz7eri/mhginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storage jk91ksi1*s mt ;+u :aikzasv2s & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198fuj7crqiw*zkf*fi- l . cm)+:8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data tfnwe.z (- jiab8b3h8m (,fw(lks by:for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itawl;r1j .fmjm1ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from. l/oc 2ukh)p *x)hcbh the following. o)hl pchku*.2x)h /cb
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vaq e*zi j 8i dseinpxwxe61d81 *il9b.2riables. List the main factor.e8 lxdi jbiexp8z 6d2wes1i*1iq*9ns that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the5 w-z2 xwr l;hqdk9.ti rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rm 2t88llx)xn js- *payelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph2u7wrj uk/cyc0 hg)pxx g/g 0- of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prs/efyd18uvf8)emd7 g ),ugy woductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom/ sf7)w,) e8g uyy81fgevddum es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressem: 7pe z;ezc*0f. mnbjs from a pioneer community to a climax commpnb j*0;fc:z z.ee7mm unity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingl dzvx,r)p: 3z statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity d p:lr)xz3v,z during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thataxx/bj/xr e*fmgg fv*e)508t can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the p :l9l(w yxyf*+v 7 wa:2xy)dnebe/ua cs-ev-rate of photosynthesi*a+7uynfs:-v-ypealx( 2 xe9) ec :/b wldwvys



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielc bs rd4zzc+*:d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bsczl z h28/sj1eetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of 2 l/hzjsz8cs1which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readinj 9paw/8q ag*cgs of th89j g/pa qwc*ae same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling ,bldmw a5 --hx)cb.:3rk aytv


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willoh/;sbhxb 30hr yy:;y jw Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow wou,.xuls+h 9s o:8d.afwt 3bCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fz +wr cza)vc87or sampling motile (moving w7+ 8)zczarvc) specimens.