What is the best definition for a speciesbnf5d+z z p,+d?

  igure: Climate graph of t v9av ,2k80sh *hzudd j)nhh)Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isqax5bdl k3 u9+z+ydte+n)w0tqf2 w 1k Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3a wx)3b++w2t9ty +q1 zfke dkl5nq 0du?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu/ntsc 6(ir) phlation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of as klyf ;mahgnf5 7fv g(x-f(:, Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembh as;,)yc 8mk1cvstw+le the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forestc)8 csys;mkh w+a tv1, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatioj)iiy1w +oj l lg -yp 8pmtzms o88e1b71y-q:yn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (C tya ra-q93hbbdd.: j)anis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth qj9b -ryata:h. )b d3dof the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growthvma .pnz7nsf0qg,gq o8e8 +f2 of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r +( n14eg t+w4d odk*f8cofwxnemains of dead plants and animals.(kd4f1t+nw8 nooe*d 4wfc+x g
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofwp18wm c74zmp 08udgs toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w)tnlnnb :),b4dmna q l8gannux:/* -zhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact x/ql nb z-nnm)nt*abl4: d)g a 8nn,u:with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is losoye73,cpa*e c;uqp5 ts8w xd5 t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produc: t: wo7wk*f;,uz hbpztivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interactwh k:bpz;:7wof * ,uzt with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of qt(lx .t5byazk1r4u+ a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin9y ten t 3gg19zulbg94g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and th4lnyugeb1 tg9g3 t9z9e fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ric 3 mql8+hgi,y8dqurm.e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyvieur9ru7 .zef6a8h a: f ma8.4wlfq:9 jb5wp ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nich;yuou:i -/yunh* dx3p e.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 auh y /d-iup*;uonyx3:nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photj)n0-gq0sut( l kiol/osynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrateddhcl1vksbm /e7e7(x /w8cn9s rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe h6 *polzh0wjkr;0 wb 1and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they arebl*h160z;wrjo k0w hp four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst(-9l4 :t/ c nbpvkntpgem.

  Figure: A marine food web s7+,,m kqr *qpfhvv:i



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the hh3*m3)crnm4hz c s tp*ult 5bo62t)rcarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sc l) ubr3t465hcztp2s* * rmo)hmn3thunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical r k8m6w1 )mycvfeaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in1s ,nouzyw6d ; the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follow9 sab( :z b -rq5wvnewh,zwxq3,8i jf4ing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-liw bz rz-,5wa( jixq3w9se48qbhnf,v: ving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numyfv agkgoj.0)8o0 s(abers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities 4ai i.voky4r;z y5ok9h*ae g1bv*og:; l a5pyof a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichl6yb-2ucapimd 6nl3d (u;;so 9 am;znjorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avacn wr(193 oq4nykf m0pilable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ywpr31qfomkn n9 4(0clight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exu ww(lvc mq:h6 50hw)cample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural eni ,y/,k,ft9:plj zv rkln14c)jcw*nm t+3qz eergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin rz ghhd0sk4,3+f p,jss in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid *k4qyid w x7;tof biomass. ty*d7ikxq ;4w

  Figure: A pyramid of ene)idc8 9zc:qz :wanv 5irgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyqzp0 j1s ls9xq/ep *m quj zr7)fdk+*,stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web((,oumjo yo3 w+zq*o dp.(1cg dtjl.g


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in aq 87/ (df7y(;nnr5anzzof 3bz /gxmpl soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately41 7)wnqr7emhzei9sewc ((oya* cu6 c describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannaha 2m 9lly/fxd 2;ne-z6cj ,ozk system with parasites mjedzz2,-26kylo c;9 flna/x on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What o ie/h6t2ml(fk.qx x; is Photosynthesis and Resp;/2o.h e6 iktxfqm(xliration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ofs6ouw otz(c (:u5,fi l DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is -n8yhfdo3c lqc 6i3b8 gud(i9lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the, cl d f hkn/z(3qauaaa:-9-h7koz0m7cs3hu q air to carbohydrfh03, acq(z-s7c:o k h7zdkmh/n a -l9u aaq3uates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbgin.-*ymm y.57 :iaka ko2swton sinks. ytka7 s2k-:mg.5 omynawi* .i
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes if2o jw8aj2glb0ftj*5 n the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystes 34uqoer ,d4lm / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru1 d0sq.x7mx 3cbujh;ke.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodt,ruci6do+ c5u l;7mductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mat+qa s dj6lq7*rine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through xniy- e9,5 hbh,7jk fc-izb1hthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow iniysca6- p+x 2b an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terresttnnnyn-n+3 z 8rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denityaa)ztyy 4q h)k(s n5 zw-*ks7rifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efi da)z ,5gb3zmfect on the nitrogen cy5gmbzai 3,zd)cle.

  Figure: Average per casa:c;w zqo (c8:jg )rcpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ+tul7 f6),hmc yk2tfuession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax ftuyfc,ut+6)hmk72 l community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo:v7p9a 1 l5jkgoqki d,rmation.

  Figure: Average per zgu.h ;kmkmf7g ;x.)z e-tv qfiz:b79capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was caracx2-s9 g: xekj4w m( t58nnphried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxy2m ps9(x wn-k4xh negtc:aj 85gen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualwe0wu0p x5,7wia:x nw flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish1 ,d k4esl*js(s/tjaksefj 62eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bid m8i1nlkmyglt84k* 2ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, go;k1wc3/aae Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing .kiou+ kn/zp ml6gz *d rk24,gone or more statements from the follolg.,n*ik k+pg4ko 26r /z udzmwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cli eqy v-qtzg9k+.;;ndi matic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the tv9;qytkzg q;.de i-+n errestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesthpb k:*fgu/jd(+b c n4 biome.

  Identify the correct statement related 0 (gopb+jxwfvxjj8j )tk4 .g(to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, ut66gke5r 1vm3fy mi 0Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and so5 .gggsjb: wlooz 00h2 r-gd ohp 1;e5d7/fzbiomass of two herbivores in different biom5;f.051lsdsw- phbodz/g2r o0 g e:z oghj7 oges


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary ri7+5zf9 uxwbz *ghb1 succession progresses from a pioneer communit*b79if+x ru g51 hzbwzy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statement7ui7fi eg5ype,1n k) j* qeej+aky9,qs is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during pry5a iji1q+*geqe kn7fp )9,,ukej ye 7imary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.qa lredwa8p9 -97 u7xa

  Figure: Set-up to inv8y vm ns::nd, b7hk hjcs8j2u,estigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthj,sjuvbndk 2n:chy 8,h sm8 :7esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a g+:a+e uxd5 .nxygh0lfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captuy(pb esghkp/xs x+q l,z05g4 6re specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 ins6bqhzlxy5s+pp g g(0e/ sx4k ,ects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi6wdgq7xv (c5f fo1 s) 5xxsk2olj:m9 xju, -oolity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sammsj(:lf5co6s w x2o71d ,ko-f xjv o95 guxx)qe factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin 3-sebiet izv2,zy;l 5g


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sa:1ahdp 0juve:hd 9td +y9xb6wmples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fo z8 -gq7(,wt-bxi vprd*4 qwlzr species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technique3/ir(rb8xetth-ry :pv f,m) a s is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s3 ire h8y/(ma)tv:t-xrbfp , rpecimens.