What is the best definition for a species?vf-kcp(a //vm+ gr(k a

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itag a:n 5nrtlf.f 9-ax,qly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c 4zyfsd5vz ghky1 /:,mx j1,sbould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Faz :h gdz,1xfm ssv4yk 1bjy5,/ctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populnot7o+ .,. nk fsas klo36b+isation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma s7+rezoae:/bdvj cd9 3pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblj0(htovvxu1o754jl fmhj1 8 je the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and budu7ftjvmh 8l(j0 h 4o1o1xj5jvs of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gr d7k c5d9-e,abk ofsuh( 9yhj9oups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey4p(q)v8ufz 5fx p4azn wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, 4x(p np5v z48z)fua qfclaiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a ;g l2pu7uzb j0vt)u7cpopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the oqe5cb p n45-q13mvl nj yoks85g9cj0remains of dead plants and animals.ep4jc b-yskjv 9gnn55olqc0q 1o5 83 m
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food dx )mi )cgfu-3 cb,h.schains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, poloz x4sts7o3oc n(9f +har bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic xs3c(zn9o+foh4t so 7Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost -u;u5bsg tf)tfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produa)0np( 1ybco56 gotw bctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to 6 t y5p1onb(wg)0obcanurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description udcrvv *h9a6) of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasinf 2f mw a.yqybmc5(p+(b+7lvqg digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb tc bbv + +p.7qam(2(wyfmy 5fqlhe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati9 wp;nj1 xg0vfon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrh r36fobkc:* fy ,*xpxamids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speciun)avk 0jmwc a0m8j: ylv 3v9*es' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorv l89*00 c3 va:nmkw)ajumyvj 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatlgfx(b5za ; z6ures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systhx515fcd4to)8 kja 2 f6 gsjznem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizedtutq6: ,ans7 degc+-t, z)fbm giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat -facmudnq6)s7tgz tb,e :t, +the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description oj8d;izck c:85 ixdsm)f energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooc eowd18p rv5r,x; , (ugd3bnqd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live iygt (,8zlkus*)e/ nafnside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced bytksaf ,ug8ezn(/ y)*l zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:bgm*e -sby85n a( rxy,-fwr0w


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean/ w+cx2cg2ckl lg8+ qdc oql)3


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes orge(sd )l),gf jianisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livfs(e )),ldij ging organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami551x vvfid as3d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prjst m 5qcgit+fs) 1v-(ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiph lbfiq,.z*.c(2kr adj6q78bt )a a ) rbe1gnwqenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm uylqqg6;(ztv/by ou/ g6 o.fc8sing a commercially available seawater-filled glass o//l f ozt6.qgub 6yov(g8;ycqrb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of2jbw*)-w umrqvdu ) x a*ckzh0oe ,l(- transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converh1j.fy-b5.vygz b +bc-/bwiusion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains,x ia ejl//uh *hqb4q9




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid o k:/xlw( 1jvtn yd(j cd13ut)if biomass.x3twn(y):u lvct(k1jd/di1 j

  Figure: A pyramid of energj3)n em) v zmp92jy/hodp- (ory


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produkpi+- e ks cqfs*r,46zctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food *y 4:dolwhbv5 web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in 9 8, y;;adb2zmiewrk4c0k zbc 7mh(vea soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describu rd ,;) 5:v-fftcanjbe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thi5((u:joy61ol .de ; rfpcdgjat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the ;d lo: ue(f1cy5di . 6orjgj(plions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from t0 x1szr q5 kb:jd;)pyphe options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirati db )5 zsr1;yk:p0jqxpon?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as anv 4d3gs*0njlf -n o4hg insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems-e ujo/d ;937djf baxl.

  State the name of the process that converts carbmsskkcqo r y82cx0, wcs(s, ::on dioxide in the air to carbohydrate0wc(kr s::,,csssy c8o2qmkx s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.d e7).nq 3rscyp)pk 9l24 hjojd j 4)9n3ps)kl.72ry pje oqch
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the ck ,n1idn s8 72ph9grri8mg2cx arbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecos9qcmx+u p5n2jystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatud.z( wn gvi :0nskg.-iol)+ b are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.n,counx3 x7o 6

  Figure: A simplified diagram:kn1 uo 6e/kho of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon c9p+g8n6vwum jl) iuh *ycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem qrx7o(5fz1 (p6g) 9xqju lzk ( xik3+bf 2grkv


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestria87et.9nx dx a(odnhc/l ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not 0pzp1 v+*h+*m u7pqks1y0 kz2v hbonytrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humaj kr q:b*o;q+wn-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle rjw;q*okbq +:.

  Figure: Average per capi0e 0wtj3+xt m0qvcl4ui0 dhx)wj ;g 7kk q;1azta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodox fn54-hnekez:o21 y4of8 tf iversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communityfe 4yffez:tnh-2x o 14onk5o8 to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trf 0g h8ozocz02ansformation.

  Figure: Average per capita7;q(kn,vu 6/cu tc rxq(rd/)ubao00 lzo4n et $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an 7el7.7eznz7 ao /p)p l as+xg yow1au3Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two a ppx 7n)swzuzg7l37 / oo1eyea+l7.adays in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows *ejqs 7zpxon ( 4vcr23in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 +h ih- gqj*dt+


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome hin /h6o gm89ku2 9okm

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romj uwhwh,y7an d/+xaxs5-d 7.,7 sjpzge, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the xpym*hd rl,-m 1bq6,n followingb q-ylm6dx1, ,phnrm*.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Liu,m,hkqx: vo1st u ,hk:v x1qm,othe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrn4 zseox30 u1a/m9 uzch-13br4n sotn5 xl bj:iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyst m/p-m ornx*2h.y/fmx em.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 8nw *ju nmvg9ecr(ety5 +)6eas9:*mwr hzj 1kItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivorebak d41z1jfgl+rqw69u9)k f os in different biomes1kdjzlq w9b)g9 4f1 6+ufkrao


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nfv33:gz u gp7nPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to z3gf:nu37 pg va climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is f(.fw:4kquxg l8(a z xuf/s r+not correct in describing the changeusf a4 . 8wqflx:xk+ufr/((gz s in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fact +y q :op4neaaihp .d+q1d,v05qkis:b or that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of (r7efmz,evb ( 2,8is3 seyivxx9f y,wphotosynthesi b,e8wemi xf(ix (sz7,e3 v,vyyfs2r9s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field b2b yxtm ,ji/q* /1iqe



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a dd v9d)c nf7+ zs6v/4cljysk* series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked in +dd/4lv syks6zjv 9fd)7*ccndividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi93 prb nx2yg:clity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fac gn9yc2bxpr:3tor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicbwdx2 q7zb4u3omz0 (xal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for;mlj te,h)5k;-bdr6yapn0cmdi eq1 , two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for i*oeezkp+ofy.rwhi/ /( r.uwa,:a*d species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for.c dbt,7ot3 vf sampling motile (mo3ovb ,dt7cft.ving) specimens.