What is the best definition for a spaq*dtr. vri8u s+j+.mecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Roeddr5axh3*u jh001am/xlr hi ln s*+:me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni3*a (e xvlz nnk il*st;y+u;1eche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorut1zxe+*3en n i;kas yl*vl;( 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula ys ; zs,fnnvra2+pfb45mh- 1ztion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci:)1uhm zrzkhjf7xs,t *.e)m xes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gira- 5m oqz5-flf*8rjvqpffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birt5f-5jv-p q *fm zlor8qh to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of ti mtmr* ez6ye- o,8m+che groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)W:. ujv4 (cobzvolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves :v4zb(. ujco vare territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refl4q/ n toclauxo/4 57s) j3ylrgects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and eu:8y devrl33 snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima3 ry3ed8u: elvls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin;.jbm7wb04 brmuisv5w0;fzv s in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear anx*ln j:f+qv8wv we(v*:a p9hxz sl1u ijh )w19d other organisms live and interact with each other in the ia:8pusjjw) vhvfx (:ez+9lx n*vlww* 911qhcold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy4. aw o3hg) )oszca(aestems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall t qd/g1,lx-q t/.ljzkd zp,m g+rees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile sopd-gdj ,kmq/+ ,.z zl1gq l/txils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that ism snz6o6zmb )5l2h(tl+ pif e+ a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing d6am.t6 fqhw,migestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the product.a ,6wqtm6 fmhs.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti6c.xpthwa0)pnq6n /2i ,x jblvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pynf. na jpeck:q(fgd)6* xz 0u:ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' k zg7j /le:kchq k-+b;niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fb:k7-hlg;z / kcqke+ jactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatureu8vkjuj (a b*1s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri+dc7a+2j-m* 3qpnr)zpzph of2ky 7/opg8vxece cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizedx,, 4w1 7ju*p t1sfkzzdp *zkx giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic okw kxp psz1 z,*tfjx,7d1u *4zf the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow 8h.)t5 uvpbv4tkjy t:i,suv . in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wl:u gz,v:)srq 3cy 8xxeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the *9/l-mrwva /nezn;wvcarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diox-n;vnr *vewwazl//m 9ide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: t,r:8 c0l98tj+mcdod+0gs dlceu9y(jw/f ul


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon ink0n rt9lp 8g*m0 pasf: the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describesj+w mc ip3gdy(f9*26ld h4myi organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.2fd+ 6m wh3g(4cpyidl9y* jmi

  Figure: Ecological py+enl1b2 fl 2bqramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiy7nk+r94me -xf5fzrc ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDek3:ld (n8 .ft 2aoxizT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially/2r;l tiw xk7y available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are 7r2ly;wi/kxt true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is 4*h +ii(omejgan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversidfgko7x1:0 w f(1 ox +jeyb;dvon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ,3k-9fif edpi;*kp c wfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid og3y/ spycm4q 5-)q mfvf biomass.y)-mvpm 4qfs53 qy/ gc

  Figure: A pyramid of energy ( 3fn*w z 8lygjx8yio67csma 4


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.1gvp.l6r81wis* wewp 0n ha+t

  Figure: an Arctic ma6g6 edwm+3qyhm:o aq:rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste mb00lby hpdk g/2u3l:m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tofx +ixddxdk/9 fqq(6d )p*0m k nr8d3hat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist izk 87tz:kagp5fmthxnp7 gl( :4 )(tqcn a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like th( )q 477txng 5 z:g:mtzl aphk8cpk(fte lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr-x y49qhn8ph gom the options below.What is Photosynthe4gnh 8xp h-q9ysis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe 0: fsp tt1a-skgxlr u+p7.e-z the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e1hq/tl-htn147 uqsa dnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts caryo,kv :l3mgzb ;ctd+.k4 )ji vbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrbmg.lkcdo;+ j :tz)kv4i, 3v yates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbonn clzj +qe,m2: from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. :zm cq,ej2+ln
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carz0lah4 utm y, i-q1r*mx+j k;abon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in ay0 qi 69m)nzw0ek ck4wn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t4t k;fri: pn5bhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cak2q,rohthq 50lculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycks te+lu5l,q (le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo nd+babk4w7-m n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystfhy-s+ n2zt3ce.+xp vem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow g por4siko; h;8ekny*a53m/ pin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th: x +i:fw783x yl8 yjioxuekv(at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced p(hx7,p7cqe a effect on the nitrogen cyce 7acp (,hpqx7le.

  Figure: Average per capit 34ay4 fv +tksn,egdc*a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressep.v;ae,k- 4.crl x: wjdy6anxs from a pioneer communityx;:a, klwr dx.pnec- 4v6ya.j to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform heutn (z+k3y+ation.

  Figure: Average per capitaj98k c cndv9qs c* c9vd//ny1mp*qlu9 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One8dq;w g n3kie++zala4 was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values wer8dai3;++le g nq w4zake obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stoq 6my9vtr2c*2pvc6hz rages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020fbbk 6f 3,4dwz


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fup;* dswolo +sg 9/8tgor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romemr4fu1c w2cs-iw/6pxj0b 4k i , Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more-x),b/xbb5+-aie pl m n6kqht statements from the foll-q/nx+ x5,6)bmt aibpb hlk- eowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cliiujxh0k;a +5t/g5u t zmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomut a05h tgz;5u/kjxi+es.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesdws dq ;g(ec:7t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversitoic g 4pih4e ch v:0):o,t(fcoy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romesi: um+i-t,hm st0x:n , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity a jaz- f ioen;h.s525jpnd biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ns j5pof.;-he5 i2jz a


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP alml j/mzs-9 njpv7: d3s primary succession progresses fr-lj79jd/ps:mnm zlv3 om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statems164 gyk rav x-j,i,zrlwmk1. ents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary,6,g-kx zj4 1.i w mrlskay1rv succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi oe d2- xd1wu2)he1 mpen62wrtdisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate cpt-u1lkdo . 0of photosynthesis.o u0k1dc lp-t



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fj4y(c(n jn9nkpw 7yow rxqlx9ix,+(z,q q/5eield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a f7fces3w +mc4series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of whic3ff4 + sw7ecmch 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the da kuf e*r9n4ej/t4-myh ta, it is important to take multiple readings of thee49* -fkutmj y rn4/he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i;:b: gqb5mljnzq wu .(n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl2(8 bv5(bo lihoox7(ily sp5ies of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciesyx ujj2*sy f6jr9s 96a sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniq0 3o6dp,gbxk-fp i-xiy,6tdh ues is not effective for sampling motile (mov 63 dkyhpti,, xig 0b6fp--xoding) specimens.