What is the best defin-xia w p+lg/un4pavwf92a wnrxa;94 5ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of4yr/( wvmkx*t) eniv . Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descri s4f c,0jxwrw..fmxs;j p f82wi.qvt5be a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Ffwmfw0p,v8;ircq st . .xx. 52jj s4wfactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populy4:-r akf .z(bjntiyht,ig6z a yei, 6wl1-v-ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schio-s-5mt z iu+kstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gm5i8fjnz1m07fq(vgim+ 4rdc j0, eh iiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the +i071 ( rmq, g5fiif m4 mdvz8jcjhen0Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a 55kd oc:igg) fpopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis zdm. er7d1jg dx3/u* ilupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild ani1mzde*j3d .gxuri 7/dmals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the pw umo 3d+7i-lzc)l9agrowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ofwxt6hk ake6/ c6:1q us dead plants and animalh/66ukxw:1eqt sakc 6 s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins y y5 :van*3(v/h mszsmin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polara,e fjxco9d1: urz*m; bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Ardj:*cm exa1r ou;f9z, ctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frr8vmd .(ww 9clom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees an ru*(lasps r kbl)ecer8 93yqm*:jn-5d a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growipn9u:b melrl(rsrk3a jc* y-)58*qe sng conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iw /l)7ijd8k erz/or ,hs a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestii4.zi-.7-fqu g gampsve enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes br -ii7ggm. fqaup .4z-seak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysij2j * w9d gp0c7h(hrztem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy..hvpak q6uko,+ qgz ulx6 1 :u1rcl8gc6k3 om8

  List three factors that could describe a speciep 9jg(6y6ufae s' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and u 6(efpy6g9ja Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ofj jyd wb- z-xicp:h d*ri;5.m: photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti 5 hcw ;fw-p6xywf+9slvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes szu46bg(f cv ;that resemble the zebra. 6cz uvgf ;s(b4It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecopdg9 ek2m:khbh,j :.esystem.

  Figure: A marine foodh7p4ugug0b z6ytohn wz012,f web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fee (idqhi;4wb 6 *mb5trxd on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. 4wxii ;mtbqdb(*6r5h
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following +csw;u1k2 / e3uc+fr)c r scvlchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of ca6ivv t/d -*6 nffti0nurbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describe+8gmr; j9i ques organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-lig8qe;j +rui 9mving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number9ua k:bn+ q6lf3 e( 1tsnmj d16h1jsygs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat9 )6 ouse 9q+op srs8a+wbt* *nw(cqnuor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about fssl;-(xom;irb:)r9r uv 6tkixv.4 nDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availa0uu .s,lqo o;(0ds(n y m+gedgble seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following sta(q + odsm;ud(o0n0.s,egyglu tements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tn.oo(8p ).lzhphlrejdv ..7o ransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers.8ymnvw5 jkmpbk68i rd. a.y:ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins p6r)iypeu2g m,9-m0 emf 5ikzin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussiawlj -rc;v5+hng a pyramid of biom5j+rlc- wa v;hass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofdj,f6h d xs93z energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representrm46iz xjfj22(0v, j. kkkjm ging productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marip6hwyv ;anpy,( t wv*6ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst4qzlt,lun k6-fmc 2 z7em




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura/eq -fp-79c b9ydq s,mpcalg3tely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numberst labd22iw.ama/u)cjylv( 7+ that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lti2laaady2(um l. /)v b+7jwc ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options.e* ug6qmj j* heha2e( below.What is Photosynthesis and Re gm j *uh*.hqe62e(ajespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an iv+d whue;v/c0nsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy isz3o5 y x .ccwj5sk-ze. lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbont o5jpdvbg(bn a/411o dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.51/pa b notogj(1vd b4

  There is continuous cycling of carboq(9pp22 oqv)8f t bq4pplb 0oxn from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. qqvoq 8pbplopp4 290x (f2 )bt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyh3:.9z gfg uazcle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yea yqp*8sj9(lpl l6+2ioz )oo rur


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementspy:(lliv 6,z l that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity wjldtgvc:v5( d+.6uu;nko 2 73fffrv (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram ank(.: akmas(5;)ksx w gl;p pof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughqf 3ae37hz+f kh 2c7sb the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ;fbv o.w60wbv9kh :dein an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in +w:7fo-h- oxzakx xu d.nooxl3i7 g45 a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha - mftwnra4+znor*)6a /3p 9pemy2n vvt is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect 49*5fu7uz;*zoy d boslbn2 oton the nitrogen cyc losy*72u b;49 ouot*nbfzd z5le.

  Figure: Average per capi2 vmc2c8 41wo1h+m(sffice ista $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a jk4n ektyv4,sr b.k(-s primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clim4(y kk,.bsetrn4k-vj ax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of y5oe*p 1s gdk ,a0eu1htransformation.

  Figure: Average per capita .:,lpap 9e vcg$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wiu1)6n v9wicw/k pkq50pxrav rv1pd/k;2l0 lp th an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and)0i qr;p5kkx29v0 cuv6n lp1k l// rw1adpvwp the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages3iy+ee9 e yu92)o:9-ydkgktz md u j -s+2gysj & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesc( y4ffpygg w 3 go4uw7z v-av3e41b(h by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 6b;u. f:w 1l uud: g9ktsot3ukfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oyg ,ztf+wqm c*g1 saqfy*ch(y +)lqts8 -98 rhf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsu7 ,r urb8xry +.xehm9 from the following. rb. r,+ r9uuhx8x7yme
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pa3+3qp.vjnt ko/bh ky4tterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characte3kq.yt/ + 3vbpho4kjn rize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a des prfuj :2tq).gcription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity inwbf*uuo kt1 7(a/lk-c an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ozlvzag rgdg. q3u*q; *ud ,-t+f3 ;*fezod x1gf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivitj l2s ne n6v+1oo:.jfhnlbwti .:+fd8y and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes fnh io.b:v n+ jl2tn1wl8e :6djos+.f


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, vqm,zwusbk1:hyf-qu:- aj- * GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.j,-vm s: h*yqqkwbu--uza: 1 f
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statem3fajnico*8rj ,se* xfw+w s c5 ,7ueg:ents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity d7, gx c+fw,niwsja*oe8r *5f:3ecjsuuring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thax h, l+wp(ts 2+kip0cst can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ifj sc9a78x u+of temperature on the rate of photosynt7cafs xj89i u+hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in eeed*9.hv/d.u5 ekyva field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capw7cgnm4 )yj+v mq6 d8rzv3+ beture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 3ved683vrmc++zyw7bqn )m j4g24 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability o;+ + iyjwcp) rcjc3d5ap( vqm,f the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facrwic)+;+ 5cjpc3v( a mjd,pqytor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eco )nrw(l6dj k3tlogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willrpg:t pi 5vpi -h ;/7rwyv u67zy:e,ggow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow : a9z f4sqaes8l9;ofq 6e2wugCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the foh(vs 3w;kof7 *0y 0ru5ah5xdtec:t kl llowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specime hl0:te*0d 5w cyv5 ar shx7uo(;k3fktns.