What is the best defini: +c0/j tx2lov9mfq q9n;ttgxtion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I; ye9.s2 m+qc1+ je )fd yxbd;dixsq6 k+fnm0utaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is mz9wks44 a r)af,kc9hFactor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact9h9,mf s4)aw4kakrcz or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve /; v-rdmes1pyof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of 6z14vqlbpx0+6 5q7mgl5laq d u9ouli a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-su0yri *bq. vx gg*gjc) i) )6dfox,dw4ized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees theyrv*j*diq ,4 d.g)x )xo6ggy)wbfi cu0 can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgu f3+.s ojtxixs561a ygk7i) banisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupusp3mft ,1:ecy*zw gw5 n)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer,35 mwg*nc tw1f: epz,y boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reli8pln uu3f0 f a ;rxwv ,.l04verj0 1.zrgx+xflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed a ay aa o;b6d,b+b5v,8byfx q7on the remains of dead plants and animals.,x+7a,v;ab56ba qbfoy8 bd ay
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins rxs ;z1)+bxjg in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live ehwp 4+r73bgl and interact with each othepg734 +we lbrhr in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is louzqgl) 285 hczst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tre6ii99p9 lr5t u4o (gytrjhs5*f z6 unnes and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing cou(5t j 6tgno6994psri*ylf h5inz 9r unditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corr)kvgn-rpk+9;3 bu gx lect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rele 3bmppfgl+8 l0asing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the product3+lpgp b m0fl8s.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste a)+ )l*ti7qpteeq ,enm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyra)*awd*l1p(. ar pwfudmids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a s(rcwr (9m;v oupecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factorw cm(v(9orr ;u 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different y1o1;bdj/h ec x j75rjtemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricev mg3 9rlv-u0zd 7 kdye440ata cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized c4by)(-+n cuz ee8tew giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mewctb8ce4e+z u-) (n yature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flgle 1f-vmor*3.u/fr sow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w.fxd rn /co41qeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae tv;l2f 5 :1 h.kvd,qpr*wdb etshat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zoowsdbq;,rph k vf51v.2*e:t dlxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicac1s vh 7lmfnb/ +dt71bl reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the 9j .z bt:u(6x4ept vhgw wls;2ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwor58,vsodjoq2y ms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic dj5os vq y8,2omaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram*5.o m7s f0*7emyhl1dgr zajzid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities oftwh-y17 r sx i3j y8z1wzi67pc a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arm+xml.hdvnf. a:f t -,e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commeriaa;sungso5f g a.kgt, ()xenv1. l0)cially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following sti,au sn ;.)k)v15g ( .nolfgexsatg0a atements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i2gk8 cxghi z9bv(:ng ozn/g6 *s an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste (2yk:i,vn* t svr1sssm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tojuo hjg08c9f(u7 s6dbxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dhk*v7;+kn myh iscussing a pyramid of biomm+vhn kh; k7*yass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e-fu, wr)k 0mbgos0- mznergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst5 0na;l k , ccve7we(vtn0oo,gem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wekn 3j0is6,vgjjw 102olw g 6egb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecnwwlemy (wrx 43 +qu44osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accu i)q( g1 nyrhe6k;)tefrately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para+ /vnt e-30nbf lhdvre7*iw5 asites on a conb+dhewv3-t5l/ nn ifr70* ave sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belob+il3bkkce*yfj ixad(m4jt ;i m 16**w.What is ai+; m*j4i6*bd1kf(t kly3 ibxm jec * Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insect uvhof c7;y,eckiht;21*g 3aficide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysxzs i a7fzw5 ukz;c;im2386watems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbom( )g,s;a m uxcooen4:r 0 eu9fo/epss.aq, 8hn dioxide in the air to carbohydrate0qu, oo,/xo:4nm.9 8fsr;g)pe ahmcsee( uass.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon6t m:vu b;0a9fdwe o5y from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 9 a 6 :f;bmyo05vdwetu
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqpv9pa65(wvjyf qr *.zuires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inwcuxrzq7zj-o -w5d 4d9bd.5z an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. b xkx7k:hd-m+9 o3kux
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary -; d 42y3d1uxym9j, rczxydnlProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified ds/t4j sx 6 5 t)i0lschjmi-pj4iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cya4 6fus5ss.*1 lyv14spzkeyn cle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow 5ww xm55iqt/ hvfd6s)in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr5 ;fevsle1f2h:eri5 (kta/lm ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifga0:/g ew +grx civu86ying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c qspog:0c a mbz, i0x/ry:e1t;ycle. t a/ qbzg:,:;r1smy00ec opxi

  Figure: Average per k-f uky-dx78.bl uic(capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successio-x 3c dldp,+u8syp+c yxi3,ubn progresses from adu spx,b8d3,p3lyic-y+ c ux+ pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an sk )9+,kkv.m7 dyei (bcxz(ps example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capf-kbacr3qb; x 8v+dqm4qm *5jita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One (9acne 1swkd30r io .twas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both boteisrco (9wn0t3 a.dk1tles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fli2x f3:iy)ib vx:l0l lows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishe3r*fausy +h; +m twyhdcwmss59 vq,1-ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome ,n tp w(edh2ntrno :,*

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, g w3*dg /hm*5v)eif1v,+xb td lja7 ekItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemeni 8n ip6x3, ij2ib i .eoh1 ,yiuza2:+tfaqxg(ts from the following.a ii(8i1g2x j,upz6i ho+ix:,a f2itb3 yenq.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and 01;mlgqthr.-th, uc mpdt8f- other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestriamrtd;8q,0 ttfg -mcp. h-lh1ul biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest3g+pqzdu/1g5n-6bfym+ o pu- pea *xa biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecqc/ y8)f4/ obzmha(r3 2wu ubmosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph os 0z8nxxun6oq r5e0 c9f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoregv x,bo 6oc943gk2rsw s in different biom ro6w4sx3 bg2, vgo9kces


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity .dwrio./8yqkq:86m0vw ubyx jjj wf).0 wj0m, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comj/kw0yy. qm :q iw)wr8j dw0xb.86u0mojfv j .munity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describ)n/x +i17bwd au( d,ihsv3y lzing the changes in productiv( dy3 li7ziwvh u/xbda,1s)+ nity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mv4eyc:s ) 4ogyeasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investig30 deh.mf q)lsate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesiseh d smq0f.3l)



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a g+s 7z5c-n8tzz7p rcw,.mwulfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traotl ep; b j;2+z 4:v9ijqlx(rrps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetrreo(q+ 4;jjl9: iz 2;btxl pvle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, i4hcl.o 3vl/wp -2ujhup/e6z f t is important to take multiple readings of thj6/ h c4pelo.hpvwl-fz/u 3u 2e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sz 9xmn,b qy m1/:v/iari cg3e)ampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data /fzk 1pt- )r z6vq1/:bmfqaejfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled inrlkz e.q8at3xa6 u*h: two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not e7g1ms,1j 2d +c fbesqql ,aj+fffective for sampling mo2 f17mgc lb+fjeqs+j1s, d ,qatile (moving) specimens.