What is the best defindusmk:vx rjf.; 6r.a qt(heov5d5sq+m0 l 4 i/ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of lib jn20i fvmfj3:0 be8w.fukv))q:e Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i;wc t uhur3 k-u4c7:kos Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3cc:7ukru3ouw;4kh t -?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiodx 1(abv xnfjk/ntw+ )hp 6q:5gu2; zwn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie5bbb7ftk9,k *fpq5ci p pp tf6-(db*us



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizer ln.g2c )7 tcx3fmr*fd giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals andfltfrn* 2cx g.r7m )3c the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatisp;76o9fl zir i))pu bs-dc; eon.

  Fact file on the grey wolf cwj626n:wug l (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or anot6j2ww6ucl ng:her.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tl+w+/kq+eky7i0f zemime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pl0hxnzd9* t0qw7n ed5mants and animals.d* 0tnqz7dh5xnwem 09
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha9bi,ipbtn 7;dins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sqv*: ot/ ;bigweal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each oth:*obtvqg w i/;er in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsvixdczbar0l 7/ 8 yu/.s5;vze.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomaj gy95p+)a g)p-cqwtg vx:te i/5 ic9sss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interacpgtp +jxy9)c:qv-a i5g5i w/)tc 9ge st with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is o 5/fzz07aqkb a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestiv 8wd j9+m1ij yfm 2r4a-j4lrebe enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the p 44fjl82a-1r9rmwy dj ej +mibroducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiot0nw1cldh/4 p n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fow:h4 rb2hn/u8 :wm+j gpd( gbor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a s u/mask( / h4df-spu6mpecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto(s6uph / s -4kamfm/dur 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthe0v:eaes a;h6c6 wbk v3sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cukxgedi 5 e8kizj.0*f 9dv**qwltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatzivo;itx9 ,gdw-2 0 dh resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic ; xw,th0o2iiz9dd -vgof the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow ints0 vbbwaubko:d; .(fy8/k3k a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web ey u snp5q;-u*l(y7er



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral.nly0 um*sb32 4sk5 lz;iqx gm, Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae;q 30yznlb4sk*s mxil,5g 2um from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti1up-wu 4 qz /u:fwb5ojon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea *n2sq,htld217 m exeln


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like ea6gayke m3rg d8c )twekd7 0 b86nyk6,nrthworms that ingest and tcn ek878g)0ty mydr63 ga,dk6b n 6wekhen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid 69(ae gpw-a vo5ub(nl03 s ladof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a fzovbo1e 0 g 1t-bkfx6 *j6xv0x5+diapredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylt q6fa2ky75ml c- (l; qh)vivcsrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawatk+a ;qa io jaq;o::7cger-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following;o; kia: q7c+ajq ago: statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol n q2v4c4pli)wlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enurwv ca/h5zw 9ku fn.);n7nn,ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o08z7whxcb )wl (d-fesf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fol:8xpd xgd ,hry3)zh +tn 2/kiklowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bdkkx:8dir hznthyg23 x ) +p/,iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energybxtsy 3ya1us22 /z + dryi7ie0


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in aape6b mb-;eq4s,1x z tn ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foomdk xzmb*o4c 5*z3o +wd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a x knr 81qj9x5dsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ac j z+tp+w;t9;if 7vocacurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wifnk;0 y6k xa6sth parasites on a consume;a66skyf0 k nxr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the ond wu)d :wyr)7opa(/ qptions below.What is /ww7ua( )yqrdn )d:po Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o2 px-l2 vrui4ef DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enero yp0/ohogf /,mv5 1dkgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procesfso/r;75lnlyq52a h2.trj my s that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd/o llryh5asjntrq ;275ym . 2frates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thyij 7a50d wep1e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. jaw7 dyp1e0i5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time1vb.su0 n pcpdp7b. z9.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year :qqnba3 9kd3( pspgkf6dax6hy: )m 8z


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. lv.e+dx lj dx-mr7h9; s 3z1hg
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (vy1 us3/lc2 dfNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy f(-dox (afc;icle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of clg0 vos3uqf50a):vsu e c dz)(arbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow nvh l wh883ta.oti5uys *m7z4in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ivr, -rrh55 tauxm ((nyn kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyijcd r57 83xcyyqcm 5 f/kp/h8kng bacteria.

  Identify which of the followin16,: . 8k 5wq wsuz6;f uyf c)lgnc+gjhxkwb+wg is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy.+6+, wgjcw6k g;5f)hl1uwzw bsc kqf:xu8ny cle.

  Figure: Average per capita zv0vimu5- w3k4i;kh8zhh h f5$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe .oz8i(u-6d hqm1dkydssion progresses from a pioneed (6q.yd8 -d1oihzkmur community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of t2w(k kcep9,u pransformation.

  Figure: Average per cap)+okt1hgt ndp xc(8w8ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea .iw4rq53n gu1si4mrcl e nlx4/nbi8- plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen va5rl.4i84mrqx-cb isng 34n weu1/nli lues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon ss.2rsbmn.6 ou xs0n80; xvt khtorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region qe :ew r,n2vi+1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome hy;u.p-n e8wd

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap .5*vykzsx1 tsh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo pi l57 2lbtbhzzka901re statements from the following. i zzb1pb0t 2lh5al7 k9
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varia.,:uvc8egh5 vqww)h fbles. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrialw,85hvfhew. qg: vc) u biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest s-.6dus m 4cqnsc4. 45z5s l-kezoazkdal /e+biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to i e)s.ri*h 5.kdn:0ua: vv lgpdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyj 6u7i*rr wwdcwb0b 2t6( rc3g


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two he ytsfl9zk ;5q9un+ +ygrbivores in different biomes k9q9+zfgnu y +sl;ty5


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary sus mzy( v6(qjyqd(8i1 sccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitd8j6yv( zy(ssqqi (1my.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi- l k(wud.tn*eng the chanutdn- e*(w.lk ges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Se/5zff cnsk 7s6cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the7+j+hs h7hn er rate of photosynthes7r7h nej+ hs+his



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 3 nnjvp +igvi6nyd -4e* jn4w/field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetlbx 6;gk: qdnwkhp+ow4o865vg e A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and wereokq+p6: h nwg d;o45kb6vxw8g marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take) 8zr,y cmfu-b multiple readings of z-8) rmu cy,fbthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplyn4j (iro3x3 ving


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples osl-fh tpda4kmg79 e2jjwh:c** 9 ead2 f Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampledwp4ufycr6y 0)p (l*nm in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not efg pk.wr2rbsus( q.f(97fge *xfective for sampling motile ( sg(pr.9uw(q2x* eg7 r.skfb fmoving) specimens.