What is the best defin zgdb(l*fd*x7,,r nase1are8 ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, 7ywscf1je5roq p qu(6lh / 50eItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors th,s mmu3(rmfu fn6 ,0giat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorim s(,ffum,ru 63 mgn0 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of an1t. dhd1;lbv population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis8bj zl2,r:0 th6 phmsutosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebc04vp+n (jz ljra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth l cz n+0jp4(jvto one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thei;1yd ak7no -g s4,t3/dpvaiq groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerf1ew+y - tk,x +rowl2mica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers i wrlomy+k1 w2+t-xf, en check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of)z/g lgfk0 8 brs*,zk/te4t eigp0k8a a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants an,y6a f4 oph;vi 6y9kvvbw1k, 8 cdrui1d animal1do1r ;kv98 i ,pfai 6,u6cyyv4vhw kbs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains e czjo4)rd34:;hmhx1bqt p h/


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live aa*mle29 epbe0rdy2 1bnd interact with each other in thep0 er de*9m2elb2bya1 cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fryb7* uk 1zkhs:om ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high p27u-kdb ;ydcj.74 o8dxzussproductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knowsjso 8udcy;u d77zdpxk4b. - 2n to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct 303kaa42 z0g /hmgzzmz na8m4 txox02io ve ,odescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digesti 9zemn *-(w0 ydjet4 g:wm(m k9tbp;bove enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down th;e wmk-:d njw bybt90*z((g9eom pm4t ings such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation scm 8ae:e ;/dvsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids -e w,kcj-f fh8of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' uv .vlxhio. 0*niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ani h*vo l0x.vu.d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosy: y*lyqyw k yyy712(s( (soy dl*-fnphnthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeibgvb9f e5t - m:t07q6ctqfs)b .us8dm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has wz 1q g0lwxs3n( 2gor7stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which g3ws7w0on(gx2 r 1qlzcontinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorre/q1 g*wm x9 jxxhs5pa)ct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wqjzhu6wz -5v* eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comp6n(ymrp l:x ;zounds produced by zooxanthellae from carb y lx(mp:6;nzron dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaczzgt8kg7 hv.00 sk4uxp7oeu; tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of yl-939 u y qgrnnff:a;the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the foqij-o q3:exg3j( c* zrllowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-lixj3o *qeq-irgzcj3(: ving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersx/xnn4o51 ta0p;zd+jk jgeh-


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitq9g jx wbas3)8o1hd7 cies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are cl+syh3d-gfx7kfvq 3c 1w*4mtrue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerca8( s d)ftrks8ially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and grt k)s(sfd88 raavel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of hjy;e) 0xtb j chk*hpv 7/,vi8transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion ;1qf lnbd/ kez ez) ;3.d+cxqysystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 3)rj8 l g oek5q1nr d;rq:(bvh9v+zsefood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false w3gc 9i9s-w( z; )iv r+atoxbgahen discussing a pyramid of biomass. zac9ixg +;3 va9 btr()g-swoi

  Figure: A pyramid of energy vgk 2j4-2ezkl 1svye1


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units 4blo;d4 h7hil v6b*. yf9 zticrct49e for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wed 2lu s9xgu4-ub


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem(g qxe8*ns 3 .8hyzyc ke,j2w23f qztx




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foo*qgi l59znr .q0qg1r uawxh), d web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist ias1i. z xc6fp:n a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lcz 1s.fx:p6 iaike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belowtdq 54 *.- 2 ye3 rzrfezv4msb.ti(kmq.What is Photosynthesis and Resty.ivrd*5s 4-zzqrbq. (m2 ek43 ftme piration?

  Identify the statements (qf .qrcqfy xtj1b0/g/ z-/y:s2mfqd that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemgt u/l.bx7 (c m*f*shts.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aiak7+x o w:)achr to carbohyc+ axao):7wh kdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbonq.br k t4c6pu1 sinks. k1 u6.4rcqbpt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest p+4pa 3ni(4efi)vdepnjf6 27 t4 mx xgtime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an econ(5wlmv) 8zk isystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementwa a4+x5jpl(( qs ,wjrs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.zfr* o)rd u d*37svl5u

  Figure: A simplified diagram oe+e6raxeamb n,x0 4 :xf the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbnz;dm;; 9 y exbv*m0mef :l u*r4mx)gzon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a7x a4gdb:re.4kjapi n5f0n0hov2e b ar,x+ 2an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terref; nq787u:gby5n vsv nstrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bact namx3p *yxn:9eria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huc u)k 5lmb8wv.+q8 my.ntf :tyman-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclem fv)+t.t8m5yc: kb u.nl yw8q.

  Figure: Average per cgis:8(t;c s3swstk a ,apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPqs g9nf)u w4d9z+ t0r 19skytiP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to ak9+1 wf)0s nryg ui9 z4dst9tq climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following isqgnbq ,) -6skp an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita tcozt/lv2bd)4+ nhy n1isb9k+9r m4h$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plavt edtk-.m+l+dm,f n,nt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen valul. -v tf,e, ndmkt++mdes were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &h8xq1 w(;8iya;2,s;e9e its wztus dg annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19 b,l-: sbm6sc*:8*oxr:xg v7 inwoag e88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forbaoz.(tz1e*kw2 f cd4g6 .jhe:eaj:w a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofm/z9k9y r glu 9(bqlb/ b3xcy0 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosingx8ep3bsn1sf xu4gf1y os m+ iws847-j one or more statements from the follow gsfsuw sb74eixo4s3fm8n+yj18-1xp ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climao6t,gfkhi.csc 06+-jq p gc) btic patterns and other physical variables. List the mk 0ic)- 6.ch+qgbgspo6tj c,fain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfo nwvc7rftwrzlt.2 a9j0 ym mc4-e,*j;rest biome.

  Identify the correct 9g7uj ;,wgunc statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It63 v/xv/ zmraq0pc s-caly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores :m(:fefkhnz +j/ (k dcin different biomeh:c mzfkk:ed fn((j+ /s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodi3l7)(-q*f 5 0 vqi,l ywhnbwl8cxgjziversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a0 z5l3b8, *7qn -h(q lf)cvwjixiyglw pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correrfx) bk2p;4 n qpj14d5r,qjqa w )j37wgd0ppzct in describing the changes in productivity during pn4j ,q dgq5qp))3z2j0;pdwkf47xp wp1a j brrrimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured f.;r4ok /h9fnzj s(p rp6z g)gusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempert cb /;qq rsryscf)1:5j0+te oature on the rate of photosyntheefs) c 0jtcy/ q;qts1ro:rb+5sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieq,;ww .re5acbq y9-ohld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturi l/-c h0z 3u,q9hzguce specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 165l, czg9-chqi03z uu/h6 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability gfmw 6fow2qi2 x-j*0)5vsokcof the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the svm5 )xswfkj-*26iofwcq2 o0g ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec.y o4r vzexl,)ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fzu*hwo1i a3f 8 +fg(rtor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crowcx0(; wk12jeo sacd w79e7meek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for xj3vetgs 5 3)li/7n 1qwyu) ymsampling mot5ey1uxgmqy/nl v3i )s73 w)tj ile (moving) specimens.