What is the best definition f98pydrm2aia*2 ws /poor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyl/ m:-b*mzt*qk tc :qd


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could cizfh lysfk4)pub:c1 g101/s o qt h91describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?clh z k1ty4qi11 hs:uc9g)pffos0b1/

  Figure: Growth curveh7n,kwg5+ jfmno (55k dkfwo :qvj)5 z of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomamralc- -wm l;bd:,f r- species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks likeb aiz1/45xuw t a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be bi5/x 1ua4t zwsolitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the nw5,zog/v q* 5z tj;y4+itmnmgroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nor+z0i : //m,lcuyv vgsqth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolyviqsgvc0,/m:/ z l+uf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populapd5lyno438a r tion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and mq 4vrs*b.vhi-bsb9bm 1;4aw snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima-a1b 4vm.b r sbqwh*smv;4bi9ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins t(,m3fuyct- ww;wo wr x7x/ w3in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live : +g:0 rqrfjxn7tjn 3aand interact with each other in0:gj 7+trnn 3jr afx:q the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy istdth-o s3c)j1w6hl .vp vcgt+t,*rd 4 lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have taumbs5kg;2)k v /ignf oqdo8 6,ll trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditg5nv o,go;i6df2mkq s/uk)b8ions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementd1 ofgg jf6u:7 that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundinqo4 5g w7l z4gcsya.p8gs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayingg 54ocgq8pl. 4ya7s zw leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivabu2bgrfu q tz7:7g,zb4hat 8 2tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidc./dl1ltha c1 s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe1cwgt/be*obj2n, 8 oz h n,cmo)k*9wzjy33em a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factornbkn 93* wmm,o)1h,ecwcyot /3*b 8oz2ejzjg 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of psh 1kog) bqp1(hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio )mw (urnp4sv9n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf6;fv6 ) zgsmkqeo6g0mfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mefq;k6 6m )svmg o06gzother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystf0ksw pykr kcny5y9,:hm*(9 g em.

  Figure: A marine foot p/rk5*adyq(d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thenno d2cmbh5q+*aotav x))-g3 carbon compounds produced by zooxana-d)c2ognqbhnoav5m3 +x )t*thellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio4 g j tu;tp: 5hws+o:/axy4xq;ln,ctt n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbo s::fobysr7, j*f9mg nb2+csw n in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms l1id6n(x c qw(yike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest noyx6d((q ncw i1n-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb166c j7t)lapl gql eo-ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsl/) xbt-;ghok prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements un*ermm9h o 93that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercidt.twq +pnd:rkel9nm7f 7 yn y;:,9fially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it kt,nrf :tw.dn 9p7i 9nmyde 7+lq;:yfnear a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationl(jxlcrph uv-k . a.97.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysvi1jo b,3,p sntem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup q*hfcm4 yei0l ;1 ;pquof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrij.b-cozg+s0 amid of .b sgjicoz -0+biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of d24 vfypxh.zwo *52j denergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representinsqh1 )/7 .g9dcv w j+tlgdngn6g productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we(b l1qxabivy j5+kpw5 1j/b+j b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilrdj;nqc+ /3*7 m:hrw e7 z)mpxfnrpe3z 9,ka z ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemen0or oayt:xgu-xybg onx9 3016:;cl rot that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exi72gsqtui 8 ho nue2u- 9+ y/pxa7jg1i. hem/khst in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like theun-2jey+osekxg 7 . quahg9h 1it7u/i mh28p/ lions

  Distinguish photosynth)ru)s re jdzvbyy3j c+6 .kg+cy, c+f:esis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthes ,rcvf3+gs+j zud6):jeccy )yr.ybk+is and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectd)g( ue+f dr9e7o8-fy z hcjk8icide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsibb0z few r+1 o,n2 v0itjn1diwn+mm2yq9/h-.

  State the name of the process that converts ct8ft5h9 q-1hqwa * s is2mldh0arbon dioxide in the air to carbohydtsi *m-51hqhald 92sf8qt h0wrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other sbvq m*; ib/fa r7we9f4v+bo98e ,cnacarbon sinks. * wce,+fsboqban;9v 9b/earv7mfi 84
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon8tk rv-;sb3i u cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys iv5-y 5kd5mt2v yf5gutem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements th 0 xz arn;-hv0d:dk.v4km-cd mat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) ,5jr (uxjxq d1can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cafwgy5s33n: dr) k2 1z umyjpp0rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car5hei(,piy 3c s1 wthq;h(5 tbqbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow id4kwzf e 62l3 v6oqgi3n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in 6o9cr,ed pq,s pb rp.3a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bact0 w6)qdr u+d z1peklf8,id9 oqeria.

  Identify which of thh.vt.ut l un:a .; gj;w:o9jsde following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cylj;a9.gu vnujot s..wd:th; : cle.

  Figure: Average per -l1 mnade5ge1 g1 a5-n4dd xfwcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primvu vs 13/q81mpkc 7xln(4cssiary succession progresses from a pioneer cc uss14(7 ncil1/ms3vqkp xv8ommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f(inhj,af,epdy mtdhe 76 2,)zfkkr)9ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per )xujeh -1vl4icapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elode. dkhk 0qe8)a7 e7fufza plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after q7kz0a h)8k.7e f fuedtwo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in G4g i o29+rh.gqwzcua 6T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheril7 g x7i03f 4kosb+dx2co gj:vbj7s6ees by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data+yzhuu : .ty4;bk)hab for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I (y9m1o ow(rb2)do +vytcst2x taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by c.d- qwq(+ekxghoosing one or more statements from the follewkq+-d q(.gxowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph-mb2-d 0k sl k16plsngysical variables. List the main fa6p2gkk d sb1-s0n l-mlctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descript4in 9z/q(k afqion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to l4z1u+mudysc3(q6 /i ggg1h ldiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, wscki.+ p8d yf5g *t9qItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass oj (-3iku-hjgif0x j6af two herbivores in different biomes 6 f(akghjj-x uij-i30


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as hx,s2zqb791 cw8h22b)z tssq v0jht rprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to7q, 2tjt2swvq) 8 0 hrshsc2b9 zhb1zx a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chuh r ug0-hnh4sz;- 4hcanges in productivity durins0 -gh4; -hzuunc r4hhg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factordu+f 5rp4 (d)lq 4hymhqbu+h9 that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate o 6m kr1mky-)sun1n* czp 6qv(tf photosynthvp1k tysu1r6-) cm6k *(mq nznesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a uj:m-1trvfv fo *-)mo field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bee/2q,v4bpgdmzw3ptlaai: z* o janm3j8 s2 /z3tle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A 2 ajql jba8m/34 *zz:np,p agi wz2m o/vds33tand were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it nw utyt1l/tjh;m6 8f7 is important to take multiple readinhuw;f6l/tt7 n1m ty8 jgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp us rq3zo-b 9d:y szh77/vvh*5 dpq*azkhj,4pling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplk,0 eso;xg)o des of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two wi 7oxe(wo *pf; 8f+c8.ycuuy parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effeygpy0 *uey 5.xh23z7f a )vojkctive for sampling motile (movigyj2hx57k ) f3pzy.o*au v0ye ng) specimens.