What is the best definition for a wn*-i gpm0+opspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital/u,9 3 jrgibyqk*7gr )a2fccey


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that coul*p5+j. es bes*ty 8kgdd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;85es+jp d.s *bek yg*tFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiofqa 3b.q7l)qbn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a ckr8x8sh8 l7 iSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that r3( x2-xh4mw x1s ezsyjesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and-3 sm4s1hywzex(xx j2 the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of oz;iznlul/ pywv3)/o 62hhjkko7 )i7n rganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occuc+reb+ n4f*ksd vhj *+9loab -r naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf b 4*++n*-s ablo kfvbh9je cr+dy law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ldg/,nr.vyqwpy 5n.2 over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thz 2(1l*e:v9i ppthbize remains of dead plants and animaltzp bp2*1i9hl z iv(:es.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo*nv p;(dk:yiquwz6i 2od chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other bwnj :3adm1:n organisms live and interact with each 3w1n b:nad:jmother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energk ngjhg3i3yt3 m44cac20vy dh)oc;l( y is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known 3p4xhp5 njz ibrweu +t/ c,y+2to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known4ezx5tyr+ucj,3+ /hn pwibp 2 to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corrg:m t 9royy bxz nw7v5)o,a ota1(9r9lgiq5p7ect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients beoi( 9zwy sa*:y releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaysw:e zaioy(* 9ing leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ridimy/)o ef14k j**86ts :wt znj4nnp kce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o k+:qt(z5 sr dlgq+g q*kn2,*lz :lpskf energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoq*lz,qvljmi9 i .x20 jr 2 and Factoriilvx.,m9zqq0l jj 2* 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempe.se:. sv hd4xin5k (mxratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivap - xk +r0fy,wtqv5le6tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has yw.l-ly 1 sxnbma,i 74stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and theam-bx4sl li.7 y,wny 1 mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow 7v8*q*f ac0zeyb ,lhmin a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food8 mp yxmd)jct hjrep048 t98p0 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on th-63i/t )crb9 7 oo snmbj1(fsldy/dw de carbon compoun (c6wmi-n9rbo/7o jfdtddb/l)s3sy1 ds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following c 1ur(y wcbkvb.*f2aj7f 6-cgkhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon indl+tx)8wgg +cm s8 /ih the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes orgae oem15c1*cv3*wr oemnisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest nw mveeo o 5e1crm3*c1*on-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuiqe2jnk* ha26 5jj: pkmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densj+o ,zuxks1hfnby* mf/yf,.8 ities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDh)596qd uyo+qk1ab dbT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an jowm5v9vrz 0b9 4bm0t) zkc6qaquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. Thtkv 65vj00rz9boz49 mc wqm)be student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the e( ot43 czxea7/uxb-mfollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural envxi:(tm0k tz ,ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foyh;uzji( d4tyv 8 t-(bod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wz4nno6gi9pabtrnl0 rz :1 a35hen discussing a pyramid of bi bzln063tnian1:o5z4r p g9ar omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of3 qgs tsp( 0vk)tlx4v/ energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing vfe +luvorn8wq *fw066n* 9bl-oik /v productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web -n a:vk9.s0lm by-q33x vgjf maqg7(e


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi dmn4g( j+jj9hl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describljdt yecuv+:3 l3od2xk f o v54nk-c+5e a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that couldr3d8sm/tq -ul exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consus/ 38tdqr-uml mer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis asf yg4v.y uv8;nd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respi48g .ysvy fuv;ration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use on. t-h ehm 45at;xfdlkh+fxflm/o ()(f DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is b3njl k-dv31plost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converb/fnwuw7n k:/ 3gdq;0y sag3 jl k3d2fts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr/ky fn3:fd2qulgn k0sba gwdj3/7 3w;ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other c) ; )i( mv3i()qnyhqqnnpmtw -arbon sinks.(;vq)n qnq-mwp)nmi h(i) t y3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tvy6m*6 ptcl f.he carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys zv gs a4,4lcqkeetkc4ai12) +tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t 4(rsps5mfo,+cj dc 4 k1xx9nerue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondax . 08ohkeyxxa3qs kcr/-5ft+ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrac,)a0wv9dwmt*+fr jhw, ;r :)vxwkbmm of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cagwvxj)0(a*8bu5iw ;q tprh jflr2 mx/xa0;b 1rbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystez kn c ih:67mvwnt/-+tm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ hwumd6w 9j 0e;h+dg;-du9rzloj/i5p.s6di a $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement,c h r26g*kgy5/6l297gepmvxk ms vux that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is)md qe sj:f8+z not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclz )fd:jmse q+8e.

  Figure: Average per capuaez, qmo1c*wp5 /* skita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary inisym-0v p53h)vll6succession progresses from a pione36mv5hlnls )yvi0i p-er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp3t (:pk vc8xwgle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitva+w g-01fr;yx5 qsk1ed( joma $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onyw*r5u ia 1g,ee was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning 5grywu*e ai,1 of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows w0g1itu +fi3 qin GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheri.wlg x(otrc9.y(ztc7 ud(zzv8b d (h/es by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data form5z/q1o(nh ykwr mq00 a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital0wg5z5 xvxc1 ky



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements froa3 i ;.9vfa6cca7 fi x( v;jstbzpx9z0m the foata.v979z bx cicajs;(6 0 pxvi f3f;zllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi(27i)5 zysk gn jldr,de8t:mncal variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestr,d7:z egmysiknj2(dt )n8 l r5ial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest lm*v4.ri hgjyewr7 co.a ,+4pbiome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an a6 jg75y7+bc (l .patf9ltcmiecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Isxy8/ / mobr9a*zj v:ptaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass oqc5b j (k 51dsbgfm 2748ftj d)gzwz1nf two herbivores in different biomesj7 dqs)wgz55 t4ngb f(2 fjzkcm1d 81b


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversityk2*nk+v rwp f-njki(9s *hk1y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer commu9yi(2pkn* fsk*nk+- h1krjvwnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folloi::d gm*zt5vyfepa + pi51yu7 wing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succp:iupmy*7ei yv 5+d : ztag1f5ession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can i,9u)cf:tg2 u5 ngttj be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate 4nyx-fp/5r/wd 7 uw ebthe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis wxb//wdu7y-p45nre f



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in n ykxgd0e .a98a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spe x-j7(yr5picpd-/coo1z) fhlcimens of beetle A. On the firs l(p7i5op or/czx-hy-)df c1jt day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dats*jgzd ,r4sr pmi i90p,d70o ja, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. zrjr0s0 i7jd*i9dpg o4ms, p,
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol225eyo lh m 3yjwozi,:ogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cre;(oqj:s obaup-0inda80 ab b t1a8iw m7v4.ndek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sr, 3fh6w e (dn2i8-k4bkuzv wbpecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fols9 s nkmo.vm gm3**,bilowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) ss*39knoi*gm v smm,. bpecimens.