What is the best definition for a specieff q6.mf(xb(jqm* 3 jys?

  igure: Climate graph of :n mdu;bab mtd v(m7.xqel9vz)zd 8+;Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe xdr/* rt e4 , nyznf2gja+(1sga species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;jdz4/ t+(y rasx2ef g 1,ngnr*Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a 5v - hojg;qy6f)cy5fipopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species q cjf vso2 f7,01zhdk.



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb5d nsf /l-y;/y eft8r*5vsyxzle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Co-n 5 5//y*sz8erxyy;l sdvtffngo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms *8665ik7/ 8k hzbo jlj(silnb9lnslfis a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nor rsm;f+rabl6 y/ry/ j21e c*dxth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may gmsxlc +/;/ya6 2 brf rejyrd*1ive birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth mm8 te el(o/rr(wrd15-i:cs9 ,zr .abli4 nvoof a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed w;rx+lar9/ yfcy;g/ib4f2 nj0.ba.2gmpo g son the remains of dead plants and animalsnr+pbw.l j ;am iagg2fb2o/x y ; /0csgf4y.r9.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxitpm-,ef5u8. i4gr8sfnj c ir::n;qs ons in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whak /e e5vu216 j/odtuidx-aa;n le, polar bear and other organisms live and intera6- 5oidva ue2e ta;/n/uxd1k jct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysd40(/)rz hvh( kf/ tazdc3abvtems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produaz , ag0rsrc4wq z*b1; *1yevxctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many i gr4z,*1xs 0a 1c *ywz;evbraqnterdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a ( weoag anmv)a/s5::i correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrd:,,n2li tdiz oundings. The enzymes break down things such a:dt i,izn,ld2s dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu0h95x l*ujddfiaclaa9emr 7f , -p,9zltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py ks0fsot 1 7cr3cwenijrj9w 4b5+.7jpramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;s(q (8tfc:tg4 osv +dy Facto dys(8:g(qvc+fst 4tor 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis9 zg;5v 4) lcrzbbu4wo-btcv - at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysc9h9d+csl ) eztem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girij 7 ybzx-p.6mxc.u7 x/us,qqaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk-muix.b7 sq, q.ux cxzjy /6p7 for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy n 9gsq 1ts/e(ugm, /wau6j2xxflow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webegv -p4tii vvbb;1 0*lzbyn2bo(t. -t



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coralxr3g be, w5fq5. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioqw35gb,er x 5fxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem 2f)h,w ,c2xqwrl1 ce.nzg6qo ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ofy,/knusurt+stl l55u,) cy c* carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms tha;u/wweo r+py8 pl3ve( t ingest and then break down and digeru/+ ;pop3y wel (8wvest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe,-)7mwjq yku :v:hci yrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i yoxz81gndukn:b-s3v **z dd; ts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about D-d)gx yr91e uhzo2mw :ichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqua3dxo 055t czemtic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provoc3mxz5 0dt5e ide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran(8xn qi-hv 0he;f 7ftcbiee)c ssj4 +-sformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co-zbm v0 (mjqria )*e2nnversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 5vl(7 .kav2fc5g9oine 7zvqffood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falhcg*ap1ktu 5s (a ,oh0se when discussing a pyramid of s*h,ou( 1 a0ath p5kcgbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e-41 ty6 ozji5hxp q7drt;(drn nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fo w1nc))w y;gmdr representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foss9op8 .c8wn lod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in y*zgv4 o ,8 erkqtv7*ea soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe ar-0 fs p/-jl0ub49e soie np6w food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with vu 4y 4e q1ukyt4/lc4hparasites on a consumer like the 4y/4eqch4tv1ukyul4 lions

  Distinguish photosyntfvcd-xlye ;6; hesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntefxyl-dv6; ; chesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe -ssfmn 1f9xq6 the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy l0 jrzq*o df/8 cp9a*sis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convertrg3k)ubi ztn2a;i,k9yj( f * us carbon dioxide in the air to carbohykiz23gn, iu jr;fat k*)yb(9udrates.

  There is continuous cyyk5plog8qb 5 hgps17(cling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. g5ykp plgq5s7 8ho (b1
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that require11o na:swszb yn.+mq-s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy i u-xgu7stk(z evs m3-0n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are *pf0t2y/vl qktrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pj c1 p uts,amo5lr5/i0roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diaj*t4 6inzbzdc ntz (06gram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ckml9 tdkr(o ra-89l6zarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in e9xo0v./8b rlsuspm.r p n7)van ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemh nt/t ;cd8.hv in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying 9kfztkrm5o4-ddb s-2 bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not ay(6:r,hj8.,cxpya 3qr(e nyq ol 6mny human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycleq m,r j3c y 6eq(ph6ylnoy8rna.,:(yx.

  Figure: Average per c0 da; g 6 -r- bt5vxqzaqhux8qye0w(z8+isn2napita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as p75;mo )cavttarimary succession progresses from a pioneem5 a)tavt ;c7or community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follow9crau v.1rq 2ndz41ph q, vagmhg4.2 ping is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca54 2dducqje- vpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pv xawa*3s u0s+lant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experima0u+a w*v s3xsent and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages6 en 5jc, 6(k5u1radgr7wu qjs & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish4ttj,atz;qn 6/jap kqz5q 6k;eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome tj:49t its)pf

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph n ;bm6t8nfsnx (-+lgs of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choat klfs8d76 tnbdvt.ck6/f )ktl6j*j (xzy ,+osing one or more statements from the followikjvxfdcn6dy +6l 7(stt8*b./ ztfkl6)a t,j kng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns ank 0dlf9k8g;v*sy,ta qd other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biom y afd8k0*,sk vlgt9;qes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfor yy +3d1jdpcc8mrfpv lx,)fz3o l-o -.est biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecod 7gxv ;apwj:;system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I:2e y *wtq 0xju5p2v; vs+r.df r/mqodtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomlga*+h.d;sj sass of two herbivores in different biomeaj*s;ls. gh+d s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversityh3h;j(d 0dsdkdoz bzf75di)n6em 8 +t , GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax cokb m 0dd f(e5;ztn3dzoih87dd)hs6j +mmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct irztbb-z4m2 5b n describing the change 2rzt45mbbz b-s in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can beo. v1;civq is2 measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratgt t4zvwraw8z x82j0; l )x-kie of photosyntv wx;z r0ta2 ljgiw)4xkzt- 88hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a-.8+:br ex imchha4bx4suy7 q8l+ oor field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ofx:qe1lt suszmi91h; ; wwc;p/ beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marx 9c1 imwwls:suz;e/; qt1h;p ked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multw z ndtbd72x s:jt(8kj2iq2v (iple readings of th qtj(222 dnzsb tk(78i:dvj xwe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampl 6j2 h7ih 9cd9z;aixev*1sxkring


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of/s2 z-kn3-cb(. dcarwv9iooj1w f 4cf Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in twocvdue8tab*r2s )v96)ge nk (g parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folw2 wp13pt(-i r2axofawmh3 m4lowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) r-4opw3w1(32phamwxfaim 2t specimens.