What is the best definition for a spq +m ;6a+x*sila5qjahj dt:- qecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital g 9fzl-i3dtch)s/iw*oeti6 6y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c )cxo-jb aa,eyjqg;9:t:xb 3n ould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fxy - a qx3tbc; b,j:oja9:eg)nactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population r:8dkq4yv6w*t2: f3i sy blss


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi7 ,sf(l zeez+wstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hasatd rs .rsl j5/wo*62km41yv z stripes that resemble the zebra. It yvs4 ws 2km/rdoz.j*6a5t l1rlives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populae7-v0 hal7ym*e* ied ig)f3xh tion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America t s40tlaj1; drj2(xd land Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Nethe01d;t 4( jx2lls tdrajrlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the groyq; hl 9c4/kjdwth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and aoycl h+b5.cij 9ee2dl n7rz)+nimaleodhyec z9).jc+ lnbr5 7il+2 s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ikh2)g ml/r f,a /gde4rn food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgaow 9i. vv6h:yqnisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of o.yih v :9w6qvthe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy nq*,smhe:5cof v29* ; vrrxlqstems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lar2 z) phgqsh11 :exrn/qge biomass with high productivity, desp/z:gxr 1h)s pnqe1qh2 ite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement th/yg7go- (hy7nvfi5 r iat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie r+pre5( 7hp z7mddio)xg2sw 8nts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such pieh7w g m(s2dx+z8)rdpr5o7 as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivafd)8a 3vdif0qtion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids 5+tmxu/a o k-:g if+abof energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor w+ f s3rr5glb6*;j0kv(wxrea 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?r( rkv gl03 e5sx+a ;fwb*6rjw

  Figure: Graph of the eg9 mq3 qnb-y3 wd23utrate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cxtzf+ (5u djh,ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zevud4f6 orv2a+d7e5sz 4a wmp2bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspriz5vadp u 2+a4 26f7 dsm4vwroeng which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energ(j,a9hb r5s tgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w gr mzvh1x +r6d(gfw/;eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thee mj:;(nh r(gi carbon compounh:m;igernj(( ds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacteinlh-4+rvs e.+ isl-e24lkm ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moven4h) fxgfd5 -r 5i1t*ix*tmb x4hd. ifment of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best ,0sz0bw7 hro)un b cr 60rrq4mdescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livings04rnrr6wmh0q b 0 r,c7o)zub organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oetemz 70t2*3k iavvl2f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of annx07 qh +osws -gx++6oc m,is predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroe.rfu2w)cwj2, yav 5pbthane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usreg3nxm)sqhi0dok6u / 26: ea 0jon7oing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae0s a6ee3jki07ng:6 o2u h)/rnq mxd oo, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o tzy,ar a;dl+(f transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system03a/)pv v4k x-ebgqnawxz,p l2rs:l;


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo5ns c v q. zu6ie0ultv:0)q0cood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when5cbp1(+csvgz e igh :6 discussing a pyramid of biom e1z(s+chbi5vg 6cg: pass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener ,t ,cbykyvt-tm)g ecv); ;l3e rt,2:yu2 nsklgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an e )k pfddlnp++;cosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin1,qlsiy: qgydcs :is5nc/2f :e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec cq 899o c+kk3go2ubutxv+/oz osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foejyogz+ lnjpc6: 772tcwc3k1,,z*ijs yy h o+ od web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah(zca ,mw utn o06ru(7vuf9ml*7q eh h. system with parasites on a mu7 crmt(u0f*6qhz l9(vwu.eoa hn,7consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration kn,+ ; kg1dhgicorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Res +g kkn;h1,igdpiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectic8a c/)fu sln/cide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost pb e03v(v )rlfc19lnqfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ai 5*y,yoe:vlns ljg2;ir to carbohydrl j 2el* 5vysi:g,on;yates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othu9fr lv6/ly52ddjm* oer carbon sinks. udf*l2v y /l9 dojr5m6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carboru zbz7s0+l rfxj+9 s6n3o p9yn cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /ym,wuvrf1+5w 6b uid7 per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trp /o ttdxol./06y1t huq h3;fiue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated. dby.w:* p1h)7;kewinbj- ,+q jplis s

  Figure: A simplified diat.6oh +l(xh)ewt zklhpf* 2( ygram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through th,d:x netjotti 3j-9x 4.es q7le carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecobcu3 vsg0b u61system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kw( b1ecg7c 7ryJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyip0 l ynoni*gi/0p lk075tf9m qng bacteria.

  Identify which of the followinpth5 0a8mjr4a g is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycla 5h0 4r8tmpaje.

  Figure: Average per ca(1ayaa y1piomr/bx q sa6;(h5 pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successiolx6mj r:xmus3(nuu08 n progresses from a piouxu ms:m86 ul3 xr0(njneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folr4fhc,rz;sp1:t9z2zasbd7v t1r z v2 lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitablbc6 z+g+d1 f $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrieh 4c2*iax) etxmw4 9eid out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the2)tii c ae9xx*4hemw4 other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & a6v)t*4f imy8grmjtb sha*1i/2ha,qz3:dl ngnnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988- q6mga09)j8c0rx 3*ib vd yfut2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome l2 s7e)9im- lg21;z cdksot mc

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy y ;6kkrj:+hiv)kfj /w



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statem7,. oq6kkb,nb7 htzxsnv, :kvents from the follo.z bkbhn 6tq, s,,kk:7 vvx7onwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other patb540y ( rmea s0w9ql f :lyn(+cerr+hysical variables. List the malr4n++((eref 0c: lw9ay b trqmsa50yin factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest w5wy4)+a chm,+hmn dnbiome.

  Identify the correct statement related to pbmqu9: uv ,fj vzk9)u j)nr2u g(,5ncdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap n)vu,k/ kk0sfh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity an 9u..0ehj+u(a17q8h jr2 wydyjw pbh nd biomass of two herbivores in different biome+ uhr(d91 2pewjha h jyyb wuq.70jn.8s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim4wfqbo6m8 a53hvnj 5jary succession progresses from a pione nbjf oh48j5 m653qwvaer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notd(wz(jva.+5lhms9zfwn 7p n +o.ve+p correct in describing the chan7+whsd +pvna (9 5wo mn+e.v. (flzjzpges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be xg9)x3 6skgh oh*e:z5x *xzlw: i;adzwga +7ameasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect o- ubku.ngdkp-o rxeim5p56p 3e70tc +f temperature on the rate of photosynthesid3rc 55tp7k. --gx kubp6ee+mnp0 i ous



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f,eq/t vy/myt.tqe8wl e55 5 r.dyt4kaield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ofh e8;)jepyi+c2n* nj a beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out e)eip8y2j a*n ;jch +nof a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to d*tw( tx 0sje) (5t hho;wwbr4take multiple readings of the 4j bhdt*o (w wx)(;tw re50htssame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used oswcknjgjs :*de x- 6a(:y3(1 6ar1 yfcg1foain ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow cuhz,b2r5 k*o Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled-a nq5:m*kom .4/l ntren:viw in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mg9w9d et/e wpm 4oqr84oti o p44mwdg/ee 9qrt9w8le (moving) specimens.