What is the best definition for a spe2l 16 v5ibbf;mm fmgt2cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 8;ewuw ,xqbl;cy nu)o;-ci5etc4ak.


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descritpm (k w(h9wp csh7wm*9-cy*lbe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3h7* csk- ymtwl9wh wp9p*c(m (?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populamixhle u; at3 .5lti.1tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis3i-8qc q c7e0l7-3-ujg ) trmgq(wbykhd*bm btosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has zcy3z:mk90z p stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, tmyc:3zp kz 9z0hey are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ : 1aaup bf ohom-jk1a)g82c5xisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally iny 94 vh72 kgj+kbrb:nbjc;q;m North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an eco4bm hb7kn j+gvcrj by:k9q2;;nomic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refli/mb 3 cko:qyw 1i9(auects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and stu3(,,p ocus fnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animauft,,cso3 u(pls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo.b8:fe9 wzjbun g9l2mt c45gwd chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otheb 3bix90dfajx; 7 e8jnr organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of a 0eb7jxn;j8if xb9d3 the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.5g8kmqr u 7e,egpoi) .

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomasss tr0 4 sho0arc39jkp d7s/ocraj+8h, with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they 30r+r0t7ha9/d,s o srospjcc4k a8jh inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement th u +d zx(vxlxcl/wgw6,gst600at is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzyf:b.;j/an/xsex4tn4c qbm8/ hkfyeq ;m o;0 dmes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayiqd en;mfj;. 8;ynsmx4 fa /x/t4 h0cb:ekbq/ong leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system h;yyiaz ex: k-(vw:)m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramixg-qrw(,je3 pax u3xhu c9w 5:ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a s5xk xih c,s68dpecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ans6 i8xd h5c,xkd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rateyvezt6,.cdv a ;ak * kgh*ozu,k,n;k * of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultikcv,:,rkmq t 6+vwa-fvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has s 2gzxaxqahbkk .6u +d40zd3u .tripes that resemble the zebra. It live4k kgxx6.zz3 a+aq buddu.02hs in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial -7e96f+nxz. 2 ltxdxub1 toip ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wegm qksu7do,; *b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insiu6me3x2 ft:d: ufufpn 7;ynw1de coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunl1uynew37 :d6 :tfx;unmffu p2ight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinlnw -bt3l-n-2ob b uzb9krg((g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceangj(wc4m*k 1ip2 ji4298pxwfxtzw. dwr ;9as z


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organm +-drtzh ,cvn*xam .-isms like earthworms that ingest and thendm- *-,hzc.x t+nmr va break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py47 bzvpgxpvq;(rgirrh ;y3- 1ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a gnzc;ijo +.; wpredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloq-2jd-yh*2 rkd .+t2esnybe s roethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqvff8o;0jm5c e uatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The stu5v0f8;jmec fodent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o t,3b:ndv 7f3uoqz(hp:0vqbm f transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syo7i:v hm) 8a amgei/w)stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins jucib)ze ,7fl9--tml4yx7j uin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a 7sh+zx a d, y jk6uuw84x:m7wlpyramid of biomasx m6su 4 dw7z,:78lxjwkyh au+s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy hcskpc)6 /h 6h


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represenkjpxrtq9c ukva7 lc 3 f/e:v.0 no8+w2ting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wee -f(/:h yfigjb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inik-0uvvo w.57is0k ti a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemeng7z; p bo1gu1ft that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers pged d(,d , 78aodsc4 31jjv;l+2ody4comi z tthat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a con, j,+oddd4y2 dt po( c8a4o 3s;lzcvjde7gmi1sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlysw 3rl7p9lx**m(q hzn from the options below.What is Photo9mws7* 3 *(nqlhlzxrp synthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use)imtvifg:n2h05 b u9t of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enefv coa9g;p 25h0 pv4i5o6g petrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process v0v6 ,fc7g9xekps 3am that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesk3fsap7 6vvgmx9e0, c.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the l q,3bbe myocpo8 t+r(e4i n0-atmosphere to other carbon sinks. tc3bmeqb40 n 8o (yei +ropl,-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thag8 hsivg8 m79jt requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /0x5i nw.4ulc -pqg o 5q5p-cka39mxhc per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen)q*ud9 iu;u r52uxinrc t0s 0tptd4d 3ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produckvvo3 qh1r3v( tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle8 ntn-o/7b+p0bueco m



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon /,b ewhy)-mzciia2w( cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem jlhqifw6 :kdja 00 aw(47 ,lzy


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tes+ 4ac0l jri,-h2o4ed 2ou( phsmg/ larrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true7gchz;ys.ykv(qy5 :f of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following5 z2j+ e fa154cb(pf;a/e/ywvb8j vox)mu toa is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycly v;b (c5u o8b5oate1v+/x/ffjw4jme ) a z2ape.

  Figure: Average per cav/bvy*g. exz3 pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc9h/b +q3o hb9b/7x0puor y+tam jm2necession progresses from h+u bjmqpxnhm9r//70 by a 9o3t2 +eboa pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following ism-4r eve0km- vwt5n p hg/q(a/ an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capzkh 6qn(8r;m z 1f:(gqht*mgoita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One ebblq8so1f:sk *.hi 03a/a ; vj8ynuawas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxsh; b*i yf/ eank8ua8 osq3: jbv0l1.aygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in 7k31k to.oibs GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region yf(g8i umj : q/so*d6,tr-wxe1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datoiv 0rcnso4bn n) 9k* 6tr(p)za for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I903kd6zqy bbptaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more sbnk1mn-m, tfjp8k)9 ttatements from the fo kf )ttn-nmmbpj,91 8kllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns andi0bx0v:1vssj /: zkjl9obb- e other physical variables. List the main factors thsbx:ob 1v bsi:e9 jvjk 0/z-0lat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of jv imbz-ksxfq:6-zw5hj4 ;k6 the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosoe;vv 9b n7/svystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ite1:9ogz8qx i raly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of th - t65t wooqsinr65s2) gx)orwo herbivores in different biomes 6so nrstg5x2h5oiwq6))- o tr


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarr2k21f je0o h1loau2,:bkr4 z+u w jfmy succession progresses f2 b4f:+j,u1o efurma hrz12lo kj0 wk2rom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describii 6mx+mthxz n+9i4: qjng the changes in+49thzn+xx mi j6mi q: productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thatsq og*y,fit8tp9b,9de je0m ok4om.*xzj9;v can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on tdat6 gg+8/uu0cic 1y5bfob j *he rate of photosynthesis jbuyad0u/gbif ctc1*+ o58 g6



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in soopo7 sykg/h e j+///a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of ins7 a-vep :l2doaect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. Th2a:-ldavo e 7pe next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im)mojol ,fs; a*xg0qpxjn4212vpoa 6t portant to take multiple readings of the ssxqg p260,tmlf1);o a o2njp4xva*joame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedejvu;vvv5 :) pm z -0ilnhti0+ in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data-z e .b+dn1wae for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two part ,2x-k 27np(vokz bmhms of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplinv)xv 2d* nay, ua7d.o3g4sac9w8bbl bg motile (moving) specimenc*a)4,xldo27sdgvaa9. b b y vwbu38ns.