What is the best definition for a s:z*vr )ixz0 m;i ..vb7bkq ezbpecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italg;q20uujc 9jby


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a ku+ bf. wnd ezrim n:5r)mx5*)species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factru+r* ):n5bi .mmn kx5ewz )fdor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofc-,.qyzdk:ol:cd1 yx a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schd nul9 59:mltdistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip+)w-viu 5*(jf p qtectayx6+fes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds ofy6cxta-+) +ifw qpfuv5tj*e ( trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatioh env(xns0d4,6j k cuv;l+:hwn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (C08nha;2 aadfxss8+i6w ydqg7 anis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.a s6an fdqhw0;a+ xig87s8 dy2Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that 1crdh xvuo l02pez+ l/bxq j93q:of 43best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on tf45m cj3yeh d)g i*pn:he remains of dead plants and animalgm3p *)fn5eyi4c hd: js.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cypq:ykxd* 3n 2q nnml 3rb*9b5hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live a6 4fpcu:, gadk5 xrrv0nd interact with each other in xa4: 6 krgf5vdupc,r0the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is6h-+cc(g1gz f6rupvo lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and inqqu18kwyv8 h +m6n-e fd*b3a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interddemqbf+836 8kni hu yw*q1vn -ependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement t;dejge zqr6f e*k4 iw;i+jv.: hat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by h iu3,nfjdp: 0xqhg-3releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thehgindjq0p 3, :f x3h-un absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati) 9ul 9ncbyz+ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyb:l 7uv2v* k;zoxexg+k8 :f r8ihm*m aramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fan:u)l,o4 ch victor 1; Factor 2 and F oln,4 ch:)iuvactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynr 4huwitke-xji:ob6(m ; +e a+t*9bgkthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice;)ed71a7(dl(q qjqadc/mrv o ;sk/ hr cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe alsg90 qq6i e/p*iddy7 nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only withy9*qqd g/0ldi 6e ips7 other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestc;b1zz+v9q;;h neare rial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wj,xwwen+;n( m05mdjt g.*mwnzu 1by2 eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coral/p t +jko5:avfs feed on the carbon compounds produced j:akvtof /5+pby zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:0:kwq p 6;xu-a b+1 abilbka 3ikrig:,


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement 8)io9 )niwvfh of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms l:j7e74iyw 2ls(q ws kdike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-4ws :de7yqlkij72 sw (living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu;dr :,ah;qy aj.1wrkc 6:lhppmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitjqw :mimtxiw 1f txf4:5*e c mt3+9*pmies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)p /( /j,mdamr,4 o)m-.dgw(hb pzynl q:
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aq5 npcep :2v3 q8rfz9ks9hbx6luatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included al63h9lpszrp82 : nqc9x kvb5ef gae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.dyh;*dj66owpb6 g-c n6k yt7+ tsy4xb

  Figure: A natural ene(gwbr,s;ixd 9 rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo 2ex;-0n 1vcb,md prue(jr*s/u)mohiw4wu( yd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid e+:p86pm) ona31cw(occafcb 2rh p /lw28djw of biomcmc1we 3l)hp/cod 8fwpo2r2a6bjp8:+ wcan (ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of y 0)i op qn)p qe+7ui-uib0z;wenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi) tjgidp1y.yoqr9y-; ng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodx9g h,c a2:d;7e+t rdcj1sv (mlzlbd2i *e/dw web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil roq;uqg*3f+ bdvf:w 5ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descru*rv3h(jbu qrsg ,7rott6 ,;oibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid rqqs2h : -,np3bt4cb7g c1txjof numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consume1 h47 nbqcx:tj,sr 2qg-3cpt br like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respd5xg y /d-4nleiration correctly from the options below.What is Phodgd5/ -e4 xnlytosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of 477fskmzowr8 DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form egx:-yo8 t:vp5 k lwm:unergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conver qx ot;4;qlhn5ts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate 4q tlq;nh5;oxs.

  There is continuous cyyl0poftu 7p(klj, n5 4/dsi3kcling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 0np p/(4,7lkuokj5ytdlsif3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lows)8jff7w g2 z6u 7/6y1grov1his fle ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in a6s yh dgluzn45f*v7d*/ony y+mwn,p- n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement3fbh,f a 5h2rqs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivityu gwnner2lm+ so; *sfl 3f(9l- (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycll wdha6;vdon) a +qn7pxw;v02)klvd3 e



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cavcjguu9mx 9.1w ps/3r0g ymsq .m6v+xrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecdpb5d4:+0p0ku pvww 5h tc4d u:occs*osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial eco oy.e8/ oga06 q3m6rmrxbihlg::et o6system in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitx;p ldv.s*,kj8rne9 y rifying bacteria.

  Identify which of thkkbn.;+bsnv:orza jx / *t3+ me following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycm.k+;3j:/*oxkar b tbnz n+vsle.

  Figure: Average per capitq x0uk r2si)0na $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bi)t a uwbqqmk9)o::pbi 0 4w;foodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer4babwo:kwfp): ;io0 mqq9t)u community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is acmavejpra) .4l ad9.1n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita i8 ,s9-y-a* nruv virl$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with ai3zy-if. a d0ln Elodea plant in water. One wa-fa3d i.0l izys kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows ck 0s;3 ;hk mzyuk):fmin GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishsj.( lw7w*jha lbhx 7(eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 8 7gkbfxjv+z; u z0n.ifor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,9 n)rjvqu: 7ek Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing qml0 5+ du* sevn0e,ghone or more statements from the follod +els 5mve 0q0,uhg*nwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns zmb wmg*y*9 eqa t;o(,and other physical variables. List the main factors thawyqm* (;, 9tezbaog* mt characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfore1oth px1nc b+viw0x v60x:2rc st biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyste+puwe2 :m aox -xy9-zem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itm.s8r)teozj ft c0 ghiz5u ;66aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bi *d8/sb vkbtpa;; xlm,omass of two herbivores in different biomebb ;sx mal,vk/td p8;*s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversit*r7 pd- ltrb,ky, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer c-pr, 7tbdk* lrommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corna7yht i mbjjd7 -x2)4rect in describing the changes in produc2bdixm- )tn7yhja4j 7 tivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seai8w1 f( +g bm;aoz963j- jduucgtb k/cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inves td8:wy r;gfj1e ovv+:tigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis+f1v: j:;ew8vodtgry



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in cne 7m(1ihve 2a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle r,fzeqj (0 8tfA. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which rzf,(t 80eqfj 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dajj9vj*c n7 3puta, it is important to take multiple readings oc9jj p *3nj7uvf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used1okixg iux)4*j5w i e) in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W -r(2o hg;crlr(u4hub illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data54gaxsm(l fmr x1w/teg; /ugewb(/ g- for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mpm q7 kfk2q:x1otile (moving) specim1m x7p:f qk2kqens.