What is the best definition for a ; t8 a*cel/ji sm/bh)uspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itazhc 6(.xhvv n5ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factocnkwd90zg/v*lzao)10 1g ai br 1 ;Facton1g0/a0 lg zb1koic*)davz9 wr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatqp/j m2vt pb3 efj /.lxa:* 2*gglx0tnion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi,b apyrd327yv stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gipq3(/c 0 u k8shxr8 akic6zxy,raffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature a3ay8czk(k r08 h s/6cqpx ,xuind can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grouq *81s,utig clps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nsu z,2 ou9o.-bazz- 3l8k3xhk3 s zhanaturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic anim8k3n h 9a 3.buzo-ohz x3u-k2szaslz,als such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tifjmvx fz neuv.:: u*ip8ndc6pgoo v p--++.8xme.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thego gb0x (3,yqn remains of dead plants and animals xg3y0(,qg onb.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai .-;lmwa2cfl.j vo e:rns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and qtpb uki:-48d other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waidtp-: b u8k4qters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosb -r1+m.m/y6f/wp3ojsow+qdg k v zc *ystems.

  Rainforests are knowns;kt8svo4.9.oes t+*nlhex dt .ygg. to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physicgy9t .dot 8 h..ssklvo e*nt+.;ex gs4al environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptia(e8fj o4o(e zon of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive es953sb.wd.ti:q naj knzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thw5qi tdn .a9s.3s: bjken absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva )b 1( xs-er,fdep2.krundv(x yoo/1 rtion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of t ) hno6f.x01g sfbfq)energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factnotss m2--4yaor 1; Factor 2 an2m tsn- 4-ayosd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different t /fbhtiec)*, temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated r deo9zj y1dnb+ f e6k-j:00-6zzwzotfice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir7+mi.djc* fp- tjzi:daffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the jcj* .7+m: tdd-zpfi iDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowizx)l /2d t2zz ;8h w1dh1ryer in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web7im a* mjp3pd9



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fewd2)ze.d9 v1 mnysx b7ed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. 2xv7sb)d9.n1mdewz y
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactioy;w,g0*r- adtnge.y i w+hoa f3qh*0k n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movem h12 fohn26q5wjo 0rdwent of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworxn2h rv;3*wmk ms that ingest and then break down and dign;3wk 2hvxm r*est non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberjr ou (dpz*0o(s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preg(o/24junam k dator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphxjf85 t/tyzg4enyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seaw.jwaku: 68eflater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. T.6al8kw:euf j he student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma qqzsf0z 8,+wndo7m3 ation.

  Figure: A natural ener/der q2tox23x gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i :+uis,c/39zcod btgrn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrp(+ h.,90fx kmys m8w 7xxpojpamid ofws78xk9 m,(.xjxp fyo 0 p+phm biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerlqqd. 6.pmh:a gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for fwm11 )ea rospk)g+q,representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fooh m6f f.dugfj bp:0cmeb8d207d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecjkp++o3g5vu ;7 h0ipmjvzc/ xosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does a: xu8gdggk;/s1trn(j l) efla b0k1 9not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of nhmoo /keiqu55t hq** .umbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites khm5qoi./oq *hte*u 5 on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from th2 srmth ;a*g4ue options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respi4 sah r*ut;g2mration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an9.+w z*dv5 cua5 fzh7 p.yqqra insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos wg;s/ifte. gk3b o1o7ystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air ti)sw z/b x.wla8ji.4uo carbohydrl /js zuw4xbwia.8) i.ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere toit*0bxoaw*.v fzrg /t9et3m, other carbon sinks.9taom zvb 3**.tg xier,t0w/f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longebi5z,xyn;r ; b-+ xnagst time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pvga9/dq q: rk(os69gvtj0;e. lghjt:b7 3ja oer area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement uoaz,5a;0tk hs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (Nut */tk4q m6aiSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram ox c-xxlk 70+wv(vg 6mcf the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carblyt*o(rhgv,m5ojsm lgf -p )*l99x1 lon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste tag+kciw i)0pplkg3 ;qw1m/7 m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystl5gope ;by: yt,kvd0cig,u-e-d+ hi t- *h 5nzem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true uk k,p.ox ou1+;whrneoc,j- ba1. :upof denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitr2y8ym;4ybwd3 :4 pu zmb 1aifxogen cyclbiz 4p42m1bym8f:u 3adyyw ;xe.

  Figure: Average per capita q:z1 p6kvb :a:whs6jc$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and dbvr ;r:7wxa8qdr * q4t 4fgmu2o- *enNPP as primary succession progresses from a pio4xd q:rm te4ugv 7f2ra wrn8d-;**q boneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is 1moqlf72ebj21ab epp77 vys ( an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caphp2sz1q9u 16knuj w bz1j8l r /yu9kh9ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wate.d0o e;u 9khgbi 44lkxr. One was kept in light and the other in ul4;bkek 94og h.ix0ddarkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flo m-tr6(i ol2:cghlj )zws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 8 nz caxoa1pl3 fi*)9m


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datw b/5a050w jnz qu*trwa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy mn2))szp qr 0lzw)c-j



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ov.vbo /9,ybfe f "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the follbvvof9e b y.,/owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. )y( jb/o ts*g;xn,yveList the main fac;nbtgx,)o v y/ s*ye(jtors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a caq+ vc7utc+1 description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stat+no9 wtzm-f7co 06kw fement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph xp.az.nup7;,3 k civiof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two 1tlxk pz*2 d.qta8k:bherbivores in different biomes 2q1z p8 dkt a*ktlx.:b


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversc-qu+oovb4-lhff1 jf7;tl ,y w+)9 ,edpdhghity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses froh b fu49,lvhlfqgydj--o7 e ch,tp;1 ow)+ +fdm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not uc8 (t2paw 0jscorrect in describing the changes u pjtwca82 s(0in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seccd;e9d*ama z1 (4cudi zhi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temper*vskx-h1g4j8ga6w p:3( k , vbmae culature on the rate of photosynthksw* 4uv6 kb,3pahg(levj8:c g-axm1 esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a )od- .wmnx)drfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps t.8(dsa8hoiwto capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 118o thwis.88da( 5 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of wlz; 9:ihtz -ythe data, it is important to take multiple readings of wyi9;zh-:lzt the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological salobly /h +olx7sos0k2nz2d +iwl/ s,: mpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow 3(y5tc; tmomigpr zy nd1-.m;Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par8hjbny 0 o9l8rym*:rz* ,l bxrts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samf.:qmxf1 qyn5pling motilxf m5:qyq1f.n e (moving) specimens.