What is the best definitto4k/ocuy u:7 ion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Igs,x61fndck 1qu9 ql1taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' 3s:+kn3g oocy niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factoyco3kno+3s g: r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populaf uv*vvil)70n 9.yfq +1xtlj,cdx b7d tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch0x ,ajbttz;nrfpe ,n9h.7; plistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe andvum ; w7iacg2)h m*n.t has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass gt mw*i.ac hu2;)v 7nmand ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of or7y9b61x a+ltkgums7i8p qg+hp*6sdy ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturalefvo; 32vwk x ;k21(tdh0yd+ z gxhrm1ly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, ad z2xm1dok2 0yvhk h13r xf;wtv;(eg+ small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects th( e/+r kb3 se/k;*gyrlkr0dsre growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and a4eki , z ikk uf:60uvnmlff28)nimals. 0e:fn2klf6k ,z8 fuum)v i ik4
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foor hcdy,idj1c8 ho,f8 *d chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sealy;(n.um ,gdee , killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact wideym, g;.eu(nth each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost u adx/ed :0r:ffrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tru8s.ui i jm,; dt,j3lsh-yd/xees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertldis/xyju,t8 3 s,;h.m juid-ile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a c2a8bw-yje cns s3;9ut orrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by redq 04)ww)ti ,93rgqu y nqshu+leasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes d)i0r q y3g+ 4hq unww)uq,ts9break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemrx2.k0ra-l/g b rq0tg


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyra6 h.cwsxpj:ak:ug+j x:j-x ; smids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1v-n .u i6,an2rcvz h(e zt/hpxt)g ++j; Factor 2 and Factor 3/,zv+2tnni-.e+t hj vxg()hcapu rz 6?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera w loudtb9jts6f50h ((tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systxk8x*g5stxpa y 8) ,apem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a kt7ugd46c iph1zvhs ;-ix( 3lsmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to bevlh 1 ki;gsud(7ht x-c63izp 4 solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description tce+b w);x ie+of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food g/capakcpu.4) 7 dqc g*-;ijyweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed t*w; m./uflxp on the carbon compounds pro/ultpf x* ;wm.duced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaglmdb k 5qb/)z.rv27dction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systrh juo js.-vx5/1p9e kems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormilk;-cb sc(uph fgj*m )auh5*xyj76 1s that ingest and then break down and digest non-living ofk*lscm;h i 5cjb6h-y*gauu xj ) 17(prganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of npari-1wycu1jz s,g +- umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pre+d-zvhk x mw /9y0y: 0utpydy+y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abhu;x 6yf0+ocs w0ky- tout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoc qhs2w6gkdp*o 8 s*p ix8uy:-dosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, wo i88ksd2*dwuy:qs- xp* ghp6 hich included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr:mhyyvh/ctodl 2(0 nfn*,h*jansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiom2.vy 8bte+c en system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cnhyh/ a00xthdb: -hjhe0i7 ,khains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false a9. gdn k hbq7 w*u6u:tva2c)rwhen discussing a pyramid of biomascuk:aun d r*62.t vahbqg )w97s.

  Figure: A pyramid of x4u ewh jb;5o/4 yby3venergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for ,n5nwfno 1aj: representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo cd dw4lxx7z57e t1324omrvq; 7rzfxmod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystempj;hapxv 392v




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desc d0p(*krc g3dkmw1v( gz0 kwv8ribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that zwx3 .:i id:nrcould exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsxn:3:zd ii .rw

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What(pohn( r 7r0zc is Photosynr hpro(c7n0( zthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as e:v cup*5s a9e8e* mur 8hcce-an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from esn sn*-14xn3)*dnxd5uxf rbacosystems.

  State the name of the process that c- 9t dghmmm6y48)eg 0kp xmwzx2* x2kbonverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydb8m* y )m hp g-9w2z0xd x6gmmkk2t4xerates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosp.1jey.qx hfl2here to other carbon sinks. y f.h1.ex 2lqj
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest owd: abrswz /b,f t6m z;63fu/time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pf)vabg go 5,;9oz ;n5nuxkl;eer year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr ec)),zm;me lb, q,mczfha sk/rh 6x2*ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can m xp9flpm/r5, be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diaxiz(4ni14xwjy*/v6f: : pihlh 3fb g ugram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo,5hmixuk 7tbc/ qflb) xm 8,(vn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ab9w 023vn dgqzn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te*hzgximli6s 9x v 6v,2rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme:-dsn ka k75znvu5 r8cnt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the foll mgg ,qi+r 4jqjyzvm--;*voxsz7*1 cw owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclz*v;g s,mvq4gqj+iwx oc*7r1jzy m- -e.

  Figure: Average per capp: czs1v)yc (lita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi4lc-ns t,ni,6tya z u*az0d6 ity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionz,t-li4ad,u n ynt c0*z6ias6eer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa)q rq,*yftx,v(;lz (2 y wu4n q4mfeghmple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per fqx,g++ 3hr*gpid(az capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wat*3 5zw3l*ixaz4ygw+ xvw .b.s4gir is er. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of tz4gw*.5v rwsxa l4i *gi s+3zi.3ybx whe experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Gpo(8b 968*nh2ftg uq ;a*n2tdl jynuq T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-23klub,r 6+w0*xyf a ge020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b g ms51mqb(ir:btnj/ :iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph;rwmo dllp+i68j9c./pehwe k q 8c3y * of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin5.3qycle( (vqbmxr. jg one or more statements from the following.bl qv5jx.(cq e.(3rym
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patternu0nh 7vb4 9ma0hp3:yaoazn5 v s and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterv40onp nvha7z 5 0:mahy au3b9ize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfor84-pivzl;mm y* ggo0 pest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to dfz9pjbln+ y (u(g zp(5iversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 92orbg 1yq/liof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass h;ajj9* pef.a8qaz *iof two herbivores in different biomhi; ezjf9aq8* *pa.aj es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progress uwpe p; l7-axxq)6fo3es from a pioneer community to a climax commun fo;e)p-l7axp6 wu3q xity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chanb(gc4 1vpm;z zges in productivity z;z(gmbvc14p during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can beuwp1(.xdg t6 r hxi.+s measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempera1by-f*gkh c+ / yiylq;ture on the rate of photosynthesigy+hflyyc- /q* k 1ib;s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fijd20dj*zv h6+f/ux rq eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.+ a6,bnt4 kpij On the first day, 1 6 tjapkn,ib+4656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data/aj j:( jxyy,i+wf9se , it is important to take multiple readings of the/(:fwsixyj,y9 e+jaj same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i76navw mt)d1nxe2r.c c-cn)in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datao9jues0rj/x 0672u-2i qtr3izhy n zu for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of d nhvynw2o1:wvy-8 qjd(i hw*7hr+*gWillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective 5 :0ewvqgq8rkrq /nm+)nsxd d+ na;j-for sampling mo/)qr0r eg vax+n d8q:- wnmkj nqd+5s;tile (moving) specimens.