What is the best definitiokt cgcspu +/;wiifo( ;81 qy7vn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofszse lbsu8 t -u,5bu*4 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a s0hg(m*omro a 9gclr8 ctxqb/f:*.y+a pecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor /(9c**0rcmlyxa 8.tfmggrboh +aq o:3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a px+8py tpu z+7 concq1:opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp3kvn l+n: .,x0zrmaybecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized o3fkc,c 3w- rsgiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with c co,r3- 3kwfsother okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oft isa;hro14;rl f7q s/ organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturall0i ,zw3*tu;m ueccc316j aryfy in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherdeuajz1u,6iy r03c m ;3w et*cfcr.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a p dw-7jie)dc1 k,w/a nfopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mdoobs lv5tayr.* q0:( :g(vspites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animablr* o v:v q5.t((gs:poda y0sls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup :fdrtc)i ; dh9of toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, po) x.7mum;m*i) nz2xlv :h efw wprs(l9lar bear and other organisms live and interaz7h ;)mx .(smpv)x:wlnr f2*w9uil me ct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste pecr n+68:qmvms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a ljn4ltb+omb(d*hg:cia - x7x+ arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment - :lh xdm74 gt*n+(o+ibjxca bthey inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct+lyrwyjao urep2340h m+v ia p-0e(wir/ 3 tg; description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestmk c*ngnh:/aguxz:bz*d : 4l 0j8a1zrive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and deca*: z/ dkglzmrcj ha14nz08nx :agu:*bying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemw 4.0e ,lxtbz9 k wqi*i+ r0ec6nandm*


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of e0wbdex frn7a 1z*gk 3iq8e ;+inergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facm. 2d4+7ldvpp kh aa9rtor 1; Factor 2 and Factor lakvhd r7 4.+9a md2pp3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photmz 5 wo:6xkjhp(2i6 cqosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatn6fw)x (l k-bcion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has striz:e8y8el(l8mqu np , (o/ xgfipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they ,ouz8gpe((f:8 i 8qe/nm xllycan reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ter1u 9bh8vcebla */xoop:vu .znnbp +:7restrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food, u xa6yuq+j307ho1tjsscl.m web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on qq 8ye(zdfe)r+q gk5. the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and yqqdr ek) +f.5g8eq( zsunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica*-gz8nzl i99 uauqlw(l reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of cz9,/nl+wqmt o* -vvigarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eart66ljhg)* )sotg ts4 gthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgg6tt*6t4s gol h))sgjanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbnms4a;; cwrc8+kf)m kers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat n6nbpw:5l zfl/b7y9yor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethan.q8iuf agb /*le (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-f b*ue m vttw2sv6mp5,4illed glass orb, which included algavv2smp wmtbe6t5 u4 *,e, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplex rhpa6jgim8 jrup1 cm 8k2/*-..xoto of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste m5c j7 9: um5wy/j(es5cfgvmem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cl 7gp1/2:) jwap ba j9*sgni+/mhasi yhains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st0:dryo kg f0t8atements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio:krdty8f o00 gmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of drg zej9e(m -ftg5o6 ak)qk28+/zsit energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing p/y6dd)iqv0k aroductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marineyfv (. )dm-7-g hmxtxb food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil vx+u ;la+u t*yecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food webxnp;.pey4k e :.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that d09 urq b8ce9bcould exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consume809be9rd qbucr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration co*s dd8zj7+syjkq-gs 6m6wejrdc i62( rrectly from the options below.What is Photo yqw sjjs gd*2z6(d mjkse+ rc766-d8isynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the usc.mj 9a4ezs ( 7sb09 7miotqlse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from e7 t9o.: fg6gekwee6a-nd-z04tylryn cosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carb9 w1g; 8rrydk5mxo5o ton dioxide in the air to carbohydrat5y;r89x1orwgk5 t dmoes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon n6 .d,f c-y2qsgnqloe/-z2fisinks. 6qgdn-q,i2.fnl ezfs/yo c2 -
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the-erf2c j5q /jzyv-spv /n,mm8 carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ar6 wddmj3h(r0k ea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are b h+ 9d09cljoatrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS7x06v/;td p emqpyv/x0 sp nl7P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of gapv+vtyeh0 j2.4iyzp/ vj3( jv-.qgthe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon .zfa : ci4ps2dcycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an e 5/kcfit2e 1-hrs)q c:ynatx9cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in:dxyet7j g.r9ajfe 7. kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen l f2k,u+twr7hf i ho+q0.kp;jt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nit3f 5s ;,a.n d ngf-j0wcfqfte5rogen cycn0awff sjqc5,-n et3 gfdf.;5le.

  Figure: Average per capita uo mnr: q;3/omaym...:rm 8jc nga jf+$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodixv,q 886vuziv rhm )gnsx0x(:versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi8s8rx 0h, (nizv gx6:mv)uxvqty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f(pwieg) u18 cvollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capite- b rs6a no,)mmdgo;(4cgk 8sa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pla -th*: 1nniqz fiy;iw.nt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ati nh:1 fiz.nqi;y -tw* the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual w(af *upg n vamwl)6)4hp,od-flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-em8luuw + :/n xc-t*kb2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat1:kf( p 9g;v6/c;*otbvyy( jowfc yo ma for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of dy 0i+r/:eif9 fp3hg v)aeh 4hRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the conceptp l3;.5pjsjh jpw7e2 s:cji0lma5l1 q of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the folleam;7p pp5jl.lwh1ljs: jis5j c q032owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. me i2mk5 obk:w os)+.oList the main f2.o5 eb +som)kokmwi:actors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a desr+ cc tkyiag2,p1(ln i/hh0o/cription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ky*htp4 f7ug)in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy l4x u0hpd1k5 *lil , pe,/uop 6.eno6wqyub1e


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoj4x.;ic/poet j. oa+ dres in different biomt pe.jd xoc4;.o+i/jaes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pro5r32:n .elu6 n uz+nnxpb z0nlgresses from a pioneer nun.z b2enn+ll p5 u:0n63rxzcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in deon6ski-cnwr75vw0wylp ;os g m k+ap8f*+h ,; scribing the changes in productivity durin wy7w s0nrkmcls6p+ow+ -ofapv;kg h; n5*,8ig primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi 4i/, af .ctkfz,7fudv disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature oneow (fk)1plm+8 5pc do the rate of photosynthes) 5k1 emflwco(+dppo8is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi bfv 9hcink;b8i p4q3 fsy-n04eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture ;kxue ipmk5kn/m.gzt,)ow d cvz*; )9specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetlk)mmkp,zx/ ;*uvo5.n e;i)zg 9wkctd e A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mb b9wvx5 pe47kultiple readings of the sab49v p 7wbkex5me factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic2u 2k) skipey63jt 5oci7yq;ial sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for;tfa2-vm s uv+ two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample uzg.+u9gas: pz).pe ud in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling (dd n.z)u 6d h;vbv+a2z ;skcztechniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.n;sk+;)uv (bvcdz.6z zd d h2a