What is the best definit wazdodis+*-+h e.8 4p+u hpimion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,:;c:6rkhe3c g5ak tal Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto(( mmwln)z5n kmj(,xa ab9h s1r 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 9h(znsammmbk,n (1j( a5wl)x 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio9x9:ncsu5uf fdnu0;v, dqn;d n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomhdt61 24 qejuz6;lqmva species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has xxltow 3n,i0: stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues t: itxox3l0nw,o be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is*ya9m)qv3,7mam sur p b4mpi6 a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolv478l;o5j0egzvwudus,mrg d8 es occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their populat8dsu, rg8z;gjl5mdv0o uw47 eion numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of an)wosc) mt +ew,vk 61b population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, miteft:1pe.b:fmg lcgp(dm/ 9 kecn5: i4hs and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals gf/.ektmfdl:np9c5p 4 b mi:1eg:hc(.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins int a0r(qls(+h+o9r.fror5x, : i kmqba food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organis0pm0v8 r5obk 22 yextpms live and interact with each other in the 8p 2k02 vy ot5xm0erpbcold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste gz0,) m/bzk;locq27y m-amtxms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall9vdx6h ojlxq(evxp gu6; 64.c trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envir eucgo4 xdxvl9x6(66 qvp.;hjonment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dg :i ih :w:cpv8r qjtoj9d.x306r9vvz escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirtplb kq 8u4bgc. .pe7wr 97*y;f9 iwlc.otl(a surroundings. The enzymes break do e(7t b7c. ;ll.4rlfytg9up 9k ab*qiwc8opw.wn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultct/kms mhj *;/ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids wu8f 6i d(3 0yarc6a4hcdrq;sof energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is g3 8 mbyz-xutr ri3 dfh);,6of Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa rz8mxog 3ud yhbf3)-it;,r6f ctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phow/ig:vr7 l2bd5c d5:e/w cllb tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cj-w zdicz3oiy 7qxx: :.l7e(xultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes 7g9g ta ydksv;00ql8 ethat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to ; q9ek8savgd 7t0g0ylfive years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ech: 6/bulx2ax cw 396u6p4xj ob ryols2osystem.

  Figure: A marine food -v(8oxqt36fbcos: rh web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compr8 ;rq.isuz :/kn qm/sounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and u sqr/sm8:.;qz/n irk sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ck4)ad 6ow asp./drmu1ndwf)u / ta m70hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrboyxsv tb72ur).2fl 8 am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes orgartsoy l,cy80e+rplt-.3 4fg fnisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down ol8y4,0lp-r .c+3g estfr tfyand digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramih3golchoaf ;)3n)o6e d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prx,z d;gje :k fk1vt)j;ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha wbwy4zx5x8/r,mjw2;ehp j b6 ne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercial2txjmcu r4l4c9e 9v(sqs3( jxhe 3go2ly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide uxce(os 494jq33(mrvhsle cj9g2x2ta light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo/, r(jjr;k(q thi) dedrmation.

  Figure: A natural enercd(6dr shd -t m)dlg5n55t5pf gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinst,ri0gwutt ,j x j b7ju3w6cx6 ,heoqv 2(,td4 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thedp) sgym5 b40q following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomp5 sdyb)4qm0gass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener2vl1 ep r. 9)urpa1zjxgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct uniteo+);af4c dgu mn)yz+ s for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maripmt3s- 3konom2oh9d5 ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil8cg8v s 0c.hj w7lybhlmpo((1 ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foodlyfi;mn w6 c*/ web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a udv)cnyt/i/5see 0o6 savannah system with parasites 0t)e6n//d5u vso eciy on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options beyvt4 2k: vsuc:low.What is 2u cvy:vk :s4t Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticid )p2 wk:e3khhre.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lom 9*p nugwn)+nst from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diorn:5 q 1nqu*ripgm. v;kbi80uxide in the air to carbohydrates.mg0 n.u;iq rv1 k5qinbru*8p:

  There is continuous cyclino vrdv5nop:o-pe*- 7b g of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.5 vpo*:p ebdn7o-v- ro
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longetjmt3 /o2z6lmmsw5 1g1zg4 s.ei h50uc kih(t st time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys j-gk6-)xxhter mlt e* knjf).5tn6a0tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that , nc*y5vp(enbare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondar1uxjc)4d3 0-y bfrzm vy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dia-5lf:) wui t,bwrjzhw50y;qb v t7(wpgram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon th1xfzw6skb 2n/rough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemjga9djl 4ch:gmi12zv5f) f0x


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecos 58kredzuv4q z)gong)68(ekf ystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tt 2wd yhkj;k*,hat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nit q:dfnou/ y1s.z 4x/kyrogen cycl .q o/nfk/sxyzd1 4:yue.

  Figure: Average per can2pe: kw;nu yiqsh/e f /oys3hx*:**hpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodive1e3 y )mwiqic8p o-6bp6tm ,e(b-csoersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cle8i(p1btobc-)w ips o3ce, yme-q66m imax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.aljxemvdk0di3 y8p il( 6082 .m9agqp

  Figure: Average per capitag;0qio;*8lzzjmxac yw w;8p, $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Eoly fh ry4p7f01oh 6r7 +y.plrlodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experimenr+71.oprfho h7p4l0fl 6 ryyy t and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flow t,47gd5w3jpiehhj6 fs in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 2p0kx mii ,zdjg5 gzy o373x6jr9u.qk1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data e,4d8bopk gy.for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rcd9*mybv5 * 8f , 9hz1nkfcdzrome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from th2 o hi6kl/xk9c)pty8-kixu2t e followingi 2 pkkx6t2 8oxu)k-/ylci9ht.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clim0)s 5izl3: sjd kkvoc2atic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factojv3i 02d k sko:ls5c)zrs that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bk 5y;vuce6 ok4iome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosy.d4wm f4f wb0pstem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy-.ce-skb5tv1 .qsn 6nzmxmxs 1yj r.1


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in oenwdvl7 mnp7 :1s,9xdifferent biomesx lpdm97o1s vn:w7ne,


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primar tggv3.9ve.tmtf-6 pqy succession progresses from a vtttv6gfg.- pq. e m39pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in d;( lfy tf-i2bjescribing the changes in productivity during prii2-(tyl ;jbf fmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that*a*idk gopfp5 9zig40 can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratemyy (*3vs4fu/ e3nrq z of photosynt4*3e n3suyym z f(rv/qhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a figszn.mbv g w m+90 z:32+xin gv7bml7geld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series uo 7eqa/:a dq. sm0tg6of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 a:asd qget/.ouq7 06m were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ofcck 0 u wguem*;2i:*ad the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor.0cc:g *kud eaim2;wu *
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecomf* jb+ee tk8x .3 os,yg2,ob 3zrgxw1logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wihzs s8lb4n +ls0m77 sbllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data/v nw5s8 clf1wn8wf o- for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplingy fvi9p ae-+irqs -na+y4s8:v motile (-y:e apyrvs n+ 9+ifv-q8i4samoving) specimens.