What is the best definition for a sp+uyim4yq oo2w 6g1gv( ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ic2kp :1cir+gr: 0sjvfl xv11htaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is z,t3s/f)h 0a9vdnq p ,9u:a.peoqgtdl* rd9k Factor 1 ;Factor 2;tpfh kr99/ oedq:*gz ,t)alq9 ,psud3v 0d.naFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a kub6 -g. vy8empopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of s+e0bq8(iz 8oes1h 7lzfq48 kgbmek 7a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res(i 0(2 )5dc hkzis cbm7hybdt0emble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only wic i)h dyhicds25(b0km7 z(b0t th other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organy.o;v)q.j9opw,k5 o7m, eoas0v p smrisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves w*tz/ uw:yi9am5a o /hoccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give9mowz5 atyui: h//*w a birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over 2(r op;nxlla2time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dea 6ck8-9 q /4-iesizfuid.l pd wgc;j-jd plants and animals.c /-zdig;ick4pqe fj 6u- -j.s9i8wld
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins eybdvc4::tek 58zy y1 in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,mny(r4:n; hal killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. ra;(hy4 nnml:
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.webai / 6c8w: ccx704suze g9w

  Rainforests are known toq;h9c1 txbia ) )cdk/xxoeq -- have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These speac it;oxc q /)x1)--9h dqbxkecies also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fopp .n/5t2vrpvp(e*rogq wf+ / od chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by red8; cp uqqcf)3:sxrp /i, 5bfeleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then abs:rx q c,bd)upf /sefq3ci;58 porb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rhzzal-r /a35 fice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used em6dgycyb37zco 4bo h 1-)qd 7for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could descri/n1wwxdw0:4 5 4* h.wpjmoxb(ypv mgcbe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and0opwvj* dxwwyncg4 m4/ .w:pb 5m h(x1 Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperat ih0jq+ 3jdmp5rqv-f 5ures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys.* vczb+ bnq8wtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gp9 5 sl1aksgk.iraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and fes .kkgl951ps arns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ejen:8tbs7uw zl o q v8;vh,-*wnergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we7 c5z(zl.cb jfb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on 3kjo4zheym nct+3),u (oka7 y9 r1w akthe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wateak+nu r4z9h o73t,je ky1 )y(3owakm cr, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followie*w )1r*gh/9z nubjlnng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diaghv )rkxeg8x;e/-:n hfc hq.8 javkl/(ram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwor+les e.+ owuao7*im2 nms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic+oo+uls w.72nmeae*i materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numz2z- s scgfw17bers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatoqgw3c8uqdjpe4dd c-/i+ n r; 4r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ahrc5+c ;gljf:bout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availablh zpw 6t4 6upeo7b;c9fe seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, sh4 opzpuw6h f6tb9c; e7rimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampll ,nwx4zdatnv;n ;t /6e of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion s+4kl:/pt iv;+bansqgjp, /b2 fx*av nystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaing*olq4 k48 6o/xp elmfs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing kfyv: /u x*v.n:h3gifl.vzn81 -miey a pyramid of bny k/3*nziv . mx 8f vli:v.ye1u:f-ghiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of lru*u )tn (scga*(kv6energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an eco p(*z eto9o0do0-m jefsystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w/ihi2 m.:4ywrrx o3hs eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soia+w e0u l)7ewol ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not m g n:qlu0,hz8accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanna+p i1- bijxlm5h system with parasites on a consumer like x1 +i-mp 5jlibthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly q+p 2kofk5kdop** p)o from the options below.What is Photosyntp2+kdoqoo 5fkp)k *p *hesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe tcw7ut +3p77h9 1xr /beg tw8ci8onatwhe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is 6pck */v7a z2.eqr hxo9r3glklost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to z8ez87 tuy7. 3aqeavwmt0c/a carbohy 78 c /a8quwvetm7 y3etazz.0adrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the *iy7x:phg * zratmosphere to other carbon sinks.rz i7*hg:xp*y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processesv4df 2vlii +-s in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pan:1;:wu olt *pqq5dser year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemeqxn1 gpgz4-,v nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarsth g)g)*xtm 5-) y kml5 ml-,al4zqpby Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified hh ) q5wisy 4iw*7vv.ydiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle m9,ayr5 0jm n)9 b7ors4qadcmf1jf z+


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec, x k4hg6/ lkivsg8q,cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a1xwe 9p;vch+c( nsew2 terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is j0g hdd 2ir1 qn7dw*a3not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced ef-tp b4l ;fatte/g a;,dfect on the nitrogen cycp;,a/glate-t t4fd ; ble.

  Figure: Average per capi p +lsycv3l /f 8g)zr2.ucf)zeon f9)ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP gy ei66ma:ea r -it)l+as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax 6yei-rlgm6ea:a+) t i community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo9,5qf8 dnfnxrgo17nu wing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 4kz:n-s,yl hq$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an kjp7p nyv3h 8ss yz,,2Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at tzpv7h 2, kn,py3yss8jhe beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ywquvr0 :ghrr67b*f(f 2 8 f9 (hzslbvannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriet y;er u)8o*7gi v*lyu1nbee; s by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forckme k) ,psx6wh (sr,f0+y b8j a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom so7:j. fah6tgca hc):e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zon9o.+i4nkaw asation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followinn 49.swo+ aakig.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical va7bnx . 8-zyd 9+wiygvxdya/ w3)sutg*riables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.g9n+3g)w ywiyt *-vabdd.x / ux7y8zs

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome. k d7r147fm t3 y4dwayh3gsie*p3 tk.g jrc31j

  Identify the correct statement related to divdtvoom0 h h4.3ersity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It,u koyeq2*sopjr y+mi ah;i4ni4n+vg /h. 4/z aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productiv4ox9y8tcj4e xs(vw 0 jity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom(4 04cv9owxyt e8sx jjes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primz abl.kzf y:fxw/v.l 3:b kpvy4n ):/gary succession progresses from a pioneer communit/zf4/ :.fy)ll3 :pywvzk:v b .bank gxy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not ce7tnf me//-hn orrect in describing the changes in productivity during primarfm7/en/-h en ty succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be j5di+ 3r jxto(measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the*)dk wljy -stjc85cj u oa95 v6;h+zrm effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisajyjwrsu d5l5-c68 9hc;z+tkmvj* o)



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a i2;.so0kcqxx field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens o (h djhu+kb*t; q:z4c3u+m mhqf beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. Thedbc( u;uhz+kq: 4 mm3qhh+jt * next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thenxig1 *xd7kcvxm k.s, iz-t d 23i2kb. data, it is important to take multiple readin,..xgk*dii 2ckvx nkb z1-i 3t7x ds2mgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol8xu 3fh( +a 7mrre );ob9irp -eyecc;vogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wu4 am2j0 fjd 4vd5rcffi6 q0y.illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek bf6idgei+4 d5i4 sq5b




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplinc81- 8y.p/xcuicv gk;b;zmcf g motile (movi cm.;k zuxci8g8c1pv-fc;b/yng) specimens.