What is the best definition for a spe a )ibm9g93ltrr-thphds-m( n,* s.: opi2 cstcies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rijr+;xt qyq(1i v9r5-cdrp 9ozvit46ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factc 5kiblu q:8d/0gl:cg or 1 ;Factor 2;qcl i::cd 50/glu kgb8Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of9 :(pm2fm2gbkb1 lxl l c6ltb, a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistososxyw09tp-j) xq hc,*p ma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sxlk b099rn2fq v,5hvc tripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On9 kxv25 q0lv rfc9hb,kapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populat52*qtzk p**awxcd fq ;q-dwv(ion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North r)b2/z sv +l8zxpzmy 5America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in chmzv2zl5rzbp s8y +x)/eck.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects n*a ,v/ts5gg 0jbn2qslxm2/ zthe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the ro2rkr l; af4kn cq2;+bemains of dead plants and animalsrrq2o lkcnb+2 f a;;k4.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in7ma zfzy /z2i5f4va.r food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other oekpdc-39m7 pg rganisms live and interact wit-pmk3dgc 79pe h each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lostz t66d0fnst8 b from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to hn43s:-8 wwya y imfz-xave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nufsam z4-wi yn-8:y3wx rture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thanvdekh6 kyy3h ga55)z4 10v kpb)oyu+t is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing +fn.mzx/ o1jb digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes b x1z/+onjmfb.reak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rtuac::9w6(bn2 9 qqv- yf*luruwkk;c ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids oocc; zqcnhj4t7f*k5 o3 ox0o0 f energy.

  List three factors that hhdn6:2sz g;nsyk 50w could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact :0h;nsyw6s 2nz5dk hgor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera:k.;6jner 5ok( zc i1fkomb- stures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sud2s(v hq3wl1hd p hj6ob *-s+ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a ei n4y/exoe9bz ++a r. *khu5asmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass anb + xk4+ai ee*yar/o59h.uz end ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow iper 0wa*66aagbq5./c2olkt:qwl j/( tgk f4un a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooh ulg m5 (hy*t+urm-b7d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insid5*+kb3 mo8c vgtw7j 1hclzy8r *w; /ahn(thppe coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from caraw58873yhhg1/mnvoz*pl; +ckhbp (ctwt *j rbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical qjy/e**wqu d8reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems k j)z 2ev90b-o unnrk9diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwosy3k;bd y;j5h f es)*j.qu1cfrms that ingest and t5;.jh 1*yfsf ;busdcyjq3)e khen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pdsmko e ;czr9h6 cv4+d)7fq*yyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda ;gv mzd5fe:c7-tl rt1tor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltric pk +am qfoij :v/c3hm;5,qzai918 d-bjkaw1jhloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercia4;lvmn rb: *xkhw26ncfwjf1* lly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to providx fm1 wnl*jh6f 2vn ;r4k:cb*we a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformp8 kv:u 8+-h ygd (xxctok9+0htusp5fation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systfl:c f7x*v,wnseh1y1+z ;l3h ymut f7em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 8, / vqatowd1pon3x-8gij4vr:b k -de




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyr k;h: zo)hg)p34hud1 e( d.4wjgxxyz lamid of bijy;.dhoez4 :3dhx4u k)hlw1g (pz)g xomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy -is 9r 6,s 1jls,q.:gf aipwgf


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unitijm) 4mfp/kmh2n *f 7ms for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web bvda67nwe+ d4


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemqmsbz f8+n-z7




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that do3sqn t dok+. /xx/hzi;es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a t l*gx7 s xz3gs dd/ tza-5h,-r25suyysavannah system with parasites on a consumer liksgz3 a x,5s dr*-y-g/t2z7hyus x5tlde the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whu1u nkg761 q1kagzcsl1. m-vjanc jyt r*- .r8at is Photosynthesi11zam6-c u jgnujt.ylq 1*1gc s 87n.rkkrav -s and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thatr ; m1q,*hbqcg;h s0hz describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy iswyh6ggb / h;9 fi;j*bv lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process the5l 2u; - lqiuk/oqu.uat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydol qe.u;q2iulu5 -k/urates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carb g;mh: v 5t9ji(bh1ezdon sinks. em ht 1zj(;b:ig 5dh9v
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycnf r3 ozi by-bnqe62 z/ lh,qb03l7w8wle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inxnr2 zmde .;ap 64qo.k an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.gm sm ca )a.4srn*cf66j:+q ln
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productv w0zn+e/h 6)u8shrb sivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycg /t*en5qbuxrn t15r+ le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughq s2 .07pjpj.leg/z rn the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosuk+ kv0lpuj 8 pow 1ca,jci-v/,0fy2b ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrirff9 :;ejivq )8tr0mg al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying 9mmx 2(gdz bk;bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen) -vkuk2ytihaw/6ewnl bz 8zv+ 2t/j2 cycl)z w y+6 2v8 ihb/j2uev2ztwl- tka/kne.

  Figure: Average per ro6 gfzl5a-g/ capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suci yj(v.xn wp+1cession progresses from a pioneer comy.1(+ jwpv nximunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.f wi .k e;bz*v3-j/)h2cribcfae5z: a

  Figure: Average per capita j 6dor)b -lvjm a. 8d-.weop6l$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.sq0 mp+lw 7fb5o4dsm1 One was kept i5mo+ d p04s7mlwb 1fsqn light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbo xi:yqln.63 oin storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 xjdkjen3, 1,n,f(c u+ff1h wn


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi9-7adovvkx/n+ k 0q) ng0eagmome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph 0gn *llf0 ugs;of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one ovvm(frm*8a0h r more statements from the following.m0(mh a*8f rvv
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical9dpey 6) xk7h atbd0,t variables. List the main factors th0 dykp ,abdx )t97et6hat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.j9rat9vj0ofi85c2wa t b 6 m/ndzz9h2

  Identify the correct m ubmgqs*(z 8m6cr-b ,statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome:d1-7bz.cg s( c l:ghk f4artu, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pqd ws-bs r4pf (kw34q7roductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomd4rwb(s4q 7wfp3q-k ses


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarangp /9ly- gror6w w-uftdu;3u /* im+y succession progresses from a pioned;f--ugt rp/3gw uaynl6o/ru*i +wm 9er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stai2:qkwr 8jy h3tements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity jq8:ky 3ir2wh during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cal3hj;*ww2v cws2z mi:n be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investiga 4 by6xj//ioh1jtiln (te the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthnh6 bl/txi/4 jo(ijy1 esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fw) ki :a8jq+myield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inse+m9vfxz h8 i2act traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656f2i vz+ m98xah insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi 76wi+u.pqgkvtky7b*gk (o y0lity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the s i0ygt kp w(*o6b.77 +kyqgukvame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecca70 dc3t2fi0gv(o+in twdk8be sv 9*ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of r4,qm-hu zchpk + 8qd8Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two 7tm 96le/e9zz(eg u f,z5atu xparts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling bo u ),)jtnz0e1ein/jtechniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.ojz,/b 01t) iju n)ene