What is the best definition 46 ljzle2txo2p 5vmw9 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital-ikp qj1f j-e/y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could deu x(-hx j(qdg.scribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor.(udgxqxh -j( 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of git j g+uv;4qr44,hiea population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of -fu6yf)v:x gyj9hn5r a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffevpk2+dyk 4l*d/j-(f d+rsy/e(k u gj o and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and th4g+k dkuvyjy/ld p/o(d k2r-(j+ *sefe mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thvrw.x0 chnw7p-60cc3 x uv6jse groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturallyywrsu46q1dd ; ar1w9 h in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area wsdhud 94ry6rwq1 a1 ;of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects theb6,;mk;v gzpp growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants ano3 rx4c: sbq2m i.sxny- 4:rtdd animaln 4rxb : 3:q crsm2-.xty4idsos.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha,ft1 y5bpy rp6fc c+o8ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whal,b8w1f tny tn4e, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of t8t bytnw, 1f4nhe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energg -m9 :jqzld3wy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees an,mbg:x q( xs3+ns /vupdhl8 3gv is9gckr790jd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. Ths gbv rpg3u v:clmsk3 8ginhd/x+0xq9j ,( 9s7e growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tha6 yxzc:be 8da2t is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nut n5u++o jdo(czn b5h5ii4y .clrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absoruo(izc jb yi+d55+5nl4 c.h onb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio shp3sfbfz;1t;*7 v f+noytf1n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o)8 pqy2ly,fwrjl8cmw5* g,p rdi/m a8f energy.

  List three factors that could 29i3pl 6idceiizlib + d- zm+.describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2d.z+-izii 6c +bd2pilil93me and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different u ut q9:;ri+dptemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation g0(u+z+rwe 3gj hh4aq ;j1ivysystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes trd, rvfq2 i:z(o2b 1vshat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be so2v1r (,b q2fr:zodsv ilitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy f 5jaa 3i,ehmo1low in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webmlgb/fg4w5 w1: 7 l;4vcdf c.f+0kl 4vigj whi



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralf;fu94t5 bsmbxaf) * ys feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fr;btu459syfa) mff b*x om carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionajfx2vkxcu -p20, .oe:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of d1wi;r mn.9(: iqm) 6ffsexorcarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descr.mi7no +do cro-i-9 ugibes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materodgu o+o9rm.c--i ni7ials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid .,u2ovdn*.8jd x6k-ac myu n 2fw )cpgof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pre001lnz ls a 6z9ye6tpldator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tha/qb osw t8t00et are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a com3p t egwg1l7:sg ymck,cwmmk 5r0 m++t2f67wbmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed gg2,1kwtwmrl0etw77p3c :m y++6smm5cb kgfit near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran6i om ;7ftcxf.sformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system / ux6q tdc-ivb+y/nmv4ixo) /


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains s m+ ( dj4t(p+vllxg2a4;g jpn




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whe)xbwe c5rh,mvd(2cu 2 ur8 n,dn discussing a pyramid of biomasshn8evc uu52)( x,2dwdbm,rc r .

  Figure: A pyramid of enerb2r;, 4bclwpp,t9c ll; pm;(hr5va u ngy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units a1bq4dm v/bm)spchxw1l.8 y nqd1+9w for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web ozt, )1xcv*df


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi7savp uy+;idbcog3*;8 ed l*kl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food webvn uicj/ 0zf6).

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savan.hwl)2/f (tb(q 0h nlpa6hj vinah system with parasites on a /lh6)v0.jfbqip(l( h a2 tn hwconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the o(dop) pan,b+e, bi cb rwzg/;.ptions below.What is dn; eg bicb,a)+(pow/, pb.rz Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements threl7 : 8tnu 9hbha(gv0at describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ m y3z 4edh,oul cr*/bp;u.vz2*4b ygby is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that oc+ tre h/cx*jga*: c2converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratescxo h ag+/ c:cr*e*j2t.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to oa d;f /dke:)ucther carbon sinks.d/) uf;acke:d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires then9ygak*.7rui longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per jg+j9 c3.jtj miy 8cb+;v :kdtha*k.eyear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thaxdvn fz(y g0kc.8se /)t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculag+c9n3bo j +vvted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tr,.4ebap0 my jhe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonksg; t1 y*ek(z through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in zzt( * g +/gtl.rkrps-an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te*2roy)yc zmc 7rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrht: /4 kzq2s v;6wy8 a2:a vwx4zztifoifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huwr0e5 cs kcl o9c7+,gf*l,lxp man-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle+ ,7rlc*ls,9e cpgf w0kl5cox .

  Figure: Average per cah7ot 2x6c0 y rsyl6s:upita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversityi, qullu8ph,( , GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxq(upl i, l8uh, community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following 5r5c kf5n.v 90cizspqis an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita ose5ax* xf5x0ixf+8r2wnz jio -z s.n w87mg3 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriedel/:p,. mqk jqrc le ps6;ukb m.j50r. out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was 0; pmr. . rj,skb.k:6eeuljmpl/q5q ckept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stxts,-c9sn -z8ml. d fmorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesafoc;kiy03:.xnd px46hvg8 f by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomdnt3czhalol j8t1 j;+38dy 6 q hfa.l(l8 qni*e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Isa89osn k*1 po c/j(mg2 o)vpg wh4kv3taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fro8:vq+aiqxag. m the folloa8g q+a:x iqv.wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physisgm6qz +rc 7n4cal variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.z7sn4 6mq+ rcg

  State which is not a descr; 6g6 tjfap4wdiption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stafft/ *1s q6t-w:zshkbtement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphc3lg avnr 11zi7o1g+3nbv*fb ;pbp4b of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores pmg-*e9ge:hf in different biom-9g *gee:pf hmes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary f oh fhn b),onrj3i+,1succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi,+hjo f1i o nrb,fn)h3ty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in dgw2mh0voy.b 9 escribing the changes in productivity during primary ym2b w0hg. 9vosuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sec 1m,g;gv)pj ud:iy* nvxxjw7*chi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thtyaw 8yyy azl26ercj0,)iiz4q 9 :ww (e rate of photosynthesiscy 6ilry2z8t e:4y(wjy0qw9 aa ),iw z



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field *8h4bof r5vsvdhi+ q j5- nm8k



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captu xm1)73jsi- 9ppkoa 6zpdyem* re specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the trapxypdo9)k p-3 p61ms7 i *ejazms held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilubwmbsd n pgis u63m4t+/-a,+ity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factu4ds +np/m,m -+gatsu6b iw3b or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s 7bym3lvf-)u sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wil+xz yoiuwhs j5iuim9)f,k vom.8)i73low Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species dataaon5tj pm34:j for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is norspeub c*;bx.9q jv1:t effective for sampling motile (msj.c9:e uv*bpx;rb1 qoving) specimens.