What is the best definition for a specie65 q)tdgok( w7vhy+l as?

  igure: Climate graph ei-bsasi j3c+: .)jkprtw1p7 -tcdg.kkbu 7- of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicheh7 uodq* )p4 uqo ,a:u70j8gazghn4r c.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorjg4,u*0 dqnu up: 87)rc ohoqhz7a4ga 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a g.k9gmbkpp; ) e3zh9d 91dlngpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomaguwzi3 up0,v*voyk 35 species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t+xk5s n2cnvi :hat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on2 i:ncs+k 5xvn the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popu5befjht6 wm2o cl v6n2(-dnk3lation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu kt 3f2ffa0xl6pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlaf6xl 2t3afk0f nds, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population4i cc2xu7icma1 j 7dila)y*3t over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animyt1)y ,)kfxucals)k)ycxy uf,1 t.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fv aoahs*- et q7h sz(dbuw631oo,-ze-ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, p ;5wwmffx8gn d-.dnr,olar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oce5dn,nw.fx-f g md;8rw an.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost77r nzdjseglc3(0 at38tj5r4 )z wpkh from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high86:epqeamdclz .*m :c productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdepecq.*m:8lz ea 6 d:cmepndent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food ch i4brpt9g9k ewggv:6idn;1e6ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into the wf8q pge3lj ,a5d,rfl:6;xgp ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb pdp;gr:3e 6gj58fl wf x,,qalthe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culuu (i0+urw2uwvbi .. bqa5n ;k8qqcq5tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for p8 ibo(kqe h8a 1h9 zvhjc3o(k(yramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fa.rcvqd9/8 y/;o0 u(ny*cjrlv muopr/ctor 1; Factor 2 an or;/rn98 c.mry j vud0coyq (pvl*//ud Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempd-z.-b45 oj,mus fyho eratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systej+y **+k2, sgyqccqaem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the ze*9zhwq : 1fxxvg9/c uwbra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to fqh:91g9/ z* cwvwxx ube dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enq .97;f o-ujok:kbg. zr xe)joergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foozib1 j)f3 f14,; hl 3r2oritakpp*igvd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon c,rzqz14n y- 5)s-t qdw1lhnqn ompounds produced by zooxanhnqs4wt z15)1lqry z,n dq-- nthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following +-*jhtfhss):hb 2ifs chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocnkposs 2zcs1b (*.z9) gat gs,ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descr. s.j;y*x8g cxs7pe6y-kb haaibes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livay 8g ask.6j xyb -;x.scph7*eing organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of irq6e)7ee y3p numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predan,spyenjk5 52 n ad;kfg9/n/wtor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true amz1 2w6i-zh:9q-wyciv-ueb9x reebk* l oj40 bout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available 5 sk2g8xo1uj 50x.gflvgab-eseawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window v u5k8.1jax-e0 gfxogs 5g l2bto provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiowpj0;)hrxk z7n.

  Figure: A natural enertauq *tfv17*jpc f4/8wnd+pcn(xj 0 vgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i 6shfvo78is /e6-h8zmws7 p3m,fk qhh n food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussd8er1 m+yke1fxjt +f*ing a pyramid of biomass.+yfejr*kxd+t e8 1 mf1

  Figure: A pyramid of energy t-:tva:j6 j 4jlh y/zu


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem s+ a)hgz8xv.r.

  Figure: an Arctic marinziobv/ n/f 6lyg1k 7h0b3oha ,e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ned ij.rbo20 2a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doez 03t2oz xn,da/a0vklh ;kkw;s not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exis +vg +/edk9ezscwe 8n;t in a savannah system with parasitv;z/sw +cek+deg9 8nees on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tn7: ky(ltjjw5wtv: sa.db. 8 the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rk n:ttjsd 5j.v w(7wa:8.b tlyespiration?

  Identify the statements that descvv 4i;uo3mfv6 ribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f9l/m.qg kniwq slr12ub/a ,k4rom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the;mg 4m y +btbd4--*dmhgdg js, air to carbohydrat mgj+d-,gb*b d4y;gtdh -sm4mes.

  There is continuous noufe si* q/6ry2 8uycc:- c+mcycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. n*ccyeur2f:i- q+sm/ co8 6yu
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the fzibj1.c9 -d4dhj9su longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year(6koef +ltw h7a9nn,w


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements y22etlvn 7we;d m.ww 0 w wmqwbl:1m:/that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculate+x-2uyx(c-92tyg:5ip 9,h+ hsv s sulny skq jd.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon3scqh 5h,yv-+q nwv(k3wtk 6q cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclegf , x4c,ypb*p


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ag/q g4k;rb *bby2e /v1bv ufeu.hn3q( n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysk4 (humuse d(2tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacti v g-2p0psu- n .syrpvt+ld rwb 0g77xu-f:7seria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect dko /dfck06k;on the nitrogen cyclek/;df kd0cok6 .

  Figure: Average per capit)37q,vtlwlb va $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succq0mtn xavg f,27d2 g)y+lhgv9ession progresses from g7nf)x9gt+al 0g qd ,v2v2yhma pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinu4:6sykgza gpa4 w4 )og is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per q j x so9u(+;k tfeut(yfn3( 7umjugul4 *2h/icapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriev)v ;1caljg0wngc-x v06c0u kd out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after tvv -;0ccx006 ugwv)l 1na ckjgwo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua/ann .j p) 46xflbh*ypl flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1 (layl u2a1l+ vf*ugk+988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomxpjl.ldg03 4+yoe8 qm e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ih0vim71l9cp;k .snj1mq fc 5ataly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mor sncg(fsmd8/ m:uj 1fe5h3 bc/e statements from the fol u8dcg/ms nfm13hef/js5b(c: lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatl gn fb3ickc, /v5j1e*ic patterns and other physical variables. List the mainb ,3cjci k1 /v5lf*gne factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dl5l4bcuf msc f:hy) q8)r(ea7escription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverm:6 q yzvx4gc5sity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, tfp szc:z-82y Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass w (s w20rhzm3ud bxe79of two herbivores in different biome7d(se9mrwwz b0 x2u3 hs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s ;8d)suh*dn qzuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communn;d sd8*h qzu)ity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statey6 +7c7u2sp ihxf*zfements is not correct in describing the changes in cf+7*6z7 upisf2x hey productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meast:nj-vo1;,en d4 qrooured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phot8 ub i9c :+2qjb3lccvzosynthe 8b29z:ciuvb+cl 3 cjqsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in u8ny7s ,juv,ea field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specim5k5 mgljv*t/vens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps hk * g5jmtv5v/leld 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important ueqmh:t*j.u0q 16(ggah +ocl9gm rd /to take multiple readings of the 9gu6j:( a qlqdm.t/h0c+1eugo *hmg rsame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usx7uv1845 70i,ler rpd ro8uv lw :cdqqfv 0v;ved in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sakf k/l.i/ftjjf ; k3t1mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Win8 bt jvxa-72allow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling c7r(ct(2 gdlu techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mov2(rldgtc 7(cuing) specimens.