What is the best definition for ar4-tfuw p 9:i-;0d ohl*e wkvo species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyyxk yo/p iop(dd.9c;9


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ; 7l0+ra -xs+nt4qa e9loe n,-8jbyupvFactor 2;F+ sx+ -are0y ll,87jno9vt-bu p4 neaqactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve.jw7rx d:g; sw of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma s10keaj 16xy3us/kw) n iko0ij pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zvj :1*ovkdzdv -4t(kr ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to fivevv4:r*dv1z tk o j-dk( years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiyy,s- hui3 dj6b tnglv*.dh9:on.

  Fact file on the grey wuh(dr f r+0fg0olf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have retu dfugrh r(0+f0rned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph tha;1g i+ q;0u(jl ,k06tcbra: jmudxtcjt best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and7laf7go,fr 6x*r t4a 19ui )cqx 5ppcq animals.p6r1rof5aai*xc7 c,q )f7q4 9ulxtp g
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins / (:cl bfg8hngff9cc8 in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organismsw.*ssm a ;)fe1xbrq b8ie.y t* live and interact with each other iweem* .fsq bs)y x1ait b8;.r*n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energynl6qf6 pj beh4rg-4h * is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productlsg u 845v5fviuj7csx 2e0kegy 2g(:j ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also inter2ie24esv k(c:ggsuj75 yl xg j fu5v80act with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corw 5k*x mh;w;3dl/2a ox4luad/pf u0mrrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes dlxe + ai13iwdltmo*w u10*:rinto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying l lu +w11r3id otdm*i *0:exlaweaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiij58vfj x/yh;.09d dqx q8 fkfvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forxccs-v *kf:shx-5rr7 pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nich,nk7rm *jhgw6j 6n9q t8jqrf:2sm xs)e.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto9 mq h)qn:krxwgfs*snj,8t7j26 6m j rr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatu )x-bmv 7lolet02mg z3x 5;fr3tgjf s0res

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricj9)( 2;fgn rmlv2/xpge0ivpn e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl6ieovp 83;l(x vy ffy.e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis fv3y8xv pe. ;ilf(6yo tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionryd 5zm1ycrt1r7 q:+ 79d 8r*bnqvvfk of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodrl x85. maxzg- web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals f;bxs-0 2)dhzy zwo4rxeed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbordx4o2-bzs)yhw z 0 x;n dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following k yvxb*nc w0 ;,ay:4xrswne9 /9pwa8pchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t j) *o bhl tzly,td)*g,+suf:nhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thaiqp6l1pn d4 d3t ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mat4p1ddl 36 qpnierials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe+ 3 dx0 lcylw5q7wfji9rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i:t8)kepzkwj 1ts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltricam/xma,(zj99a 8gf jvhloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using rim-dl 8 dwl5atju9 4a52h2 a;bk(b2:e ee tzqa commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lwr k925tiqzdhau atbeb:4 ; j(dal22l -e8m5eight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr g;3bxa:qvyym;c:g y5 ga -wb,ansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system / l+ 2rj ct4rd5ipb4ss(wgwc 0


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 09v 2-)soudi o2tazcffood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false vcp4 d,xe+fd( when discussing a pyramid of biomas,e cdp+x4v fd(s.

  Figure: A pyramid of edmzy4h0f. z )inergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units forkato3 a iwl1e 7ml0u;8 representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web92 d, kq,qfqaz


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inj ffm.m5ln7l/ a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does notk0wp5y2i irw2+ n2uon accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid ofs9m ,t z0l6x0fxd/aa0gx6d gv numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a c asdg 0g 06x/afdmlv0t6z9x x,onsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly v;ip6yeheh:6 6quj 5ofrom the options below.What is Photosynthesis v6ie6:eoy; 5phqhju6 and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. ,d (nd).kafqp
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste3tx:q bk1 0azlms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carig x0vrpl3xtax 4)hvvde:-.6bohydrates.t64-vgxdv ) l:ix ph3arx0.ev

  There is continuous cycxtg) jr+0(dqe ling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. d0(xerqt j g)+
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in th 9izthwd/grsawpg 4h 6y39i+;e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ec 4 po25)xixd*b;ascv tosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsl :jr0of4 efz13 du*yx that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (Ntzb +gw)zxkef 7ew 869SP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagruymebwn ;9 8-kam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyc2e 5upujco4lfma; -.g oej5 w4le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy:wie k1;njo:xvuv39j stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre1dh6jd 7c nfx-strial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of2upvszv1 c1m) denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is noti3 tqf5n9 sg0k a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyci t9q sfnk503gle.

  Figure: Average per capia0e 9wm-)wdg4i i gmb+ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivuyoo hc7/ 24uoersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer2c y uouoho47/ community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of theinzep99z,n32: q2j *i rzr wwz following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap6fjaq(3p zx,k.cwy( gita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. tvqzx +7xf;0l 9w *-xrli*zakOne was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ar-ql +x *07va kwxt ;il*xzfz9t the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora7p aqu7rqo;wa p+-/ic/2sot pges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20y pg:1,jrjep3og4d/wt6 ) ygl20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data jfiz9 qd-6gs7 for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom1rrp 3iys/p8a e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements 5gxwbpxa96 ckc :*lv.from the followinc avb*.clp k5xg: wx96g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns anw vz+.)kxm;fwwvub,k8 2ud d-d other physical variables. List the main factors tha;m .+z8ku wfuvk-wd,vxbw2 d)t characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a 6 9u :fl1qoy vu8kx(wk.w:avydescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct at4mk6 :7ais p j7o6mx)fvb+v statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap+ dc *bvtxswbh+iw0 i19 foz +nzm1)k9h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in d-cy.f o ohew4pf8p7- qifferent biomep -4pcwo-7fo8hyeq. f s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversi6yxes9hzk .)c 8ajlz ova71 4hty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a ch9 vh)lzs4ekz1a 6c7xoy. aj8limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not l:tjhlo .t ju.u,7y 2wcorrect in describing the changes in productivity durj:j.yhutll7 tw2.,u oing primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that(s h+i4og-wg w can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyrgb);7h 2 sg+yfl r:x. xzbzk:nthesig.7rh); bg k ylbf x2zz:+sx:rs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aod2 b+dtz,3po field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps /7 rh3p:6lfne+zqqov to capture specimens of beetle A. On theq eohl r:q37n vfpz/6+ first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d af5)ddg *cfi-ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the samfd-)cgai 5f* de factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eqb x u68/r szwkri1*:cey (ply(g.m.ocological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fi-joc sb 2u/a ,jzx6/por two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow C(( fu lugu90t 7 pp;hls(egjt0reek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effc iwy71 +-lnl1mml .:1fkz vvrective for sampling motile (moving) spe l1 wm.k:fzi-c7l1 lvyvn1 r+mcimens.