What is the best definition f1ue7 ji scfv.69b car*xx ab2e,l:+qrshs)q0or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Iw+/ 1nzgp4p s qbxqr)(s- yv)italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fac/wj8k h;-jgd ptor 1 ;Factor 2;Facghj/; jkdp -8wtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o8.0c f.w3jpl wsjyl;tbdxn5 - f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc 6ggkq*b3u.uio- ir1mwd vcm 5.sth.+ histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that xa1bueh.h;). f0df ix resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be b10 h).ihxfadx ef;. usolitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is(w*6vim id1ui a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupu1yp rksrkod, cn8g;;5h8fw9/h2hq f zs)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to / ;os dnc88whz2kykp r5qgfh r1,9;h fThe Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rixu vmqd(zw /56l,4p)bhn+qseflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remai+;1xcvtx- 2hlnv j( ftns of dead plants and animals.2t hx;l1+ j-tcx(fvnv
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinpc; b);ojz9egs in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms livetw0q61oi82f n -o v3wkhv zrh0 and interact with each other in the colqvohfwnrk61- oz2 0w vh083tid waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from f3hd1w j;s n-xbis -j0ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bio kw 6)aedp3d)jmass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they jd)a6p 3e)kdw inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foodo 5x/l(45sc )xztye 6zm osqv y+ut2;p chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasi mqd1nhc 0ich6d+4q5xng digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, ah6cc qx+4hm q d5n1di0nd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sylxeo.ho (i.xnjvhqe50f5 6 u n.uk0;pstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ;i -aww9v.h6xc fuv )bof energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fa7qr 4od k.gi1e )3mkglctor 2 and Faerg.qd1 l3migk )k7o 4ctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntzx (8h bdht6 o-0nj-tshesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice qs 5gqw o.k;p.-s4m jjcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-spa -7 5ep tcyy10btg3t+0h+:tly wzktized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It gy+te0tcp1w k lt-yy phz:t 0bat3+ 75lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowmg) halkg* 2y/ wyxp07 in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weguq; )dmv5qjwrgt3y 2fxj :9 3b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside5n(l 4x fb nh5i/lbx(t coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioibtnx(/ ln l h4bf55(xxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi19 ;t5jxhbff xki r ebtgftk55. z3y+6ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrosh*k0h7w r+ vja,o:x3ovi1s/ux6 hm am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describe cqs*a+xnl5j+ s organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ms*l +ajq5 xn+caterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuwke) x 7k: xubbt p gw6-q)hn0-bk3e/dmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predato 2kv6a kku4 ,7lks1oqdd/n;au r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abou*a.csasg)v 23jd l8c 6tp-kqi uxj +.st Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a com;zjgg1vr co7;t ;m km.mercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel.7gm;t ojc 1 ;gkmrv.;z The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfomc xo( z5f+ vcv81ggp/rmation.

  Figure: A natural energyg09)v wrw tm8y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi6h 0ir3azi76 2dt yxh5/ wjzuins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discus4k 45s -d(ctil:mrk sb()tmyiz,4mg osing a pyramid of biomasst mgy(-s4s5 zk ( lmct)romk,di4: b4i.

  Figure: A pyramid of eb kc*t) 36 bbvz9(cx rf-sl)eynergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing proo-;ounl k ea bt:;9fj,ductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marv5 ja.cw3 cae ):afzqp/ep0g4ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eq9(90d4 kkp)e fabpk ucosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelxhdg3:,b s9r j mzu42e7j1sygy describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist ihva;z ows*p91c t :9pun a savannah system with parasites on a consumer*uozs :wpct9 a9 ;1hpv like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corree ,4 gixu(udk-ctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationiug4 d( k-eu,x?

  Identify the statements that describe the 8j 9e0dgvxg:q use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost l*/k;yhe ak1r from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxid a7 5n:fwv h1)yvfx+lee in the air to carbohydrat)wx5nyh a:f+f l vv7e1es.

  There is continuous 3c3m-9raic6b5w a3nltm o*q kcycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.o lab33-6trc3c 9q5*mkwmi na
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lon-m9v dyvbeo , j39ehf +x9ndi6gest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pelr - ;7z2;)zad yrwiwxr year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truyoeelmezb:zbleu8l8 rmpm 2 /o9c)oim7979/ e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cae i4j3gv/a/(e ids/lflculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrams1 me7gk1dnx8 of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tyq84 eay3lreb3;b,(t mw- xiuhe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow y,/7hg848quel(d k*vhfuvo f in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in jm,(59gzx o bd**aep; s2ozj ga terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrk+rortp9+ ;jkma d* s.ifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect hm 6ww)4k22qpk 39o6wqqrovlon the nitrogen cylp) 2 wv4qokqhwq9362wmrk6 o cle.

  Figure: Average per capitya:psc/6 5u8 ymms1id ;s4jnqa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaroh2l: wt/-olsg4cqs3b2z r; py succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commug/24 lt;roz b2l-:sscwhq3 opnity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exd:- z2ctl y8faample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitlmkk+(c vv ,r.olhb5/a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterq+ hrad -03xze. One was kept h zxae3-rd+q0in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flgef,wm:o) (v13natw 4k :zbfwows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiscf/() rogtc 6on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datylc)okui g,d,wxf emj 8/,e 064hhp( xa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ; tzz em*/ damsqym.lvr158d24 z8noqof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin4nwn8(3*giz w4cym l og one or more statements from the followingwzw(g4yn o n lm34i8c*.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablesn p+jwz0r xdk )2e7e+a. List the main factors that chn wda+ e72zp)k+r je0xaracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descript nz7b-d4.8r r hdt3jclion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related 8ipwpa** dp-k to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyd,qobcg-7l ac dvi.yw(x7 y82


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores0c ann6ce9 m4l in different biom90mecl 4 ncn6aes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succescv 0t5ylwmo:q d hu (x+*h7tivb+ jl18sion progresses from a pioneer community to a climamcblh0+ wvytq l:81du (xo5 h*+vtij7x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descr6 -mtm ptgb fkad,u.zta-4*-mibing the changes in productivity during primary succession. f*du,zkg. 6ttpm-a m ba4--tm

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure w3 d3db4m:hydd using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate 4s;/i*l ifu weof photosynthesis /w l*4si;fuei



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field p j(rj (k7-,uc1e itvp



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serie.*ae7d0 hrodws of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insecth w eda*.0or7ds, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impo*1ylm qxc3g 6xrtant to take multiple readings of the same factor. xyl*gxc1mq 63
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in mv2gl i4 enrj33ffjh0:+ vysziu*2) tecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tw )6:n cipd9qnuj+ v-tzo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specaa)vvyh,wgh du. u120kk :omd o2 d4h(ies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniquessr1a+.0n ugk 4ypb v -vd83mpbvp0iq2 is not effective for sampling motil+gd mvk -3vbpuq2a0 p.p04b1sry8v nie (moving) specimens.