What is the best defiuv/s e/ p6n/1sl4ic lqnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ol2 pc3s 9k)izob* g+zlf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wha3 7w.f3j :jy ,otevucis5y(g w t/5uoot is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa:guof3/3e. io5tt7y, wowvs jjcyu (5ctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populad3 vdp3,u2levt.hsgp ip)xi*+k);ev tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis eyjeuzc 5n ,f-j)8p*etosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ha3k6lzki,w/z i-d hns4: y9fup;7 yzhl s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Rekk9-fl 63z uzh ;p4dw:z nlis/y,7hiy public of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is4;6szsa-3tiw va x:s c)h lh,p a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in 3 (y yo49c6bntoytxa (North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economicyy o6(39cto 4ybtn a(x loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bp k4.; kcl((tnkl b3zwest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pla-3jfn n)8d )f90gvp*ac ker ysnts and animalsa0)s fkc3g npjf y)n9r -ved8*.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins fjf9mh+x66 c vx0utd4in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear as0 qo;6h5wcxkeem 2/m+ y8vg kr*d;t7 qud5hvnd other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold watersgm+ru*e5s2q;wx co;dh vtd0 mq5kv e6 /8y7hk of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energypdfj.stw(rst-1,1 je is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highk8*j (ua7kuatd,c+ cv r vgx** productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditiojkkxa*d,uta c(g urvc* 7*v +8ns have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptionaceu 5ux.ll qnu d864w.f ;2qj of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing h,vz5sp/ an k+20ykr xdigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi tkn2py+rxa/ hkzs, v05hen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sg: )o,npfa*q v 7oa7jzystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener-f s. cqz;6lo:rozn)crf,lb; gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n/crd+/n*a dkn j9w3wp2kmnhj5sva;f .7 g)yb iche.What is Factor 1; Factojgs 5m wba+ dkv/n;y/jh7d3) *a.2fwp9nkc nrr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at di ug c(fre4j8 ;tyb:w)rfferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricogx,ahcp k)cayu3 u; o32)*tie cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe ab pnifovqj310m3z9 hmx9 y*2 k:;yczr nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Itur9yk mnz ; j39xb1vf3qozryih* 2p:m0ci Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect +p) x6 pjm6dmcdescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food )euo v r2 6/,q+,ljlh u;tavdcweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the9 thhp:iu2hrdu29 y5y carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, 5h9 ut:p h2yrdyh92u iwater, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalz pj l 1ad)vkum3*: ubj38b 1x:j/ztgj reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified syse:elm:o1g( npsfmv8 -tems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms :wd v-tly(b8s9qu ix6best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living ol(:9vys xw-ib 6qt8udrganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py2qlxv y(z;n-bxc8en 3ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itspq s (z csmri9.bw1;j, prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trucd c(e,)h-vsz3v2l9 dv ydt,xe about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-f)jqcawwj9 zq5hq55 v 4illed glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a w9q jhv5 qc5z5 jwwa)q4indow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol:h tqt 09rqpyu;1ht4hlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion* 62n+sncc .jqepnet i*o0u 8i system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cb:ur 1 jlhq6z6hains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is*jnzc)/w+ xuvl (7h *l xtz:f1v;quzu false when discussing a pyramid of 7zc:l/h j*)+z (l;uwn1qvzuf vu*xxt biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy /k 6aw1 i7colhi lbyixr74(p 2


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productitro 23w k/vo*yvity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo3a q p3pyfoav.,7(orqd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in zp+ (f ;*git3k+-dgybie dgt ,a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that dg/mpip* ; q)b+s:hm u2 buwug*oes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav. xm1 vdz/xhj e85:kiqannah system with parasites on a consumximzhd .ek 1/85:qjx ver like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlibx t - ezgl89g:2cvu/93voypy from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respo2-3lp 99:i/xyetgv ub c8vzgiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inse a gstf3s7l:ic 0fj53icticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecye/-.qjhc vazss )831jo x/qsosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide ine(5gsu)/r *s4 ci vpkv the air to carbohydratvcv epu*5g4sis)k(r/ es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cayc:( wumaaq ;wt ymh,g(/4/ pnrbon sinks. nw:;pcmag(hm,(4w t yya/u/q
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longesvi: uu 79npsi8t time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yea+egcmrev;au0j w1 p90r


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme ) xhs6r18 xj8eedndu qx(;eq.nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be a gcm,c meehy;k7:++m* l.tgwcalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb2 x-uh4eqhko.on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbgrku 7;hy6a2x ldxo.* on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an +r hf1 r6om-lfqonm6s(j5 7r ks lzr05ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow iqke2z,v5qa3nsan *t8 n a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement l3 p6pxzgeuc5d 58gx4that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follzeia5 0e8if uoi:4 5zd5d5 inoowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc8 zddni5u55oaie0:4 5iezfio le.

  Figure: Average per capit+-xiw9 i b+lzqa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses ffjai; e ama2u 6:+ w9mpuag,wqyu:/o/;ul ci*rom a pioneer community 2ae u:j/w,;c;a/:ag uoau6mp*u yiiw q9l m+fto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is gub5* yv+ ja,man example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ),jb/ mp brr2(mb 9*tju n1fbscapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried jf wsz* fx38 d ;q*+nozbil63vout using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and af *83d+ izofxl*w3b j;zv6fnsqter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual .j1 cb/d o)shs)iubx+ flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988 jn 3 tc6oc7i4/gjyc6s-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat5w n8acp,lrl o0r26u5ty:ox f a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita sy/db2+qroj* ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’+ 9q+x kney tj4ve4a,q’by choosing one or more statements from the follow4ye vjqqxt,ke+ a49n +ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic(a kjiwbpa7+w0.*-v nt3 rwjh patterns and other physical variables. List+(*aw-viwrjb .w0 hka njtp73 the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description ofv t+oyojt98 )t the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyst3a /aavw/f2ymj0 +rsw,rz *m32f x oburi ;/ubem.

  Figure: Climate graph /byl k+k vd0m8v-oukj5 h;n-eof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in div k:v 9 bbt-l;wq+eyg2fferent biomesy2b 9+tve:qkblw ;v g-


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successio2;v6d-wu o potn progresses from a pioneer community to a 6;uto dv o-w2pclimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is 6cur+ xr0taf 3not correct in describing the changes in productivity durin art0x6rfu3c+ g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured ussyl(7 25p;4ad xez v ftw.b;h9yfa ea)ing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynpbk, 3 uls1y0fthe 1f3by ul0k,spsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi3mh 2e u 4rborxm5x69t5ltk qh.;.iqield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spec .2tw5l 2rgdn 4oiid7y *qxl-dimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next dayldxd4.n g2*doryl 7 5itwi 2q- the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take xqp: tja/cl+h)(un ;ymultiple readings of l uxhjn +/cy):pt; q(athe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplosp, ti .vezu0/h18hling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tifjt27cy4tm*s i5n;x wo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data hq d 9wct1w5;tei9f +sfor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is noy uo 6,tx0 mjoq3yl;l6t effective for sampling motile (movinyt olx30jm,y q6;uo6 lg) specimens.