What is the best definition forkeu b 5-.c+4 hsrpagg; a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom1wlwpb9b,q6jzh2veyuk+0* o e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciemnp( ltg 749 qakdg9(hs' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;nkl4am(q9p( gdg79th Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve vg84-s:8pb m1pki 60gkuke/ij jhz7t *ssu 1cof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistos)2 fd,0eb3c0pw h t7fvpeak7g oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sb1j +fnph n75bmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repub5b1 hfjnp +7nblic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oypa1i 2p1) rlac jiz*)f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolfqwyt +e cdg8d( +of-qd3; 5nin (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected iow(gqe 5n+c3d;tnd+-yqid f8n some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of 6 5i.ff +)yhua2eqwh ha population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed o2)px, zrpndav5rc :p.n the remains of dead plants and animals)5: rncpdxp, .vprz2a .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodglm2k5i :a zc0 chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar 7hyp ;vc0 ( ac:dfs;nybear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of f(;:;hysyca0dnc 7vpthe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteb7kw+37hduv f ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall f(4eo3rfv+ 3iacj5xs3f f x);5q uym strees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite inferf)j4+svc rq ; y5(om x siax5u3efff33tile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desjip g(z6uem-9 vcu7(xcription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounxs43mv: :b ,k -fotubmdings. The enzymes break down things such as dead-t o3x bm s:kub,f:vm4 and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricid 5*- y1 ud-dbnx 5joyl oclv6c897lce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyra 3dgfy jdu,.(ymids of energy.

  List three factors that could descrok 0usdp(.m*s)95 b fqm wbsy1bm)hi -ibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 kbm f5hwdu* i s1)b0-mobq(.s9)smpy and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at ( 64/ kgn shwqkvyg fvcm*):5edifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cyyknr- 93 wa/ptobp+1 ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesv6u 8h6.pt evkd42 4e9lkxshbs8zq+c that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for sixsq84 h.vhl4 u6de92 kb t8xsc6z pv+ke months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrip4i6ax*jxx 3iution of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food z1n az:12srippw q1h 4web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae thaio6 f1(,zsnt7)fjt m kt live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced b t7kn6ijtomf) (zf1,sy zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: kvjw0o ez v4/)


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in thet br.h8hi29 kiv)x- ltid7c* x ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follwm v;q ( )c8gfy8zri,znm-jd5owing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down 5mrq,nj)8;ic zzwg y(mv-f8dand digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrbtb-z( ca/nb9lpw.o - amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dens ak1:zqjel;(1jj g4t1i+ ps)j/hz rwqities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenybp:gr9xtvohn :xm2/qsiwp3*h 3( 0 bnltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm gm/x /nej o0d :bb.pu.using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algaeeg u.o dbj m/n/:pxb0., shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of 9hjy9u:aog 7df r2 (5/ymxzemtransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converx:xdo0j b(cqp jgd a/j; m/en659d /xysion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup oft.g; w 81ru*zvgv,/l dmo -gdp:pcvaux 6th/2 toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discgzqxspm z 7u.b-3*bg y(y(l.p ussing a pyramid of..- b(ql zbugp mx*s(p73ygyz biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enc bm3h n)i(:)o2vo/silxrc) fergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producti h 3hthu74pln*vz; g7tvity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web elv9wt*k q09 l


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so;ijym,s 7jj4ail ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a jwgcmh/4s a460v6 szefood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras m9kztiajf-h842 ew r)ites on a consumer like the l4 r9z2-ij atm)ekw8fh ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rer4o6zrg q n/e7spiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratio qn4/rego7zr6n?

  Identify the statemen li;9zfa.5clc m .u 4ooipj;:kts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frmqb4(sc,m d :yom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tovddt7cwf.d9py 8-e . aee )cn0 carbohy 8f ed9dv)-.cy7pea wt.n c0eddrates.

  There is continuous cyclfati jm 02m96b t hi)hiv/4md3ing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.m /a3vim92i )tjmfdi6h0t4hb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time371g(aptimtcgiu; z v8gdn ,;.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem)spsgk( e:5 bu*:nqnr / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementj/,l8uoz nbh +s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cib; 1 x7fgm7bsan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram n 3f 5cm-qt4.uog:pgy of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrsar5pr. droe5a; s; 1m)5wyr p2rg2opough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a .e 6e(uk l),:amnhn-ficnj 8nn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in sx 0rnhvt-*gw o6m6l8a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true o m,cztht8kd5( f denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the(2. j0pjsi *b1qui izn nitrogen cycleiju*j.pn0 (qzii 21 bs.

  Figure: Average per capi uz)ej 228uevzta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrepc/ ujn8205c hsxv-aksses from u0cvh-c 2knasjp 85/xa pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo*50y h7acop rsxp i/)u xul7+trmation.

  Figure: Average per capita wfc g2-t2i5*hnjs w ,i76 ibbg$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Ex9x(id4y7 s,lkr)mj 0z hw+aplodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of thei + 90sydh4a7mp xxwjzrl()k, experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualfaz 8g* ifr( wxgdax y+l:)o(8+l c)ji flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishere 8x;pg: kwt9ig f0af /m :jto7i;vp*hies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data flaqyv )g-1u g0or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph z*s:*e 8ej6dzhhi. puof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonati0,3 lqjo .kxiax8:qz + oiwzd6on’’by choosing one or more statements from the follow j3xodk86 za0i+x w,ol:qq.iz ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by -. bbuzs0/b8,tepls u climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize p8tbl, z.u/ - ub0bssethe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome: d(m -ss(3xobuyvi-f-icojaf5 (e v 7.

  Identify the correct stateak6. u5cnffu, ment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap4g1a pv4.kk bxh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prm3s 2kgn-1 bisoductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 1m g3sis2n-bk


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP ls/9, rpoa 0 vt(qlbo,sn,c0yas primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitypot,q c,l0rbs( /osn0va9ly ,.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chan;* eyyyl sp2gnbzo 9dob,8w (x/epz9 /ges in productivity during prim9 bp8e,epds noy9w* l;/gyboz2(x/yzary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be cbfk )gx-o.h kiecy656 rw1 -omeasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the ef 05s, bpv ou4.qkezx+jfect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis 0bzvk5.xe, puos+jq4



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a buvx/ +.ky xnxg-co,6 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sd-zl u)5oj pg72*ge:u-5d i f/feibyg eries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caughtdgj o :)ffg*5eybui/gi lu2- -pz57 de, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rea1dz- go7r .-35bs wxt;xi/adhrrkrq 8dings of t3rrd -xw5srz; boh r.kx-/tg1da 7q i8he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samxnn* l. n)g-mx4l:mqg pling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willf,:fr.o ga 5tcup *hhtyg8r,+ow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow tbhib/ 8+ns*qCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effe* flmfbf9 t vab5*vf:go48 z4xctive for sampling motile (moving) spl4:tzx9vf ga*b mfb4 o5*ff8vecimens.