What is the best definition for a s;a7zt n)+f17fv g: dczwz mmi5pecies?

  igure: Climate graph u7wno6o :u8k in3zub*ec3v(ce ,a nnve7s,j9 of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ninbe3fs 6kk t wips3;,.che.What is Factor 1 ;Factor b6f.p3k3knss ie t;w, 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationm*yd9zfovki *oxzig+ ca 9 q aqx1tk: :4v,19s


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a pqp j qkm;t)7g)l( 1fzSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hqt6 hr7isig 4+as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and iqhrt gs6i7+4 eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grojxg(14d5yql5crk )z , czo(t 33dcip lups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canisj3y2aipnq(a6 7dx z,v* bt/cv lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several cji,( 73/q2*pvz6xantavy bcdountries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population overo smm w0b:w 0bq gqxkl.8;g 89l).gevy time.

  Crabs, earthworms, miteyg)j (z)xcv3r s and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals3ryv )cxgzj) (.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsnrqh50ggys) p rcn.(3 in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w xic7y 3yy.m8gu:37h xwpukp+hale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters ow+yxup.3y8hy: u7xgp m3 kic 7f the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems-zzhqf+g1. 8p alkpi*t ms, 7n.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produd 3w/xsn 45awuctivi45/nadwxu w3 sty, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is3e(6a a ts5sc3xfl )(o3 d:jw 5okztex a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroun08kvcn2up f 0k n8v c1yb)xw;edings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absv0knk 21v)8c0uyf;x8 cpbnw eorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system x0me /-mku(ca 4h,dos


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ens nycup 0w-r)+ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What .jy(*n mjen/dig: ,j3 d u -g1yvll.ebis Factor 1; Factor 2 and-yug*3ng jmlji(e, ..nydve bdj :1l/ Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phomlkqx 7vo , ny(o*-sl-tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultt2a, khtl1hx. ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a r,4ha(g0j s zdsmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and ther4hag sz(j0 d, mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energppebq*cl5 pm.1e+/g koq+er 7 y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wzoiair ep-4 .0eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comjiezdf/2 0ph 09, us4qyg0tmhpounds produh,e0h0 q j0g/fs 24mi9tyzdp uced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:ux6 18hhr7t ca


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon ing6bfd -yhav ic j6ptb-7s*z48 the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismn z u g3vi j, 73rx) y+wzfy0bxo)i1cvx,z2s2ps like earthworms that ingest and ,1,iz yrj 0z+o3ivv3w ) g)cfs 72x pxbyx2nuzthen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nui eqzn5u2wrdx61:pv7 f./g ojx4 oj( ambers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsdp3k v)n8l0l :(tsaqs 8wbfl(s qa*d+ prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thathc .ce,qoe ; 5s3+qqn8 hqixu7 are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commep0 5c8 9prfmncuou)cdkc )n c r.;p(9mrcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a; fp )).d0cuc 8rc(c9cpkmun5mp9n o r light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o hkjm g2z8u,60fmka; yf transformation.

  Figure: A natural eneatvbvw3k d-mv yst, fn4knx7y9 i gz6 z*+8u,/rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaxvup)v tpj*xk f)d (5)ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when 7td3u7fba5rn.e tj 7ediscussing a pyramid of biomass.jnd 7 5ebr7a3et7uf t.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy / yz ,(z9b1jnib. eqx/4sqk tm


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productc m)ly,(dm+ghl c5 j)uixre 6o::8tibivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine ) uoe2y+;ryyl food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosguj-v y 5k/r*8okq-lpystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not a 9wazw6fernk4e9ps, 2xwi4 8cccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thcizsbhri vk2 6- j jt69aefup.l; 6:3aat could exist in a savannah system with paras ar th96 bi2l6isfkz.u cepjv3- 6:;ajites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the op fpw6odw eodgf, -ie-pn. rp);b:8h)dynt8 j8 tions below.What is Photosynthesis and Respir-8iegr)ftfy wd-ejd,.p) w8ondnpb68h op;: ation?

  Identify the statements that describe the us q6;dh l-vmb5d*cy5coe of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is loste1xq qyfr va(uq, -s/av,47mow /d1 hw from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pj b w0lm-af/,nrocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratejmn-w a,fl 0b/s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphhgypd rab;o .r9dd: *9ere to other carbon sinks. .9goy ;d*9ba rhrdpd:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires5pj 3z(:mcue f+ol w-jrm2uo1 the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / p4vda *x6l*jifee/u6 uard8 / aer area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements8 ff/k,p0+(snazyobxuh wq /: that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc9hat/ pnta.9hk 33/+hswvq m rulated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine)g87 73un,- sdhjmxnl(hslvw carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon m -)2czqilmq0,z9 iaicycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec 8tda ::58xhixxvk.o7l/k kk. sd r4w(g6 mbdeosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosd4rt7w *b,iy nystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying b.wz f7cjoo lg40(/txracteria.

  Identify which of the followi) 60ltt x4ba mttxy4+u(oz :mgng is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycut : g)xta+6zly4bom(4t m tx0le.

  Figure: Average per capcs4;bzeb1yj4f2j84 mk uz h1i ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fx18eg. /itvl lif o-w;rom a pioneer community to a cix. v;-8lwgo f 1ltei/limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformax1d3q4s,qhx ation.

  Figure: Average per cbwf nbmtv - bjwq; p5a,;:;u2japita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was car /y4 wiexod/1rried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknessyod41exir w// . The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTvo b(ze l)up(3 $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesni* w4r,sgj3q by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bo/oajn: 3k3u*g fhz9 chz8vp +iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,3xr x)g-ehns6 Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one ormk/5l8wvoedy3vt 4. )da4lpa more statements from the following.aav/ lvtdow4 4p3yd 8e.k 5lm)
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables.)bz - ipa +.r1o4yjrjtnjm 7b+ List the main fac7b p 4n+ro+)ajy r.bm-zj1jtitors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest ;riecncga tqx-c60-nqrt. ;c4e0ak0 biome.

  Identify the correct shy2xp 8ofn/ fka-. t3ttatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,6:1e28g w9yna hjsrff;q vt :d Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bio2mt :y rmpk dru+0zmnx 8)rq/+mass of two herbivores in different biomes 8xm/ pny:+ 20qr) dkrrmmtzu+


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrestjtbk+u5g cz;lgh -71ses frltkbg+-thzc5 gu 7;j1om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo)/gvz u2ew y hv6nzh8-wing statements is not correct in describing the changes in 2v6h vgyzu nz-h/ w8)eproductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thaekt qs53)k:mv q.q /cct can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thep*:tu+q dh :k2:pa rpt rate of photosynt2:qph up:+pktat * :rdhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fmj)jra6z1w6gdd w h-/ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturxphj7j: am,efu5 u+5-r x m3mqe specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 m7ru e ujfax:qmhj-x5m5p 3,+ insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple read6bkvy8g);h/ . pmdbo 1sfr pd7v2pt:aings of the same fa;d)f2pgy s v81 :t.pab 6/khb7rodmvpctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicalgeuq z ne5-i8 7xk7b i;hf44cy sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sht/o2an.i,49q9 wu dotwbcjv 3:l b k 6:jon:zamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sabd*f,5 rfkw.z mpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technuwcvspi nf -d2+(pu57(t+ etkiques is not effective for sampling motile vw e+k-dftns2p utp5(u( 7+ci (moving) specimens.