What is the best definition for a species-9/ 2rr z42m m1ldk ufasuw7dl?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom+yf,*8kdwl ochlp.f;e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What z eelo+7u7p-dkrx *y4 is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorexe o4 *l7k-dzuy+ 7pr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of 3+u*.plq erzzy4x 6poa population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto3xodxp2/gdl* 2 ;nskesoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe 8j;7syk bn5b.4a e ntpand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whibj5t4 b8n.py;7 skna ech continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oflse 3 z1deuvq-mccb*d a03v++ organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Woqa,kzx vd :;q 9f-4esb58cp oxlves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor thaqq4;ea8s:9xcb5o ,dvf -xpzk t may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gr3 p /ayoi; pwv+x4*bhha/*pq eowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the anj :. vizvgpfb5o 2s8w5a2x q;l/o w.remains of dead plants and animals.:j.25wvp5o. ;sg8 az 2aq/vfwi xlobn
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of+ fqqw- dzrp+( toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other otpqg *2. :hrp0bky 8 z(mktns9rganisms live and interact with each other in th2yp* (z nb:k g8.t9kpqh0 srmte cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from .311j z yddkrhkv5nln8)/f6isoxam 5 ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productiv 8 qjv7q hh;je/-qk)jwity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment theke q/hhv)78jw-;j qj qy inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chai8r eouipx2 g4*n.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirhaqz;,e,hvfv ,p.+*jvu5 ew o surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the ffve,qv uz*5v+ ja,hpw,o ;.ehungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedwsvojo3i(r6tq1hc* 3.u/ zgd.w z2p so*nt2n rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for9qlk*o -o75mww v+k+;qab sgz pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' 6cbhh:i+.ayp j :.aw nniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?+ ca:bjipy6h w.nha.:

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pho u+6djx3sl qw iy0ht0.tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu7 , 6m;a vsl ahhrs9 ybzrms2kg4n18d2ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small 8cjl)7g7 qxyz-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Dem 77y8 xg)jqlzcocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect des,/;mb ,yfj g6aew40cuf5p avpcription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wy 30.u cmzyr8 ymou;7keb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside c.bt ,bnq;n28mrwea7 m oral. Corals feed on the carbon compoumr;we.m qt72 bbna8, nnds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rrei24s4o h,)ns+ril4( psg rum) 9g faeaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t:f. il v 3txys+s.zg+vhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termsu83yzrk5 1keepjx 5f+2g,vy y best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and j5 1x yrzy 28e+3gekfyk5uv, pdigest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberxyvn c:3jpuf*nw*) 8r-dx3d ks9o r)cs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey wf btag1 w:6ap5bj *j/3 xp.jv


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arwo:*7tvus erf+wd r:,e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercmku7n 76x chw *q/sxkqp:-nc7ially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel./cx7w-6:x knmnquqh77c*k p s The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trane9d jbu5i)cveo x1+.f sformation.

  Figure: A natural energy b :ovtx imaqago++1y) ks1) -tconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup dudg. y86df 0c,r4bzjof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whenw)y fwke13d1y fkv-;f discussing a pyramid of we;fkwv1f1fy 3k y- d)biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enert r:+mrvi- t5iq8gpi7gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosz9tj+ogv09e8 zgekx;ystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f x20app,fpu) lor+* lhood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecl)0.hb w0ospg:g9kem w * s8zlosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descuvs r(gka9k:j4( n d83; dsrzlribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syskqfgr*s*k *j;tem with parasites on akkg**js; qrf* consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thqj1 pc v1/6ybne options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rev /1q1cj py6nbspiration?

  Identify the statements that describes3l9u 6:v1 (lets 55wmhl)fgm2lb9i;c tja wj the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frz3uvni4ua 1ox.top -l l,rj27om ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carboh6*sn 8tyeq wy t e2o0j9tj,(cgydra ct9n*e2wj esg(0yo86q ty, tjtes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon .//uo1a.isn/oy cif x sinks. /xay so ficni/..1uo/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon h dd(shy21jvxxv )r21;oaln, cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area u +,a :iook(1c-(p ; apxlvbqsper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha,uy s(zirj4.gt are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be 3cdv;qdx ,dr8bi / z/acalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mavgu9pwr 6ix, 5rine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cate,-s t,jvio 5rbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an4sij +)c- wy.nyg4 ounz h r0c0p/eo.p ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy6-e t4+mhfsz.ttdatq1 t b6x) stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactera;jr 6aw;d a9 bnw18 sdw/u:vzia.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogelu5w 8xheako e*uj v1j+c)b5 (n cyclxeow jlc k8ujeuav( *+)1h55 be.

  Figure: Average per capif ;36pbk hkqf:ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pr5ckbc:ue+tbrz +)ln +3f dnr6 imary succession progresses from a pioneer communidnbc6 ++) 3 r5r:nb+ze ulfktcty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the 15zwg jth6e2ffollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita cf2o;x q49wd4bf7gwt$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an e1i f+gtp9z )zElodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and afterp)1f i gez9+zt two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon / t)eia h5/sk3wr8krlstorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198eh.a jfu o nn-je0l-izq)/r:28-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f)7 7zd uwg+mrj)jk on5or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph qxtj/a.+u ,so of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept lkrmd5mae fh/(v.s+1//a pjwof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the follo/wpm h/(aj va5 fd+/srl k.1emwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic m bs*b8 dz x3xp0l+bu1 xk-uj)patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterxu)+mb0kbzu1d3 j xp8 bl- xs*ize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bz)x,, gjny :nchf 9yd9shr5t5iome.

  Identify the correct7f kn2ik-n0hjc ik )v9 statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy y7o 9qk+,/ pvyp7 cjqla1ii d/


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two jqj)f* . duo9wri)gh* jj+o(azm e7-hherbivores in different biome 7*ja j-u(ozemwjhq hi)gjr9*+o d)f. s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiver7zbrr4ui z0xzok4 d)j: 3bgj5uvza,4 sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. jz4gzz4 ba73o0d 5jbiu:)r x, zkvru4
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not c(.k9o57v bdkz9 gkrzborrect in describing the changes in productivity during primary successi7vz( gbkbk5 kdrz9.o 9on.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure46 ra sf o/skc55f.8y tp,a7cdpsguy -d using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the eglxksz py,;k.n+b p-,ffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesizp, y-s;l,+.knx b kgps



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi3ot( 3i0s4,zv f9ys;ymmx r*q3we ): zvzivtzeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect ,+ghp neqow/ 9traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, h+9,pge no/qw of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipo nut kg)h.cc6dvs+a-.uy* 8ble readings of the same fa)g-sy . d6o v thua+cukc.*n8bctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampn1eb 0 mij0mr:ling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willopl ilik,d41b 9w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampw0ysm9 y8ep e1 6qm 6o 32.gxouf/frxxled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivbmkxya .cvs*82 c04hc e for sampling motile (mob hxvs .c*248mc0ckayving) specimens.