What is the best definition for a smy47qpf3 ugf/ pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, lx1;+kem+8vdy6dx a (q m+nruItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fanv5y6s ,zzb+x mu+nopi)q 6t)ctor 1 ;Factorz iu +56p+qyomx snzt 6nb))v, 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a ppuxq k1*rnw 02)yrz n3opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma s yneiaxt4o- u,vg-qk 2ax j*:7pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a s(c- f15/ f et2eez xio6gbkvcez66 eu6mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only w-6ze6 ve xf6iete12 u5/ck goc(e fb6zith other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of or 2j slhz)zqwf+js(8w4 ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ame 18x lkwcn5(k:/zhef lrica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the Euro n1hkl e 8(kflcx:z/5wpean Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. wq 8 3fwmx2xhmn6 1f0d

  Crabs, earthworms, miteijko67iu6)w 3lec; g es and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals6i);6 ecuei7 w jkgl3o.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fqx :)g1i1 ,fabjn(gwg ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live::6d 4pzjr r4gl0a-rbu klkf, lny0i- 9od,np and intel: :0ui,-a n6k gr 4rofzp pd0,dr yb4llj9-nkract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.0ic sjd:94rtc

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productp;. yo a4.q.vkgs*u lymsm9v8ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to ns8kap4*uvmsyy9. v;o mlg .. qurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description oh c m/hx-k82f;/rvwauf a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrient9sx6e jm jq4vi3q*er 7s by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, anj3v7jsxq 4me9i6 rq*ed the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation q: zdlwx)1s7k )3grn xj9whj.system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pybve0b2cr3* w yramids of energy.

  List three factors that ohi(jfg l+/ h pciakq8 2p(0x/could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fkp cxli8j0f/hgh/op (q(ai 2 +actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthew6-qz* i,5uwtph:i (gdrezys*,aq0 fsis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivativwjfv8bn6bxchh 9lkbxzi 3.2 fo. ygw* 10m.7on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe jqufwp ym; o27c6+ nsrd.j ,o)and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in thef,;wr o7.yu6ocjp)ms d+j nq 2 Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow1vp51j q 1ue4c1x ypqd in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web 5wy5 zxqck8f- nsc5/ uee8ml0



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livexjrl56bpkn6p+jh9 4u inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlx 6n6ur+h pjbj9p54klight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi:e ztm-+ r+j;x g4w 5w;d:cn7imouzfzng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbodtgsg- 5zd .j1n in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw*bv1jxj spqo5 9.wsh(f qp,o *orms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living org1vo w*h5* ,sojpsjxfq9 qb( p.anic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid s tsq512y ja5l06fxpz,v4ecc of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itu75t +ai*gngx gxnr1n64 5ugn4 sjg9js prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor+9ks dn2dzb x.oethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usingpm,e1 twwmz4.vtm 1w8 a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are twm1,t v41wzepm8 .mw true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fs7w xx+x*frl dk/:l:u( k78fw2ys tugollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con (rcix/ ,a4yidversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaik8qoysfpg8t 8sj- 6m.ate x11ns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrl)h.(w-ev htb amid of b-wlh) t.bv(he iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy/i.hklo:cp cr 1fl 3w33vdam 7


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing0rkk.0ag0gml productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food;azzym 89+bdz mck2 u0 web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst)x3hc/ek u* goem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describes;y- ),ck+ m:qoxs(c smk ewd4 a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exis /yqr(1d)tj ytt-ty8rkc29hbt in a savannah system with parasites )1tt-(t ry rdh8q2 ty9/kycjbon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and knt.2 fe 9d2/tat kw1nrespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and R ft n2wn9ktd te21/k.aespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. rcs,ho6gr.u,
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eu k (hwvm,r:xgx4 r cy5gv-2u4nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procesa 7 yxxr3q-g:q+8kuha s that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr haa7q u:qryx8- x+3kgates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to oe0m;vvg6iuw 7ther carbon sinks.vmge76 wi uv0;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes io1 gcgg;.)a msn the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ar f3 oekc+.bm)aea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arede7 4l,fe+*8kue4brvcxeg 3p true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula vfun0inhgzq;n*j5w)- c-+ (nzb9ac eted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ca2qduk/c 1h3sae 6y e-ob*zs 5grbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrvsmsp f(4 x :m 6xq+z ovfu.u03p4zs7aough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos/4ww, zdah;;y-y55s no gaj qjystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysted9xu/xc te.e658x hw i o5pc6em in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyinqvc vkk)t594uxpy4i,x y;+rx g bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect u,v+j2hog b5d on the nitrogen cyu 5d2gjb+,ov hcle.

  Figure: Average per cajl9ed(ai dd.h6 v9fx*pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionkqwd i1hllb5(3q.t7y progresses from a pioneer community to a climaqlld ( .1y5b3k iwq7htx community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an e*kp3-qmefqke 0m4 9tmxample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capmr/7/*9t vnpv+t swoo ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elojl-je1nixvl.r os)7e1j u-n: dea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in de l1ix l-v:ouj)js enj7n- r1.arkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ; hs:z1u5tz*iz0fhwaannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries ba(yy0(6 m +pce6zfgs nre 4k-y2xu5 sry region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom 6h ka5d;asxrmf y491;,dyjl4y:gsss e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oa *p lsl4cmbh+-)j/gi( (veh df Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more sj fk5 tt / wne8zea9/tefp5g;2tatements from the follow5pee59/k azf8/gntje 2t; t fwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variable/y ,knj5ro*znse3b+(eno p9.n pr2 qys. List the main fa95e/zbn yko2 ,sn epr nq.ny*pr(3o+j ctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomf8uoz gb. z;5ee.

  Identify the correct statement related to diveruc;ra0uq/ x2mg 5wedd1ec/ z5sity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of :g ;jnxf 86zqnRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differentan+ i n*f-lx;ktmt:9w biomn-ml9x n+:tak *iwf;t es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession hqmaw.zi8vuj6bqsb:w-zq * /0 p0ltvx)rf;5progresses from a pioneer communitbiqa) b *wpzqzjvhm6r 50. fq:;x80 t/-sulwvy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correcm,i t3v3 )sspnt in describing the changes in productivity dus 3vint pm,)s3ring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seccw 6y 0tti/fn4rhi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of p*0x ahg+m e.eg8um.vbhotosynthesis 8e hv m.m+.eg0baxg*u



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fh fuim35c: l9q, sq4wyield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of i3j/fjfo l5na,je 36j cnsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A a/, jaj f 563o3njjcfelnd were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to tag ;fxt8li10/fb 8qpy ake multiple readings p8fi1tg;a8 ly fq 0b/xof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological 1lbd f;v3 wc bt7ds59isampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species dataftmak-m+cb*(9 u - hk(gxvmi5 for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampw+ri xqdwvbm*ns*8t)):+ox46p xqq u led in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for - +j/vw7 a8g8wz:lc*y r,ezubfvf* 1lmq 3tpgsampling motile (moving) splw:* jl+,f p78z c y81eaqtmwu -*gv3rgfzvb/ecimens.