What is the best definitiryx-8tro lt2end(bk;,i)7ho on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro6*zbd7pvw2 g2 ak m b73ffq1zzwir6m9me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic qe1r1oir, 9fhhe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 1ro 9h,qefri 13?

  Figure: Growth curve of a zr*qljrx pjrh,y;ju 1 6(qtq m,wr:67population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosuoxg 25 h3i5 xdtu--qv 1hs14hrnamk 1oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe 6v ,t5 bq,3ri x4uyh h+h-hzogand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but-t,y3 4g ohu5xv+ hrib,hz 6hq only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populationz5lzw 8u g.i8h.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North oecf-1eyu vr2i.)*eo*v (9z5 kb ydoaAmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20ovee-y ev *)do519*f kr( b.2uzay ioc% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tim)k vl7oyi j2cc50f n)pe.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed oo1nlu*52aa ibxgob o, fs 67s7n the remains of dead plants and animalss 5 b7no,7l6x2g1f ib uoaaso*.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o tzf76y*g a 4xs3nn(ssf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sealljy4q;6k-hm8c l.axx, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and intekh- jq4m68xayll xc;. ract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form e67kz2gliniwlp :o5 1inergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high p-llsj9 vvc/,h9pv ;c - ip2zexroductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact wi 299 ip/-zx;h,vpsj lcl-vevcth the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cha -.zlkx m t 7axg,lnc;sepc(76in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestnzo4v xeq-n y(+c0 ewx(-mpu2ive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, e (q4yeun(v0z-p-nmco+ w xx2and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated e*asxi1czl e *:k anh-bz52i)rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for ou waf3,t ((numi9y i/pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a spe 4fs;m qa2p-/ vpug2iecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 anifsg4pp;e/a v2-mq 2u d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different 8xk.4yaf p xk6temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul*qluv mtclz6)z9 yo6. tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripei:i+h;o:q/5ftjo+qr+ zjse p s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trisie+:o ojhj++ t/zq5q :p;rfees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripti0itt8kgjkw8 * on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodi-7g2; gruoz8f omji, web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corar7-wl j dwg,;mls feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthell w r-ljg,m;7dwae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re3yunc i 39un7xh 2y,xiaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moveme(8e d* 0zdbdtgnt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following0sjb 3+,z ;xzu;6f z jrf)b1qq1yy3g6zjdg gt terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest no6fjzq1g+)zry1b; ; 3xgz dst0 f 6 ub,jzyqj3gn-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu x v2-f.hqeivwq-)dp:mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and ity*r t9 dp mkh.yl(96py2qs. pos prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that a0 ,n3d9 nyr pbk4+ d b(mk,otpk8bisg3not 5c2re true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usin; zov d ogxjdjjf(/w6k)1b7p0g a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the followinzjfkx 0 ;vopj 7jd)b/1 d6ow(gg statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation4r b+nkjm/ 8qzbhg c5w:sqe((.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion snex(oz.7x ;;r. th onvystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin o*q j1bfjjrvcy4 7+;/ vk,hdks in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss-vdx0idwr 3k,)p*ndring a pyramid of biom,* dd)ni0rxw vpdk -r3ass.

  Figure: A pyramid oftt vy d :c, vtccb0fxq;3zmk1s m6)s59 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represent gzuo;/.wcv9hing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo ss/ k,rln00qljjr9d*vp )(k pd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in 2qonsz1yd lwa8,y-s uv 83rw-a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dae niob)-p0 lx:ds ts* ;t0f*f/ltf 1yescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist inkhigg(1s u xrdk)0b:f8x.j 2r a savannah system with parasites on a consumeu2fixj10kr xgk(rh:g .) bs d8r like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opq uog9)*cg2c)b8y8l 6n g apzutions below.What is g8gpu*you 8za cn) 6qb)g2cl9 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidej )a..nnm 6slw.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecne))h)tctr r/osystems.

  State the name of the d rgl7t95kb9g8 u357 mmqtdz vprocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.7du5g q78m9vtr g53 9lzdtb mk

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to5l322spcot-8lhho6z7vu fd 1n k u4o y other carbon sinks.1zu8t 274hy325uhpo lfocnl d-sk6 vo
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyclbby0o*jsfy, .e that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an8 -3m m) nd qhklm9k89bmxkha2 ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arexv a 67f2pn1/bs/tugp true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can omi;.dfb-rwlk; f82)l8ja egbe calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram os 63z k56psz/hrh ulx4- ewd.gf the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo7/ g3*ewpsk n fls*ad3n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst,kk1; )nead:hr9czwb nu:kma45kxt3 em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyntxhan ol(0 7l, :pp)zstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme5hy bqb-d. 8.flp mqa;nt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on u q w68v/rgw,ithe nitrogen cycl8wr6giw/ ,q vue.

  Figure: Average per capita k 0 wf(wy-k0grpe8f wbl12f:u $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivegxjb fz.3/kxp++wyz 5rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communifpgjx+y3xk.zb /5z+ w ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exoupe i:f3 ;qzn4snwv.kf 8;w ;ample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap.r(vh) vbzae,ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea p6w3w2pu o7b vyz3s.p dlant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles..2 bpyw6 v3zds o37wup


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ann.w pfnj//f8w:w z3b gqs 2ogp9ual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 195f7a9g r7kdla 88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomv1j zi75;wj t+uu re*je

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapar 1flbflf3yg/;k-67pk5 pst h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ofbe- f+ok5 c*qk8y pwl- "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followineq-ckwb -lof8 5+*kpyg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pafwr9ow s. b abtt49puaadn09-) csv*5tterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize bv40 w* n)wt-saadto 9rsu.p5fa bc99the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rd b*mzq )u*;tsainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement xa,7, txwx -* dgcxycp/e8 sz*related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy uuwhy4i8m;-f


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw7m.7+ xv2t hf (ybixyjo herbivores in different biomet xh b(7y7xfvy.imj 2+s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andml/)mw - k5g du1k9ihq/nbs3 d NPP as primary succession progresses fsl1kgqdk9uwd/)-b/h 5 im3 mnrom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thh,9njsrux +k-e following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primaryk n -xh9+rsu,j succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a wh6twu5h0z5 hp6b*0f(m tft bSecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyna;bk n7o.tu7(oja,l* soi 4(cypt -ysthesis bs(7yy ipt;cuo7t4,ksl-( a*. an ojo



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi8tk tjt 2jsw6;m:wc4r eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture speciux+vdi/a 9rm9 c k9g0zgj/fd-mens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of rz 9 9vkca/gg0ixd-d/+f jmu 9which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im;o0z7y a,dn: (kocgux a5xu/vportant to take multiple readings of t;7a(uydo a/nk0x,xgzu v5o c :he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in 1zu-oz; 3e dppxw/1tmkr m)1wecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two ugyvez+eccuy*.0 b4 a9iecn(2 k 26ro samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of p76-me 4.onrtrwaq cp)*h og 1Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not efomoym+ip) p sn dpf.5s6(c 41gfective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.mpi m)nopc1(g+ds f 5s.o6py4