What is the best definition for a spej7,uv6o6k rhd cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome+ t:s1 imjr6af, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species(,y; 6x o4fcnci5h jfn' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factonchi5j c (,6;nyffo4xr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiomjko ro r t5o8hv58bfc+2 2. hc5ggsf:n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma s+o (om utl2 8hyet9w6jpecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and h8 :gl q*pc-ktpas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for s pp:8tk *lc-gqix months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms ib m+dr:6 30d/+cdpi /gjiut mis a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nor/;ja*hva dw-v2to- cath America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on cdvj-2waoh/at *a-v;wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pop((jn,kubvd swx;n+kcc:ouw.)po+v , ulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites a,5 xqz+ lwk6t-d;ukb tnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.;ktk+ztq d56-uw,bxl
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tm6z/pn-jk,kd z1gw;voxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalexvo0qs8+93u lely7j) 3ct, p,cbs qwf, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wa39sqjlbo8, q , f+ep t7xccv0)us3 lywters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frr(c 915hd,dc2 a)beeb/ggc lqom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees a -4r6dv0+ if-9vu6egb qcchze nd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditionsuiee0bqvdrg-cvh96 6 fc4z-+ have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio5 /mo btgtmqd+;p hl;(n of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienix hw 4)r8 qac37pm dpka((n-sts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. Thapcq8)kx4ah sni w-7dp( (rm3 e enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated r.c)p6 e;;dslte;c 2 qrk:ozgwice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyra vfl7c: ;njdmmxi*0f7 mids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; c9r3v8k -ehw 19itzv rFactorv 91i-hkvr w3z8e9ctr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pht w-q2cyyags/h pudb, h )n(**qxw)i,otosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systea57.jjq)4:txhvescf kz-jt- 2 m4t efm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and 7z(tb85v v/t.gp ksdt has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depen/.zt k(gsptvt7 b5v d8dent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a fec5z bt v; q/6(5t 6fdfzcxf4terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food a kj0u)n0ba; ri9t r9iweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. l+ k-ht hmj9tq ;4w,auCorals feed on the carbon compounds hl-+jht9wa tq4mu k; ,produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaap 7g*wee 8;bmction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemsn *i+ 2rhfc2my uh.,h3)tvuabs3 mhd. diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes kbw e+rbtqt5;-1bdo*d 3idzn20k w* jt describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living ort 0i3* 25ke+rd *n wtkobbdqwd1;b-jzganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n *lgy9ynrn14*0 0gbdknp;w.w g v7panumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator i k *cg30umg cabu2-0land its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroe e(ru 249*owl tggjk oqlaj72,thane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avai1wl*hu xt m;x 4snud8 i5uo/v;lable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whic8w/l;1tu x 4 x;*ihsnuu5dvm oh of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of f1tgold y8nk--zi8jl7w*3e pxk ) j 5ttransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system o- .pgv. xdl0y


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fob0ty6a k7)*j a8g(mu kgvj)sgw8z,e ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pnd95ks2b 7ndr yramid of r9 2bnsdnd k57biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneyr z:boxij1f .lp ,m6osmq *4y;wn ac15v-(ttrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosm.* eh 2h74ogmvm z.4;w nzjmtystem.

  Figure: an Arctic ma xtc1n 6lphk)(rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecos cwsn6/e vd) s7lx-oc**scz2hystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that d4ed37 1c :zy raqz)bouoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that co)p: gsfo9 tks-pfhy5dmlq) u(. jlbrg.1 ro51uld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer ligs5)gy:rj(u511rm)9 .t lk sbl hfod-ppoqf.ke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlz5cuc5k+c +ft y from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Resp+tc +z5ck 5ucfiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticid2jn inu,gr i:qf;f0o;e.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enerearra e ,y9ug)(no /k, zsi54dgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxidei14wgqj,wc( kn e7r1f in the air to carbohydrates.ckwiq, g(w ne114j7fr

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmos *ienko* z 4s3cwkw-e+3-ygsfphere to other carbon sinks.33ow-wf cg4 k+s e**syn ze-ki
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbo1o1nxik;h m0a o14jqhf) rv:mbvi)i *n cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosylop7lilo 5/. x2ruwr +z)-qhslx+d -ov16ov kstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements th5* vvi pas9 hygezc:- -yn qn5mo* ye9/b-mb4sat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary t:r7d-0fh pwvubi9 6pProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrg xj;obf72 y3e39oielam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle wiv0yp+g+ ov;


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy: *+kn4yxd n4ug 9ofrsstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terr7wp80h5mr 9e hkssxz .estrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementy2 bojnlo )1e c30ybl/ that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen 1dw -t5 v,fgwgcycgfwg-vdw t 51,le.

  Figure: Average per capwb7b99o:+k8s ip ieee 3 ofjzr1r21gqita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progreo:,zf gimtx/qm-b (gmjah1,(sses from a pioneer community to a climax comm:g(mj,mof b 1 ,tixh z/am(q-gunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingk93(c glr1gyl is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitadhk0vuvpuy 7514d 4q-t,dqa 77np bpc $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usingq +x p2x /0octzy7w-mw bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w pxx+qco 7 y-wtzmw02/as kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagesdb h8s5.(ol j: aqf(vm & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988wg4z*mu41 zh epy+ y+bih286z bfi 6un-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome 1h +q0 nomo5hy

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italye1inko kz):lq . qc d9u;4c+xs



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonaii3;or):9z*3 yo- i p2w8mftwdwwu getion’’by choosing one or more statements from the followm38i9 o3u- ;f iyiwort* ed zg:ww)2wping.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varia(8fulfx, r gbgap/74u bles. List the main factors that characl(/xupr8fbgg u74 ,fa terize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfor9 jj k,t+8zanlest biome.

  Identify the correctrars y fbi8r2 mj uwy0p /);9--pr8uvb statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy xddahu ml.//57k) u nt


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different e6:r0 k 5:ujasks 6wzxbiomz 0u 5:s: jawke66rkxses


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresm.vci m5hjen*p:2mv:gb4 96dwe j) l2 imkih( ses from a pik 5wcvhjv *2)m mmid elbpg(62nim9:h i. e4j:oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemeu0lwfkwsf mp 6q*( xu vwi g..9svi40:nts is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suwwi69 im.0f.0 v:uk s(w fs4 xvulp*qgccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that czgy. 08tkp5p:xx tvm k6svao n4)ad 6,an be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inr7 /6 /xby/zlyy- njvcvestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthe r/c7y-l z/yv/jyb6nx sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldb86lv:n(dxahi1v xxv ;u, ni3



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetlebxrgxyb9wqqk1w0f0 v3 hf, dw)1 k*g ; A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and ybvwg13xwr1h9wb*0q0 k,xgd qf;k )f were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, ih /ohgv.f7nt8g:ux9ha 7g/wyt is important to take multiple readings of tv n/h .xgh/hf7:8wo t9uyagg7he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usee ip:xlkz6 l*wk;8:c md in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willom8 dt n/nm3* mp+g3syht 5:tpow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciedmab7vrb ;vi6v 3 -zia;-ivh*s sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not eff8aj +j6l7*t 5 yimryjlective for sampling motill56jmraij j7yy*8+tl e (moving) specimens.