What is the best definition for a speciesfkbqf,di l;wv .+ ob:7?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, )ngc9pgc )k (pItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.We *kd:wsbic ,/hat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3/,e*cbs dw ki:?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pol0*shz mlz/i1 hpt,9fpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Svnpw f djup2 .+u c9;z+)toq8mchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblqnj6r zon. 26jlej f;(e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six month .jenofj ;(jn66r2qzl s. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of to. ;cl4wkqo/7 eom x,fhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oa- ;eft)i3n65is x saxccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for6tnif-sx) aexi5a 3s; their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that mlt0;th **cn8z si)rn best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feb8w e7 0,dd 5.ibob4c;ssilg zed on the remains of dead plants and animalsw4osblz;s .ce,bb5g i7dd8 i0.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain+ evsh ovi64 y5x.;-tzabv3dj s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer *m cwo )imfthal+9e/efzq4 62whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with eacwm/4zhm l+fe2oet)i*9afq6 ch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoskns 1;6fre3 ok*lbf3/cdlik 8ystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large br 9k4qd(mrqf(iomass with high productivity, despikqdf r9(4mr( qte infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct o+ 03dlo ghh)hqhx2 1ndescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their s6o/ bdk z//lqhurroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absor/zlq/ bh6 k/odb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys8i+y*xu;d4au sk 3h vktem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en hx9z8fg xib c(:g4:ugx7qv.pops3z +ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto:1ss 3cd. d)z04sg.hlic glnmr 1; Factor d. s):4g gm0lchl scn3isd z.12 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis akx- j )qnmt7 y:gg)n-or+lh*zt different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys8mue *lz:ioy5 tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girrf:ok:. 0(g(l5 t gt(mpggkshaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth:k hpg 50(ggks l .t:tmfg(o(r to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energv z z v0hc0c-ilrg:1c)parf14azt;q +y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wn w4.tovfp *e2hq)nq.eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algw/qjsq4-+ d*eza mzd7 v;g 3fjae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diox* dd;jge fmaq7zv 4j w3/sz-+qide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionim)x*v v pogx;p7lv9l,ye8 8t :


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemenzn164q*bqh g yjfjbp-u z f*v5kx;s).t of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following c/x3 az ypmd*n7jr2e* terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingc2*arj 7dnp3/xyze *m est and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of.w,c*jeasid1ck )u1;vsbhs sgj01g 3 numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsda4-yj fdn 4zp8d3 lf* prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha-ob4fk k glxp)64.ejbne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqf)-.w8 gfyyd buatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student pfyy8g-).df b wlaced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tm js1j)am42 2 dmo3evrkdwo , l3,n5c yw4,psgransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converl i: *ti4ad/c/soyw,z m, ry(csw7,rjsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o8z323d227v yigwbiha - j3ks v5d(dso/bopyhf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fol a7f/d,xa:skklowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of b/,k f7:sd xakaiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eypm6m.y12bp5xa7 ai adhmy 61 nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivis4b d4)o0v.rfgnlu ax +l6-/zbsth8 cty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fnmiy 3hkaq9(0 ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil e5 (wedxwb4il ,cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desc3cu5jt 4qk9m vribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could existf4qmn7/e ie1o2y1gpdbo88uu in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lb1u m/gifepu4no q 871deo2y8ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration c qcc ;l* 4ub*fjdo6k.korrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratio *uk46kbl*.qdccjf;on?

  Identify the statements that describe the w57(d4c fsq kpuse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems4gg52)t)sg * ae fqfyi wrf0.a.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy1qzcm ne4z 0vo.9u0bmdr 9c4 e.u00nqz1bmmoz vates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the gp wna )jacj).j*ep:rm 8;a/yatmosphere to other carbon sinks./ ja.mr:8cpj*;wepg yan) aj)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lon ev5o g0+ g(fi )esc(r;v0egl-)ilsk;6ciho bgest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year 7l5qrs5/) p x dbwjn)p


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. )5zjh6scy2km:8axr3h dqfv2
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can / a:lz.m * 4+dcuufzskbe calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of te fbjey30,i-e fy: 6mnhe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t, ,e dfxx gfqp6e*.up3he carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ey1uagc s lo/da. v j owm.k10n-g.7cb+cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysor weg7q x31f(tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not 3l a ;ed9v8oggtrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fol ky0 p*d*fn7p5 monq9clowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclepn ko5p7cfq9nd0*y*m.

  Figure: Average per 8mk )z -npco(p6(p4cxr evez/capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prq ( y4p zklr:9.vr iy4yyu)*rjogresses from ay4yyr* k) uzrjiy.:4(qrp9vl pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationze9 mos)ce* gz+l 2c;q.

  Figure: Average per c6eruw *yv y6f:apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elo- no+uwbf2e 5odea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both botuof5 b-e+2own tles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in td nacy/6kcy8 ,)ks -fGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 tl ahnu.q,2is3 .otlj,z6h c:


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for k 0fxez9/z,rwa biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ok1ni ,q 58sz 7vrs-cyfpfe q;;f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zon ca1 yaa5mhpoh ((6ny;ation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fochayanp156a m( ;yo( hllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatix- 4 gj5rcvofe g;w.v*c patterns and other physical variables. List the maioc. f*xve-w gg; 4rj5vn factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dvo e7onrdbf58*z 9 se4escription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to d ur c.y+xvp87bjts+l+kx3 hb5iversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom*s7u9khj5dfnd awv9*u9t p *re, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary producti)0 b3i+vahfbq noj f8.4fhq9ivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 9b)3affi nhj4f80ih +. qbovq


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary su0(2uygjitu p/6)llk b ;mn.iqccession progresses from lj;k( /6pi tyi 0qb2u)g n.lmua pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the;g m dgepn;f:h 0,vz;l changes in productivity during primary succeg,ev ;;pn z m0lh:g;dfssion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cuz5/wds91z/zyn -wc fan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of;2 at4zbxj (af photosynthes 4( aaftb;z2xjis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field)ql; ,vr:o95 k oxg*cd4qxn tp



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trap.9mv/y(f4zw 3sgmh f1lex rq5 s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a tohxs5e /ffmgvm3 .wl14y(9 zrq tal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mulgpyw 7l( 7a84sj i4d:3kzah autiple readings ofhk7(iaw g4s4 d3 y8apl:auzj7 the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling.uefp3q4krn/4pr.48 lbbe gl


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of3+llh2yjbtnpbh* mzp ; 84z9a Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for z 0lef6u - (zlruud cd*9c5/7utyt:v xspecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for cka 9 vharfg/i+p- ht ,r ;)tuyj.7:yfsampling motile (movin: +hia9-tyj;,rgr.up7fa)hv /t k cf yg) specimens.