What is the best definition for a speci.egacpim- xw*- fm6 z6r) 8zures?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Iz)p 1u0:dqfho (3fq nltaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F06d e(q;vrp xof7q0o(o gs ;scactor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact6fxoe qds(s0v;qc 7p(0or ;ogor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio rg s *xunx4-0omu90jdn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisu1t 2n+yz)r qdqbwfo. q+(0k ktosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemzbtp5e)e* x tp8weqvx-2+ 0tyble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four tz0exb+p2 wtq-*yev tpext85)o five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of .5oni dkq toyeq6 +c vw6 (bu1rxbk4*9organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the greyby, 21bt3 lr:si wfl*, t(nbmu wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are ters1 bf2 wttb:ny,r ilu,(lmb*3 ritorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflecga 4 nge84n,pg7, refcts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and an:,w;b 4 7votcu0hhiu;w he ka3ima3uh ,it7e;hco v ba4u:kw;w h0ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo9cwl 5x) ng59 rkoxh+oj60fpid chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sela7 -0)xy uhua0afcep/,k 7 lval, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctih) e0lua/,pva yal0kc7x7 uf-c Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is .pa:o1pco.ls cj)7a l9)ruymlost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known u4mnof: * ni6y*+ggyi to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environme fo*n:+*ng4yyi6 ig umnt they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain. 6kf(enlap98qnyve;8)z *c v d

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releads1e8yqayyqe t7 :f 3x7y..chsing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the funxyy83ahtcyesqq: 7 7.d.ey1f gi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratel5z3 oth z8om3d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eenw8ir z1h 68ww4llfgp5z5 ,bnergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factorn0bqt n1:hr 8h 1; Factor 0b r81n:hhqnt2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ok* hbhv mo y+rg6;zn.t1iq 8ux7*8umef photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated:rftq,,mx43/oxt7nbn 0 kir g rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zidc6d , wam;l(ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When dd;aiwm 6c l,(they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ey m08rtv *x6fpcosystem.

  Figure: A marine foogfl9snpf,bq *.d yc), d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside ; v;c;sxczaxr4.(+ ww6x hk sccoral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, waterx+;aszccv w6.4rws;kcxx h ;(, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:n5bkq w (+ wa.x8y1ymq


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movem)rli +nr9o7gpent of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organism(. . b p)jti kuev/awn-pu;0dls like earthworms that ingest and then dl/n(.p; -tvju bi.kau p)we0break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number9jlb:/tn0 w ghs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator aiftwcrl t3 2c;ll4gzr47.7litmpr 28nd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dil.d +bh u72. w:ree3o chsdt1ichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticg s(js78ge5k v6zx+ wc mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. Txvszg56+8s cj ge kw7(he student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exam)3i;3oj 55srquf zl9o r 0kukople of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiole 4m1;:wqky tn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of qi7m:jptq6 3ctoxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whtq;1,)iwl (hrmm0ejjw)o;tv en discussing a pyramid of tvl j1rjw0o))m;mw t(e;,ihqbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en ezvyid*-uocidi +r)k4 m8n/ 7ts:n w+ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing-awkyyeay 7lcgx b:f /-q0j j4 w16z0e productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wqpcz rk s*h0g(s(fx(. eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soikl0/ ggdni dm+,v/g/ o ir)h5bl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe w1f1jyl 8)zky a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers th)j54fwbk8l:)0mbo qj dvv b: cfs a-;wat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a conqd o: -jbvm w;)bs ljbv8wk5 :0f4fa)csumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fro e5hn,z-iof i qim;6,(ofn *iym the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Resiihz*q fy 6oi;-i(, efnmn 5,opiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. o /gtpsz-9+o0m g.mlqzyfm-4
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ene7 y4doyasgk4- rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the ov,),gg ync3vdwmcjqb 5 .0*b process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd5ydnc.jm0 c*bq wo 3,bvvg),g rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbys(4by0 (u1 gd3k lsobon sinks. 0y os(ls dgkb 1bu(y34
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyclewq/u:r7e k3(.f hwc, ;bskizfvz 2 we4 that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in as qhe1;kfy4l 2n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truz 1pqsw)118od zye5roe.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pvx 2)1sl0 q+a7wem*ev7yhj rx roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of.n3or4w ;svvp the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon chsiwwh9 89d. kh2d fi6ycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow inuf*t(vr 1m(pr an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste+ l1iji4 .ksxwm in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of deniao fzt 7xa n35s+zfndu*s-x8; trifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fyz cao 3 7jk4):6rbdrfollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle. y7jrf)4r ac:6dokzb 3

  Figure: Average per capi x*57w au)q5day0sberta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima9ifapcvt *ii9(a/ c;5 el,q 6em +mweury succession progresses from a pe* i m tc5aie6av9pe9cml(+u;/q,w ifioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following isg7h wpmg+y)c 4 an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cmaxg9 p1sc(9 n9*xpbaapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One 4;jxi wen3b 7)-ozqgg was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtaiz-x3i4 b;7w)gj eogqnned at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stortb eh e)mw; -ahw:q0f+ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2uz4 bpx 4+rjv7xh:yka -q4 min(kax3-020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio2ad:sovhd1v) nb4b 2t/f5rpjme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itals+c9ghwu , 23t1 gky dmdq4m5ty



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements*jz*d *y 7vj3jg4cjzduo j*mj jdc- .: from the following.* .* u4zvg*:djd jdy-jzj*occj j7mj3
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othe3/yhggr ue*iit i3wkq405we2 r physical variables. List the main factors that cwr5 *u23 3iwe/i tgeg0ihy4k qharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a des c0cvmt,hx) n7hdc)3w tet..i cription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatm (/z6uu m7oihed to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap:: bw2a nnm7pfm*eu3js-( fvjh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom ;vkh wcy0 xt u3.eyg+,0wl,mc yek,l,;gucxwvw.0+h m y3c0tes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primalhmd1ibj9 9s j: 7n9nk0 sk6xjry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communityndnb: xmj j jkh9s791skl 90i6.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo eue)6t+wkfys)r ;wd;wing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiofs +; kew6yue)dr ;t)wn.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factmi. lh.)+ vham r/oz:vc c2ni-or that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effe*:3z25re musc8tbwp lct of temperature on the rate of photosynthee*r szlm 58cut2w:3pbsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in .j (mccn/ o/giumz glh04 fj36a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle x1gon3 t 9n1 cysh-(djA. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 4 (h stjcg13onydx-91n69 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impof 3i6cp2 xo z,zzrah951,tn mortant to take multiple readings of the same faxt ,1 cm2z, fnpr3oihz59zo6a ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used r0kbg:g z7z8*.gjt kt rz8 ega jl)i9nup3(5win ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data syz4e/, kr/ 1c(lbgpt for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pa. t/r bgez9.xpi0.rbvrts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivd0gn;k 54e 7yruts5rue for sampling motile (moving) specky0d5ns 7ure54;utgrimens.