What is the best defi jli s*v-/go:qnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph0eoyxg2 q *uus,3,qiq of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe pydbr:b.rf8.esv,v y-x4i t( a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;b e.iv-sp:fvrxd4 y.8(tby ,rFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of n y,ia,tf 6 u.ly+3gkqa population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schk/ 0ajge cb 5(ieqt 0 vvn (;w1vogw27-j/kekfistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smalnp- yr;976hlv)l.jk qj3 nmzsl-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oka v6p-9hly ln. nz 7j;m3ksq)jrpis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gro. 5zxi5w4yhy+af 8t 8dxj.svgups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wenod t 08,3rutiyo9rgcy-60g olves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in cheo0tyyu69dg-t0,og 3cr8rni eck.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populat w 5atyasy70m(t vyv:5ey/dh 8ion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animyg :a m,+ c99rt4ipy)h: ohgvc(px;f gals.+hgpx ym)(9g fhcar vty:op: ,i9 g;c4
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains e;l y)n7wzjq3c:*5 t9tckfzi


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,4gs04 hq io23nk,owvu killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other ks2o,h o3uqvg iw044nin the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy iewkgb6 pcc249 s lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass w35) h mn ydrksry00t3ca-kn)pith high productivity, despite infertile skyy)5knar30-3m) hpt n sr0cdoils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description o ;:h21agw-,qyzes k3,fkxfkhf a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surro7.dlhvkz 0wi+ undings. The enzymes break down things such+ vk0ld7. ziwh as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultbmx;g j 4gxj06ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pys, )i*kf ptvl:ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species:du 4g.-w+mhvnhe adh j-5.+ul 6ne oi' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor e h: +4oj+mun 6ihladgd -neuw-.vh.5 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatph78 m69 p /swumcyxgvc01h.tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivab1pe6sy-tfk 5b5o o0qtion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gire7s)ur )ib9d daffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which contin) dber)9s idu7ues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste.9h ojqet )u;s6mu9sowpz 63pm.

  Figure: A marine food wetg 6.m6yry, tmh 6lkv5g m*,nmb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cor ysf35by 5h3enals feed on the carbon compounds produced by 3yb35 hnf eys5zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem8au,k7u8 d shxical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean oos +j-tu0l e:pwhqrufh68.:


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms besrkhp vhpyj rc;*x8zg 4 6m3e5.t describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dip jv8p;gyxr* h5.k rze4m h36cgest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyraq+5;;ms;bkxl c cy5j . iuva;smid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiti89rqx2d p/sk ues of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abo5xp( 7atm ve*hut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatiea 4jzr 1s (5:q5wnnolw.j uh)c mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are tuw(5q1nlrw ze.4a: )5 jhs ojnrue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfoq+bfq1r/io x ;*f bgt(rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver1,n pey cxg gdkjgr6,mn3,;4 ksion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainewhuwsvq) 40;* m4 n6 bcy-bres




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussingap4bmhe s)-x.wagbx + ; 0p9mdjf5z (yt ov:r; a pyramid of biomasyo+ zdb0e5);jrtm m(phxb-4ap sg vw9; : fxa.s.

  Figure: A pyramid of enq5tpa7 k 6ifs/ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in(mq7*-i.ra wof1yfcbi* h;fx an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food cn6*cfjvpg ,g jdh1k, d (7o: ),r; kn2ipkbhqweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a9 3b3eg isqih-qr)nh , soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratele7 1)szt)(zwmxaf 0 xgy describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system w8zy( 3qwiv e -v-tng;mith parasites on a consumer like 8 (e ;v wt3z-mn-qvgyithe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly f;s r-t:ukltf7rom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and t tsu:- l;7kfrRespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.w,ey1v86s4* igplix uf3 bq:x
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ener 7voe6a iixj9yq);y r7gy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts / ey5p kaeyqckd9+q2q8 y4r0k carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr5ek+4 kp9d8 yyaqqcy/erk2q 0ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosol lqz x vy:.*o,x9:dbh3srw/phere to other carbon sinks. xb /y:3h oxdz:ls.lq wo,9vr*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle00koz,/i8,e w buicv n that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per are jpvi .ugx ; km3f9cb0(nj*yg4a per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenq3zj)fd9+qh f ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondar ccho-5wzal.),l az d4y Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram ofb0z)pk4ldw;vqr.x 4zw 0, hqc the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cj-. md ;yak k1pifmz.)ycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemy;1*df0*hus afgbpm(lic8r hb* bw ) 8


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri qya a5;:kmp,val ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of y lnm(y+aaa98l+djskus . *8 jdenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect onh:c(0eig 9jwb(w -bs-0vrrbm the nitrogen cyc0 vrbbi-b mc: e(wr(s-jw 09ghle.

  Figure: Average per ca ff v(c36+ezuk)rfvx-um p:8 npita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog9r4,ozrn oyc+ resses from a pioneer community to a ,z+r4norco9y climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfoi;v rltf 2 r6p in:wcrbf dj(9e.t+7 *4;kmkgqrmation.

  Figure: Average per capi l1r-, )ltz(2-m/hlbk j ywyzita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. dhb6- )7qhbcm One was kept in light and th6cdbb)hhm-q7 e other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & l-bmkh;j)5s fkw-h bh3 0or ,bannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish6+c4w ;ua busd-z*gneeries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foco. dl,1c yk*s 5.unmgr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I qcnbr4;4w(v ytaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing oom p3 +ouo7yn:sxd:dzx ,6qrvxi /7 +une or more statements from the followipoyx q,mdx3 76r oz uu+:7n d:v/osx+ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variab;nh w hd1w98cnamfh 6 2jfpn 7(+1p:z hmktb8cles. List the main factors that characterize thecd;c:f9bkm tna 28 zh71p1w hn8whh nm+p(j 6f terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest gl4,iew po5k n fu9 1sl(.)exvbiome.

  Identify the correct statemryjymg.*n ,:v hiak k k.1s/n2ent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rsjp;-ltih-(ytk:t g8ni.x1 y ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differentg0bk ++)mw egj3jqc0 t biomes 3g +j 0wqkte)+0cgjmb


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in nlgb,jk(gdhw 92i(s: biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuw2 n:gjsik,dhbg l((9nity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing t5 em/oa5i6(t; gcmbsahe changes in product/a;o5cme 5gatbi(6sm ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diskc ;cmi)63, pv:mbpzpje;8it b.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photocq1l9su d) .frsynthesisu 9r.)dlqcsf 1



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in4je k4 yx6*jfw a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to( ux*p1b* tvh fw(8rfe capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1181 (hwt(upff8v e* bxr*5 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tofo +bsv-4ip 3g take multiple readings of the-ip 3+b4vsofg same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampg,fvv s-f2i n.ling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willownpd5;+y:e ro2fpsg-qi(jo8w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data/iqhrk/g(x6h6jz3ip8qcon 1 for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the foyhza7 z *u;jx*llowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile ;y7zxhzj*u a* (moving) specimens.