What is the best definition for a q h)1t9tb ajig7li3-r species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It a47qe1hg- z fzc06kzwaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couljglia 86( fc uh4gsf0r;vl;l2d describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa 2r if ll fh;agv;8j0lu4g(6csctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul( z0(nde)o/e.3.cs m gajlkdz ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesge1e 2w+(emjy



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g xdmzll znp3s27f;-z 1bz2ty,7zbwl( iraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to b7wf-b zxzny,1p7l ztb lz3;dm(2zls2e dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org (xq3slb6f.ucl jz/l2q3pdf3anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nat je/h2suo ,-tjurally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since thsuj jeo2,-/2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over thhr23 f 3(nkngime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails y1vhxf6yv5 sy:ar3 +p feed on the remains of dead plants and animay+ vh3r6: apfysx1v5yls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food /k 0b-x(z,m.bk czgcachains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wn-g)w dad44odm s:7vu/yh d(qhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the uddh)a-(nv4q:y7do w/s g m4dArctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lose(gi+w/zwhgpnag5.7ylka. lo 3 8 et(t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tj/5 d:ji*y 2szirlwxuj 3kj3 ,jq-) zerees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been kn:z2e wz jj/j5rilj)i 3s kqu,x*- yjd3own to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiogjy g 7 q dh).:*3jxa eoo)jqtmoz-38sn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive j3j (+p*g7 delj .ece7 2jkem:x ac:ogenzymes into their surroundings. T*m g2+73:jj g .jjeke dex(pol:ccea7 he enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated gcrc9;hdw5 -ifkvw .,rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enemmb i.c/s1cioky*v03npw b;;rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What el l+amd /y5zn j)uy6.is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3+lynl6a 5mey juz) .d/?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at di /n+nfut97hd3g+ 8vqzj ms-pb fferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ripo*:b(:;usvq:lfyyk* 5 3dak r abez5ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripeyu /3ew:tb4wyi: u*x rs that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repu*xyb4 3etuwiwur /::yblic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem(luqq x5v3avq:z xv0(.

  Figure: A marine food w9iucd bo-.xhzxd7 n3g1m*p) aeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algayytkx;nzn7 /m4d:hjou6 :so 1e that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundsn4kuys :hm7 od t:j1x/6o;nzy produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following pzyka9 u u0)0dchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of c:7gbtwz qw:iwxgzx9k2 ) j9,g arbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lik l/p hyn 1jteimd*+,4oe earthworms that ingest and then bjte n*oih+ym,4/ld1preak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n0gdbhi(o1 qf9 eidss9;- rq3lf n8.jsumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densi:)wwrfyrc8pq3k;pxst g im *u-:xg2 .ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are kw;0kq9pd++it 6r tz ltrue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoco3d1b 1 d-fbdzpsm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the foll1fb d 3ddp-b1zowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma wk,n9+d b7cijtion.

  Figure: A natural energy convg +aevym)0e g +bk-i1iersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of kwl4/) d3byo r,mv/cftoxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme u wwh6+p8u/x1o al(v ncwoh;-nts is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaw/p uw+(w hahx6nc1;v-ouol8ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of agk*83g i;ifoenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in a 2ezucw 62cyeu 1x:pr2tcmf0, n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webcqmv :i9v g+-rmx:yb r :lvq--


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s5 f75mq kente 3o8q b9jvod1-qoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe o*qz0rvr 5v qe8k)n -p1dm-c/lc su t(a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with )vgses 0pujf , (o6k:zparasites on a consumer lik0g(kf s6vj: zo)p su,ee the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bel eoz xg*t7a0cz:d7xz w0qx/y/ow.What is Photosynthesis and Respirax yxxo 0/g7e07/acd zzz q*:wttion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of D0 up 9atr3u 34 gpx2sbb5jyx0eDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostd2ro ei;e/cq/ac9t7 l:u 5xq r from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thatsd.j -ff7pkgzgu)h ;* converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratej *f-. f;d7hs)zgpgu ks.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from pi9n4g/.ey3 e f 6*)m pjg lpo9qwvja;the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.9ip pqlae/vgfw)gn oe ;34 pmjy96.*j
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires th3wsus ud7xl5 1e longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy yy. x1)c8,cnp/3p npywpo wm(5) ogikin an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement baqo :,h4yj2es that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculat xf+n y )wn4kqx:(e.wmed.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mar1h1 j41bu zlb2guqt9 uine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbw0 ue/k:3ci0 vl -b4yte5eug oon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a.cmsgl 1k) aj)n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrialys l.5j+s* blfq0t:g.3 ygxk a ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria8:oo-i a 9dqlv.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inz3q:nki an+hzk:q l9 ;d:n( ubduced effect on the nitrogen cycl nhz+3lu:qk : kan(:di;zbn 9qe.

  Figure: Average per capiths ddzuz:wszxhhf- ;(j :r*1 *a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession b1lh)hrh+s2 a progresses fror)2 hs+h1a hlbm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example o d/- ;7v- lvgnjq2 cfqiewz3h:f transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 6 ).jtvaux5 +qbcl d. 5zei8jn$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea planth/ 2zmiw.fo,1 jnudv9 in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen vamj dfwv2n1h z9.o/i,ulues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in bvh3k: -ig7ll/omp/gGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries j-nxx0 lhiuac**s+yq0rrm 7 )by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a9)sz hssv)p)k15- x wv4vysca biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, tnh0azl rcgy9(h7(ma x7j5.f Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosiloz9cybx;ki q 2s: u0+ng one or more statements from the followingluo: ;cqs2kx 0+yi b9z.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot6 v2-rh +wqvj(zayjzp) pa 4)cher physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestriac-a+)(z2 pjwzq y4 )r6jhvavpl biomes.

  State which is not a de;a0lhc) ip 3ndq(8nw yscription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to.1ymr*b -h- u hxxq+jg diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romtbwyooo ;fns:j); ,; nv;q,)n b *ankqe, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and 03bgh t u)3ciad6.ll rbiomass of two herbivores in different biomrat)0 3lu.6cbdighl3 es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession v bv. japf5udnfy56h7gp823k progresses from a uj 3ag8nb5 y5f 7fp2dvhvpk.6pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chang5ji +0rpdzx, *7x0,sb cppy0nwc, wnges in productivity during primani7*y,jxsc,n0g 0d0,w5wbp r xp pcz+ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fa4pvymng d(vns::1n6zyp5e o5 c .ri5nctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigpl oxw70ki6 yvlk6v2t8y1( ygate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesi2yp8t6 y wvv(0k1k7xgiylo6l s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a+1 cllyz 0;inn field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used b0kf9rckk o3 /m-jvq 9a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this kk9 9q/bv rfm-j3ck0o species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d z1*o d4 w/1e 7xwgan.frwgxm-ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the san17f xw.xwd-awgrmg/ e o14 *zme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samm/ryt,sayg8p .n ;9jppling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two san0743us;d ho1je4s7dpq ge ommples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wil:; .s+kc5vl5 cqbtf fvlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samp.v)g7qigkuef0l ek(5b4o ; pa ling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) k )u075vqpl.ge (gi; okfae b4specimens.