What is the best defin* rb4wahy,o -gb9 v39/scst wmition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R bl jw9lakx-j n9y1mn :t1vk3eu/u47f ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fdbe-a9 e8 vc yr9 st:fc))nhkjb74bg*actor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 39*b 7f9hysjac4 :)e kdg -eb8cbt nvr)?

  Figure: Growth curve of acn c2:20souavv lu/..y2coup population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso all;pcj /o94k8+3nxs xoxl d4ma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizwu j tzy(pcaq4jd.j9 .1c.impv +e 98ded giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis ea 1caj+.u9 8i qcd 9jp4(wyet.vzjdpm. t the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the9rvboeba5e2e4 2 ba;f7m,t p n groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Noryo9z 0fhm 62ks(-y3f rnn:h ehth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union (ehy60o9:ym-hh23rf s kfznn now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that ru-lh *od ze8s.+vll3best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of a v:hkv 1;y+qjdead plants and animals.1qvhj v:+; kya
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup i 1v iq 4p1lokdeh0e15of toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer xij 4.nc-aphoph.q5w- 7ng v+ whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. vg aq+jhx i.o7p--cn4hp5wn.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteg(5q bawnl,qz /o6h6x ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highz,twzoda8d/yks1 y34g /, dls productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabt4sy lyz// kw,ozd1ad,8d3sg it.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is4b2 qcd;4zh**t oce pl a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzyme 6 qms:et 2z(f9h)aoqxs into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the producqhx( )2 9feqz t:s6oamts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv 0xcv, 9vr) zpsgn38a++ ) j4oqpl;yu;vmv yxaation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedkq+;dqy.2d7niat i0 g for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor vawix05n-b8k g gp(y,1; Factor 2 and Factor ( -n,gk0xi gp 5b8vywa3?

  Figure: Graph of thebjvz28 skmu*ay+ 9)r5 e*ipvm rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated f ,-in8 d7)9usf bnpyji.vkt1rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t;)/-tyz31c0,wz qiz e *i2iereqq mdrhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are maturzi2*d;0,mz ee)iw/y1qi3ce -tqr r q ze and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosk96jujs:;t li0ms- zsystem.

  Figure: A marine food1;uu1c 2b u/swqc o1deu8 h:qv web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae th8 d7lguhz.vte4 c( uhqdq8d/;at live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sd8z.l(ghtuh48 ;qeq v7c d/du unlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem,c 0.m7jjus qqical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the o qcign 22,1bz)r arbx-cean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lsi;wr,) nwy p+kj7 ch6ike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic pkn,ywc6)iw;7 rs+j h materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numfvp qxh-3 m9/vt 33kz3gg kzh6z 9ft1zbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denq,q :0zng8f, zv5ya/ pagq7of j/6a cjsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dib oxr2 y(e*e9gchlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawatefnmzees333mo y4 k: q:r-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, km:eqm 3oy:e4s 33nfzsome corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tw26;*v( gdv tcjuz,:vu2g kc aransformation.

  Figure: A natural en:vxup -tbais0a:w. *c8q/shr ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainssj* 4c+lx h8.d dbq5uca ckk(mev56**6x uvpl




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discusse 5q)4o*9+gnj /bv losh bkf/ping a pyramid offb9po*j qo +s4nble g)/h5/kv biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerk*klgl8b4 t ohibh+pza7 9a- 1gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represo z:wf l0layq0q:3b k8enting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin/wob6:gmh 1ay e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy5tkqvi1i z2ahfc ibg6p*z )5 3stem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does oy;w(e pqgwe30ga e+rl t+6xq6q3co1xk 5, yp not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a h; wcaurq8k4w,/(pe od lgk+4savannah system with parasites oelc pk 8/dahuoq;, k( 4g4w+rwn a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and re(cc5b9f( k4m)w5:zfo tqri d wspiration correctly from the options below.What is c(q4 cb k)w5wtdfifm95o:(r z Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements r/d5lc :2d 3pi s1sysfu62s)fyea*oothat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form esotdmv57;h1 m0gqjd5nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in thc .o*u hq*xbll(4tlod t94bj(e air to carbohydrates.hbuldobt4olj*q .( tx 9*4lc(

  There is continuous cycling6p*piz sv6f(msu2 a9xs1/s /dbw,bm k 8kxmf- of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. s ap 2v(*6x/ i uf/k-s 1pwmsb8kfsdz6xbm,9m
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires8vpbdws e8x7a 4i0f1e the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yearwa c;pbm 0r238gtfrk,


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenbi2do:*;dvg)ucb;5 2yn rry nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc;zv z62h +iyzcg.ih:kulated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl6cxn77 zhzhk4 2kas7te



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caqc u5 yu ojsp bpfaq)ns;j0whz+*j))45i7d 4rrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecfbrfv 2 41w5uvty.l9k *e( mqkosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a qnf .m*, hc8ovterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not lvk6/2lslubziji fm/x7g14k gq8l g58 20hxztrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follo j1q kdjbvz)x9yni5yg3 k 5z28tems+)wing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.mvk85 2j etzk)q bg5siy +1 9z3xdn)jy

  Figure: Average per capigz83;pcf w-;;ah q bwjta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successizg:j 4gtk u0w7x9x2p k-auc y;on progresses from a pioneer c0xjkwguz-xtpc2a4:9y uk 7 ; gommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa*qyz4g piu6 ah(+yxw 1mple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita olz96.xn p2iw-l prv5 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in watj3ax:x8 h3khvgymc z:.xd7-k er. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment andv c.h:d3y-7 8x kzjxx3ham:kg after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual xh 2+atjzi a1(ox.a eo.c51na8yv(vp flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byd.( 0 ssxd.pme region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for shpo:)b)a r d5i:9hlla biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 07ztr.4uvl3t bk y b*xItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from theve+ 0b tbpdh3d.nxuy 8,74cxi follo3t+. d y p vubhxxce748,0ibdnwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variable1h+b/) vdfi 1ke0zi-:dmqxm y s. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bihe+:b1d/m- dx 0qiy1fvkim) z omes.

  State which is not a descriptiiika0:m+si 7x on of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related j gxza8ft cz-uc89;3ito diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph4)ooxx/s g+j1 (y9bcv xoq9ic of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffabx xx,tx) (/zt 4m1neerent biomes1xnm4xz (tab,x/tex)


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversitytqvz0j eu -. 4p;5vdis, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commitjq ; .d05u-szvv e4punity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is n7p; b u;5u-t;vv uweg,6rumb ,d ;vfvyot correct in describing the changes iupdmvb;-w7g6 bu; 5e;t,vr;v y uvfu,n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facto s h.25murq.t hf1d8mor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photody9ib q 2ai4g*synthes4di i 92bg*qyais



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in azr(ry( 4 rz.vel5r m(b field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect je8 dr2)-uexksd: rq2 traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individua-euqr) d2s: dxrj8k2 els out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thebre/i1+etan zyl m wc-9e;2.75boyv w data, it is important to take multiple readings of thea1mblzb/eoty7e;.n+52i cw9vwye -r same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologqqhgolr/3u3o* j 6 cb-ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wio i/amf1*qj :illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willo c6-68 jetakhy x-dax9-gqbg0w Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling xzdy7)w (e w*hmotile (moving) s*zdh(y )e7w wxpecimens.