What is the best definition for a speciesi79;ub lx) /7rixa ooc?

  igure: Climate graph ofmr7o :cpa2zh4+w iy,wo+pc)k Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nip rdcl1vh :g7zm iw(p6a 9* 8pr)g3txgche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?tpl: (3 p1*x9 agwzpdrcvg68r 7hi m)g

  Figure: Growth curve of aoykg xc;;:ac2oe 1cr. population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species2u0b60t + wzjqv.ay9wg qk e*yo41hsr



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has str urfx *11fch1,eue)n9ws jd4u)x a.raipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the* 1xdha1c f,swxrn 4u j9)r uef)1eu.a mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisma2oq j +xz;map xa2dh /(,xzj3s is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves:hev v-au8 qa;u bcfj e3ulber5. 7ppu2v 6;4n occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may c f:upb-eb;vv8;r2l uh 3.v pea5nj 47uqe a6ulimit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popu1s qmvo/kp *l 3d+bx*zhlu5(zg7 n in:lation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead:t 1t6v7c5rmbx7 tmtx plants and animals.tm7xv m57t6t:1r btc x
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to6g7 nzkg:r+x yxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedlj u( :kjg(:gmydjcee6/:8qz seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arc g(lce:j8yj z(6 eguq:/dj:km tic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is rd b-8a, ij6ym ak0g)clost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have c+mn4ufnj 4mz4kjpl/lur, **tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The g/klr j*uc*uz,4 p4mn4mjnl+frowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that ik)10g e0sw6w,tz hbass a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrl* u c-70n(ud g8/rael+ ghiubients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes br an+7c (ei g l/dbuulhrug80-*eak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation n //qnxw)vg)p system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids /8w/tojm,idp of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a ixp:r9)a7z3el tp:4lz+u-e e6f sqlf species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3tefell+ 49l u7ax ) p3fs::re6pzz iq-?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatur;hobbg0c/ vc )es

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultive3iifv5hi-; ( c odd8dation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rel2q;8 ux6 iwz qw4 h;/gdeqdh(g1xv )asemble the zebra. It lgx(hwi u/6;x4 q8hv1 ez dlqa;)q wdg2ives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow 84pp/ qoetx8 lin a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo*vx*fy qbbyh4f3/0i cd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coralf.x3q(j/3:jvf fz4x rpi 6tax . Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, a6/vfx qpjji4 3: fxt a.rzx(f3nd sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicr 2eu fsv+s7,nal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems fze(luzr/4d/kk d( ;dv aq ;q8diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisxtvf+ + p+ljm/ p/k r6k,iqgm9ms like earthworms that ingest and then break down anvkg+ , 96+iqpmk prltjf/ x+m/d digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of num.xa/ *0j)see kwo 2woxbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predate flzjqv*k9 pa )s6s7x mdq0j8y pj wxs499/1lor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha8 dk3 yyuex7bqu 3.7eane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a c1.o vtv6l f so(5 uu,mz6; jzciw2f+afommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light im26a5wv lofu;.zcs ,1 6 fjvt+ufzo(source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trak,j l2rq n5m0hnsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systx+d7i / 7gt8l5f fxrk)jgbal 7em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins zwu7 d.ft 6e9ukq9pp( in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussf 7u8pky 8wl,cing a pyramid of b fcul7wk 8yp,8iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy;ls (4zs*5uf3f1ezhf .un jjv


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing product.rwi1 7f p;sgaivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wl4j1lv p5ag2u eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystse.d 9bi;ecg9f1 2s7v eyi77djrlxl.em




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does n7t gi9en nqf+-ot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that couliu:-;c sgq e 8)1yy :vivymyb2d exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsvyys y2igby vi:u)q:1;c8 m e-

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly pix)zf.big7m3oau :l+8e3gi from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respir xlo z:b.7aiiue) i33gpmg+8fation?

  Identify the statements that describe th nw +0k4fq m7j7+ebqdge use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyoevnzlu,e 8588tdq e/5kbnj + is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convert .x;vl3ubohv,s carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate vhbov; ,x3l.us.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon siz8; zn it q2,zlrx*5ldnks. 28 d*qztrllxni 5z;, z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the loof/zo5z* -0.plj 3zq *f2yt1 rqvwugfngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per a:,a oqaa68dr4yd o y8zrea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a hbjrjzr. rb lx0*1 51lbiyi85re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary ijrtxm)-inw 7-j d y+.bupe/ 9Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mags /q/g1l xk yg.:p)iwrine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tu-fd 4rzeticcq+ud-3tx8 ;jwx w9: .q umq 9f8hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecoef z/j53cwda* +fe lcpn3h4il9d g: 8vsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial/1zzoatxhpidxh0 34: ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyicvng6 ow;n ;tez0u09n ng bacteria.

  Identify which of the follb)gl jd )*wt(nqyen-5owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc wj)g5-(eld*nny )t qble.

  Figure: Average per capitw 0pjjpu;uf5z.5 1oxi a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in f*otg- t h:amzdr3ffhi+3v02yg2p3cbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a f *iprma:hdg+3cz302yg f2f oth3tv-climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformvn gkq0i3/i1kation.

  Figure: Average per capita m nbek 5267htlm39rz t$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant j*ut)fk7 acaijlpaf1kh* +24 in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the b7ja1aa)f4 *lk*ckh+upt ji2f eginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storag s1 e4y.lhc)fv5qs1btes & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisher 1i -p9 igl4 hvoyjcd7;22vpcties by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bioeow/8vo /b(d gme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph9+qu 4le5iz oh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stateqsg79w2e 7v y cw/v;ufments from the follwy7/e9w7;2 q cvsfuv gowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizoj; 7m6+uec9kj6gu-ffd u fy8 ed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ter ucof6dmy 9+6 f7j-fj;kuu 8egrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfoaxf5rmb .z- 4drest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystddcu6 ; aw;1gtem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itoak1x 3/pr+h baly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen fa )2 azu,r74ozs2*hlxvf4gqt biomeslfozqv 4g7,uah az2*f 4x2sr)


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe n43dvia h+n8cssion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax 4hv3n a8 nd+cicommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemvrt2l9z a,s /nents is not correct in describing the changes in produc rnvt2a9,zsl/ tivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be me88322hkw(zexfd e s xhasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate j p99zi*;; 1yi va;9hwqsfqdu;hx ;*w ljjkm8 the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis yshp ;v; 9 ; zwm*q*9qda w;xj9u; jilhijk1f8



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi.:gvxkhpkn ;z rkq m+o;(, a9beld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serelb(3y6h r* kou: ,bswies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle Abhu( rlsey3o* ,: w6bk and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reli zyuq kdbp/yds1vp5 v/c.3a 6iq,q.r :ability of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the q pq pz a,i :uv/s3c6q.b .kd5dv/1yrysame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolos vgz:+f7a svf 3,d9txgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forfb y; /zvm4-5 n ;2uxlj+xuyuu two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sax;c3hxgb3ik;pg p* 8uh-xjs 7mpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling j10pd i9g ni-.b2vglqmotile (moving) specim2b l dg9-gvi i.j1p0qnens.