What is the best defi0gp tpcjlkb gy, j;pqr *rt 68th2.pe:+e5na;nition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,w l4qrl 4 trx*s;+6nn)pcyje: Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor (yuxk-zcvbcetc /p vfb631 q (:l7xb;1 ;Factor 2;Factpxbb7/t3l(1vv e;:u yxkzfc( cbc6 -qor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populqbewti jbsukw -.f2f;k242 7lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistos75t99wpbib mq oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has 7k*k3i2z yx systripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okasz2xki 73*y ykpis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms ib r2pcrwuizjg28h i 7. .7aj8us a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in N5ljcfe i0ho 6l1i :xlv+ pi231*qnl8u8iqe rhorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Si5 u 23 lireihn1lfi:qhxl 8l6 jiopqve*+08 c1nce 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects tbq -fp., sj+mdhe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on 0 iox*, l;a be/kuhrm6the remains of dead plants and animals.kl6u;x* mob ,ehr/i0a
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i 22+cgkogcd*b ,ad kr)rek-a/n food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedzbe39;rj/ bv s seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Az3brs/ve 9j b;rctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eczotnai+ k14 ;u dqit81osystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tanjvb(/ 5qeho b s+nbk7rwa+ 7.ll trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact wij7a+sbobbhrn7 ekv w +/q (n5.th the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foyh0 :f) hzmy6pod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sur-iaao kgt i*7q7) -fruroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leavar 7gfiu-7t*o)q a-ik es, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice c 1i kte4je6mr*ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram.7 csfrpg 89hbids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is g-i+hwtc 30ot;p(jat Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor co;gitw0+t-ha3(t jp 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturexzk88a*gr0 ezs

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation snrjt 0c3zp((zdxiy8.r c2 dm 12)ru elystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe andv cemvuy7 so-s5;+g4w has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graz;osvce g+ m-4wy57vuse on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrv-3pn ;3vnbc7 jchteuiie +9 ;iption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web0 o43zv ap-npaeg5h/s



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feeh3d8zpr j4i)e sb hn dbx::n8:d on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fro n )e:8bzdh: rs j48x:dpbi3nhm carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacl, e8myn(4mnc 87xvrvjs+y8r tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram o2lt/1pl ss:9 luoh f*pf the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms th q 65jkk0lh+gar -r/puat ingest and then break down and digest non-living /hr 56 0lgakkq+ -rpjuorganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p4qq4u 3xe vz8man9n6yqz-tu* yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator an( u*eqst3rae )d its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (w+ rit5au(n,q7 v+k iy0ozx l66xr.jbDDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using arx k ehn2t*8 j)px*4y/kdlou8 commercially available seawater-filled gk8/ty 4oh8 pxkr)* dxj nleu*2lass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follo*aw gyic-) al3tw m3+pwing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi +0*0any pnos-cwchr uh4fo3 .on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins sdtc1w67(a a kwtl-4oin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stat;6loh t7v5di1r4fwp,hm4z hs ements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassvwtlfdr6h,h74zm51s i4ho ;p .

  Figure: A pyramid of energir yv.64n.m ex+/lz4k -usr wty


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit f9u 1jucpr;u*y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fogv a5wnamh b 02,6upk,od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in *sb)+br*x fd dwl0b.y a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describec4bj*4ext8 xs a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist indr9p me. q2m; zb)8vkz a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsk) 9mzdb8r.p;qe vm2 z

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cor 5 7ryx vhj.r, fd8x:4po:retrrectly from the options below.What is Phyx5jr :.fro 8 d7htr,px4v:reotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statementsmivvq5g6u x 2l7l j)xbuf21m: that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f t*vz-msqqb ;:rom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in t3viuxxg 7tx7 ,he air to carbohydratesx7 ,v3x uxigt7.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmoynr+pn a(tq dj)d; 43zsphere to other carbon sinks. ;y j p3nnd4aq)+(drz t
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiret,j3uqka 7u) es the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / *)rgjuv b t //57iiomiper area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tbc f9n,:;o v0 xgxcee9rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary x aebf/q4yw2f)hh; o2Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinec 7qky14f4kia6 om 3lec5/ gu/nfh)a s carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb6rseqk) t7gm w(w(v2b,t ufc5 a gisr.8e7z6ion through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in fs hc,nk, c*pm*xc7n :j7*wplan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terresl5d:7mgwys 4wtrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of. sv x5ci ;a1+pdz9wog:qasb( denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogene,t ug w6zrn ex(uq)19s8 ci1r cyixuet ne zgq)sr86w1 1urc,(9cle.

  Figure: Average per capit zv1t2dpz (jb63z i)foa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP nnftd;-n z/ ; ;bnmgw7as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a c fdng/7n b;;n;w ztmn-limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following il(ksu* yav) 2is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cf )tz,odn m/qzl;vlv+s- 9)w dapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottc qbxnsxj,(,0.*zf* pk nsa6 tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept(cqf0xn*k* ,ssx az. n6 ,jtpb in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ano:-vusc9fd 7s a7ny 1qnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bs;b//rx 3hrh/ jd+f sry region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ,wsln 0(rdi 7ja biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital5 th6iscp:0d v rxz)/ego/6xvy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatioks6 )nqj6lrb. vor mg5(wa34bn’’by choosing one or more statements from the followin5.nq6rv swog4am 6)jb3bkl(rg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byum*gnrkro,xl b cttu994m ;p q *j55z: climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the *:mc ;uuztgj5rq* plxb95mkt4,rno9 terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.8nx.crdh fg 5nr3 bh.cp) ir1. 9uhfr.

  Identify the correct statement relatedm65:nh vy: 5px eezf sagcfot19gf43 a/*dj:b to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of n (5vac6/grq qRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary plciscq +( b*)eroductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomescic es+q)b( l*


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f+;yo+j)uxmyoq ful ++ rom a pioneer community to a climax++y)xo uuo+jf mly+;q community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statltbhg9a m m/04ements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succbg4 9m0l aht/mession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factmow7s.1aoxf7y9c:qf w e/0 .m4wvnck or that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempewzk8om* 9 b8/(ml dyja*d:xv/g dl.lorature on the rate of photosynth8*z9gx mddlo8 j lo*kv/a m(/.bdlyw:esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldvfm k 8ccc527f



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture 9mws 3v,kr(gf7je ng5 specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marke3e,sgnj 5rkwm(7 g fv9d individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipwqk:kf5uemzmq -l:;7 le readings of the smk we5k ;f-l::q 7zqmuame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used l.w-fp( 0qknuhf:ddw r q;6-tcl-;y y in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cizf.bd+ *eg u/4/wib/ sv8ounreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts ofkpoho-)zm4x* .ji gi a/gk es fuls-7+u; -aj, Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not ef5 1*+d ujqoj7ppfa8nd fective for sampling motile (moving) spec paj5 fdpu7+j qo8dn*1imens.