What is the best definition for a spe-lw/x;+l*mb 6 en89cwfnhdha cies?

  igure: Climate graph oe,50o zy lpnt. ,nipag(+*wykd /kp*df Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c ( gi9d7rqrm ) iqfrjsf)u/9o1ould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto1 qrdgr79qjui/fo(i m 9sf )r)r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatqocn 9da,v au 5lk.w sa6:2x1tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom)9r:u- mg,n,f() sbh ea nwbkva species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thn -ul r;x48x5man8kl we zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be deu 8l nkxal8rwnx54m- ;pendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ;c0-tf5rtxw;8id n bjnqi1r,6 ruj )cisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturall ke65v5ug/wuavt s94q y in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protectv5a ev6tgs4u5/k9quw the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over 3xx7 r96h c2dh- f3uifqz4a;z fpgzm-time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites au-u )3on1l;0hukfzwxy :o5 y wnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animay);:3yh5u-wkz f louw0oxn u1 ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tonee) ) xba u8c:cguu223hpp b*xins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l6ma( svhp.y ti2+- lqxive and interact with each other in t+qxy h 6lm-psit2.(vahe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is k3.g.qfui:xd af: .d9rna2pv lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees ayss pe-g(t*::z9 tn +eiiza r /i;)omrnd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envit:i+r9gseit iya z/sn:r-e)z mpo *(;ronment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript4iwixz 3qdeje3- 9,mk fia*t(ion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutri 6l3 yas1bv,u8uhl4e6z bqzuh,0sq m3ents by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such auu 3 h 61mqz zb q,ve3a04sbl,suy68lhs dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedm i/8g.m vcejhuy:hl( e)(ku(o 1qgr7 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramij .kopy1q+ *ue qsbl69ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor g20u)6t dou3s y-ucug1; Factor 2 and Fac-go6 du2t3cu usu)gy0 tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phs,ti(-ou3ew w*5 piwx 3xz v*motosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systek 6bl7g e(casrh5l y9:m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that qj hca*cn3-3uresemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother uh3a*cq-cn 3j gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a 5omb ,oyk-hgs0(/oc) cetgv( w5b0 rnterrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food)wxl (ok4mk5f web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralsr x8ao7,c -37b2t2akllslu ry feed on the carbon compounds produced by zrr ,b7cy 32 olk2laxl8tus-a7ooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rz- 1f8rpkq+l v;mvvc ,eaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of cahi* .f h8u6 6tvwniq(q2gcon :rbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followinna7m binrv v)n/9,8bg:cmbl0 g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest ab v b9r0)invn:7n/lca8b gmm,nd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbb-vy ol6, r l55mvp68n svam-rers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population ddeloys,)fe2+l wo,z 4 ensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tlc z )ui q1aiqb2ra:97qqwf,(q dd4 c4hat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoco4rdom/tese 8v6ze jew;al fkcl83+-(sm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements ae(vka4e3/ 6 rl jw+f-;dmte 8csloz 8ere true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa3.scbpd / jc,id: w/8zi ncx.dmple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energ9lrx-n .0pn)ln c1rz ey conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins p qb0v5/td8cq( ui8du in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following snt2i4cwx0fya:t 1f/wf /tu.utatements is false when discussing a pyramid ofuwn/f41utf. :0txfy wiac 2t / biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of 8 rfdgme3p)oe2fk9.v+f; xhehy ky-: cvp8i1 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprewneop,0ay0 rvan(f) .senting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f i9o7onxp8nn+n(g )m lq; y2doood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystexhrd umbg3f-ar vg*3g8z8l :/m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelytlsc*o0qc;6n:glb- x describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systi)k93 h 1izdxnem with parasites on a consumer like thdikxh1in9 z) 3e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options b2,mxu )zj) otdsevw 6( vc)x 2*gfwsz;elow.What is Photosynthesis and sfwx wgxm z* 6;zu2o,v)()c)setjd2vRespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT i e1c;exr5 4ozuo:dd6 as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ene x7zu5nuv.5k orgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convr cm(rfvkjsbo0v 3cm : y5;b10erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat5mvbom 0c3r b( cv1fy;rks:j0es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the y0aaiiw 0 z4p3atmosphere to other carbon sinks.iiay30a0wp 4z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tev: ) f )(sc*r6bkb+fiysp*p uhat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of eneri-nis6 d;up lk6v mg 4do.a.0qjd*w/ sgy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. q*b) bjn c8bp1
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cahv 9uz,21eeu0udm s9isk *: xkn be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbwabq ;1 :,; 2u xn fv6kscmgk8mr3dkj(on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbob s:-j88m . smsmwq cqdqe3(kyy9 e-;rn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecostksle24aq b qzm/:e/vl*63mlystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial z 4jw*b2 o3a vybe8swo5)ygyugv ,d60ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true z9yi w;i jpjy6+ ,q zg36:mozfof denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following ivbgf+r0x 4dv tl5j, uhm:xx5; s not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cych5 4x5rv:v,j; flg0 dmxx u+btle.

  Figure: Average per capi /x e72jju:nqq;uuv0x7 gf+ lyta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog; bk0eso80/rwibma8h resses from a pioneer community to a climax wk;h8b/rmai8os0 b e0 community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the *an5t+ 9i kfv(zk8yp3jeh)g j following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per u kjx6u34 vw+lc;4t5j o:gzo*m, ihcqcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out h6n6fz am l3)y.,ib* bptajr 7using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in bota,nbhfip6 ) b a7.t6yrmzl3 *jh bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annymz9zx, dds,:uv -3 ;butas3tual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regidfn ajap 2te(jr:mmpc,w :hgd8 6,70e on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forgjza8okggar8* 3.1gh a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro 1ws+r)xx 0by74 r izeujl3xuio1 .kal.+pz)qme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by corc5)y n+qz 1 p-w8afehoosing one or more statements from the following1rfyz cnwqe-p8o+5a ) .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and wu2 kj+pg9z -xavb i tua r3*u-1to08jm1td- oother physical variables. List the main factors that pz-r-31i1+d* tk2mtu j ao9wab ou8jugxt- 0vcharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of . lkcjj(0 m9gnthe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversif c 0gey)8v7raty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I hjf5 -+vya;gttaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in*zuxb* wdo0l 0 different biomes*d*x 0oz w0lbu


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as payz7/f ahhk: clc)0 j6j dn1u;g7xxv+ rimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. hh)g+ cu:vfxc1zj7d/x6y j7a ; an0 kl
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descwgp z*a3ru74kribing the changes in productivity duri ga kw37puzr4*ng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bebd*73i;a;s3 xu,- jm l6w e* kbtrvwwx measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn3 efdun c/w)sfi0(xxr-f izy 3w 2r0k7thesisz0s y3ef/23( rnudxrfxf0 w wc)ik7-i



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field8osml (;nk b-w



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect ieh* r x/o3y+ntraps to capture specimens of beetle A. O3ho+r /nyex i*n the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the b mz1 .;oq)lzedata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facz;zbq)em.l1 otor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in : +fyp4fj)rf z/hg,(*gxv wnjecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data foxw/v:e/o4 g mnr two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par qb i**(zca7vgts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivbht : *dbf2yoo 3wgqmx p:a(5*e for sampling motile (moving) specimhq:xf 235b ao wogd*y :bptm*(ens.