What is the best definitio;fqfe6mfm1 t1n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itvc+1ox*w0zb;fb; qv keo t*w2aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor w kw3+g w2q; qfa ad9p,uzgb;11 ;Factor 2;Factorg9 wag pa+uqb;1qf2dk zw,;w3 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat7luq3j +lxqj8h 78kzh ion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma b+o3v2+ gv u2 cqgj5gcspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffeqsko, coep96mbu.a /5y69zi t and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and bud9z9 ebyip5 o6,c.s/ t6aqmko us of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organis-vsic3nm+kk updt131s 3 pk 9jkc9-t mms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oc.wyvdr m8593j ix ,gaicur naturally in North America and Evdm rij5ai.w x38y9g,urasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rh.ku5 k;isnm 6eflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animaa 2j s31fjn .kiht4.yyj/go6i i4.k 6s2faj /igyj3j hnoyt1.ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ovihh24a +3y mdf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear ande j rclf7 2bw.a9kkd;uc8on48 other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters4.9 c bofkj nle78uc2w dr;a8k of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost f:i t8nv6*n p9r y 7trkfybl+z4rom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have hm 26vl4ptm g1tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture6vptg hml2m41 the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that isot8ogva85a rrb (rv bxi31)x 0 a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thei2osoyvcq3/c*bc kl5(r surroundings. The enzymes breakcovlscoy2*/ qc5k(3b down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system q5w;3tidfb/jmwdy gr7k o8 z6o++6j l


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py.tl.-qn*mr8khoz(x o kvlwnt jr5+0/ ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a spezg35ae*jqi/0x/yeiv2ph k s) cies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorj5iz3 vaepe0q /2ihsk)x /y *g 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatuozk2pmmtce( 3e6kdl 0z5t *5s 6 (euosres

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culty+kf -6n pq;stivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble (dm1 rpd t-f31mq5fw pthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary afpd5 -wqd(mrtf 3p1m1nimals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow inkm( aff3e ce-q,nnn-6 a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fookm1tt+ent35o +pc nm 2d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compouh )uyk0*h,v n-s(w 9wuk)x gmcnds produced by zooxanthellae fromug,k(h m)v0*x c wyn uh-s9)kw carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ch ht*no4n5s plq:*i.v femical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagr kne2zcfwh)/ -am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes 92o6c- 1fk2 eau-i4n mf tyvlborganisms like earthworms that ingest and then breake fbltv-uimk 6yn c24f-a2 1o9 down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oka 5i +jcb 00 js0f();oz o+gjtq,sdp9-umagdf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and 7txi+ 4domke,u*dg .hits prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Ddb;rnvsf9rh )gdi8.vx,xj01* 1 kl iiichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usi5( -cpm ,l aqyk;+q;:kbbnusyng a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student plakk ,qp(ybnsa:q ulycb+ -5 ;m;ced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatij9(:g ig jd5yzmq. q6non.

  Figure: A natural energy conversionjl8e8)n l uom6 system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inq +hg57k w9vdqo;smrh*nx2/p5tv ud0 food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discus0c-bb.g 9f*l n/wzhazsing a pyramid of biom/c90zz.fb-bhl *aw ng ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energw(1 3y6ftdvdtkgg-y *w l9k*x y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representc4kd b5,q2y0pb wm+z tppo.r /ing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo h7tts8iwt80n ;vo;*s5ozq ur od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst 0zym s 0 w,,x mfm5xfeg3sd:2+)yfbhuem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement7 oy 6mty70y7sybwpv1 that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exd, kacja3h 33zist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the3d,3zjack 3h a lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rex2 55khtah9lw m/z;am spiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and ta 5lh5 ;9mmkzhx wa2/Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT aljaoq*o/ ;imo5o*:cl;n 5vz ls an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is louj-9ntnwj/j:+if4lw st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohe bl(: yzyd)4e:ywc(dyyd ze w c:(b:4ldy(e)ydrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to f2fik;i4bdbnlcc2 48:m pwv,other carbon sinks. fvl;fwk,bn: d2i8cc4 m p24bi
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thocea+1q,37f n syo kz) i,6jmke carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ewseb7t gy*3+spfohg;yl+3)+dol0 e scosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementza x12s-5bxmj99ayu ws that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity ( d u2ioo 72a0pkf 5bhzc:qv 4w1sr4phf5cj,6tNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the myfei skfdo *;,a01(p karine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carp:u jkzcv2 1 e(osy7p7bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco312) pck0oyvvorswnkfs60 7 h system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJfnm7d)ajev ;b 1j2om( $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denit mqi0kpqoi) 4 (ns--(hm2qmtx..;m gnfvw+d lrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nk6 wuw;y0d(znwy9u k9 ot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclkk;zy6uu9wnd9yw ( w0e.

  Figure: Average per c8kq 61c:onl3i7 pzwhq apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progr pmg.+ sxw0)mqesses fp sqgwx+m 0.m)rom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example-vtvj rpe)7e0 of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capsg-iz62*umg j ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea num+v03jj4j j/ mu +yeplant in water. One was kept in jy+j ue/j u04vm3n+mjlight and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stz9gk75tp gy5aorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2035m xz; cczaj920


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bu6ox gn0evd/:w 6zio 7iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph n4in, 78 scg -.qa:ulty8cw pwof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or morfbbylu4:d m- (e statements from the followingy4bdlmf: (-ub.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticv c.0p12b *,wu zmkgaw6lvml2ux;ti 1 patterns and other physical variables. List t0,b1* u1x lmmgku ;tz2. vpv w2a6wcilhe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiojbpj l bh/n/n2.26 f-gnyiq)in of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statk o alrhy,vm(j7t .cu0(sz+.l ement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph orkl :qxcjm9*9i* k9 duf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two h36 ao;n1 d0mqgip rib9erbivores in different biome90 ;3nqda ibg6rpiom1 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversi6 t7bqie )ocv1ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commeboq6cvt ) i17unity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followk - /qs*g2enwwing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productkqg* -2 /ewswnivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk:+jrbw:m i1-rurx v1 s.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynta(oq*;vi+ dvwz3vj o-he3 iv-aqvoo+w ;j*(v zdsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 0o oxv5(/ 0on kgcor9di9 ss-hfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a 09n6y6nrrzaa8z ,ld h. f0co kve.ce ;series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of o6fv zyn 0ela0rhcn6. cr9dk8;za., ewhich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of therht0 w2nr5omp 8ih7 z: data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sam8hzn5ohprt7: i w 20rme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecocav+5f5zqh ji*0adu6ql s o 05logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for p8zpvsb a3,o4m 2jz.n two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creekiwn9xdw(zy ,pm/27 a2c7 1zjslveog*




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques.u1t .7sek4oae vj /fa is not effective for sampling motile (moving)euest ak1v 4.7jo./a f specimens.